Este documento expone el planteamiento, diseño y desarrollo para un prototipo de una planta automatizada para el tratamiento de agua potable. En el municipio de Fosca (Cundinamarca) se encuentra una vereda cuyo nombre es El Herrero donde es inexistente el servicio de acueducto por lo tanto no hay agua potable. Para darle una solución a este problema mediante la ingeniería se propone lograr automatizar correctamente un proceso del tratamiento del agua cruda y poder obtener a la salida agua limpia y potable apta para consumo humano. Se presenta a continuación una propuesta de solución por parte de la ingeniería electrónica, para lograrlo se tiene en cuenta el cambio de las diferentes variables fisicoquímicas obtenidas por los sensores que componen el sistema las cuales son Caudal, Turbidez y pH, donde previamente son analizadas por el sistema de medición y procesamiento, donde por medio de un algoritmo de programación se realiza el proceso de medición, control y ejecución de la diferentes tareas que debe realizar el sistema para poder lograr hacer el tratamiento del agua cruda que ingresa y a la salida poder obtener agua limpia y esterilizada apta para el consumo humano. La planta cuenta con su propio sistema de visualización. En este sistema se encuentra a disposición un panel de control donde puede se pueden ejecutar 3 configuraciones preestablecidas las cuales son el encendido del sistema, el mantenimiento y la inhabilitación del mismo, en esta interfaz también es posible visualizar en tiempo real la medición de cada variable física en sus diferentes etapas y de esta manera poder garantizar al usuario que las condiciones en las cuales la planta está operando son las correctas y por lo tanto la calidad del producto entregado esta entre los rangos establecidos. Para poder hacer el tratamiento del agua y poder realizar la respectiva limpieza, desinfección y purificación fue necesario el uso de dosificadores electrónicos para el dispensado de los elementos químicos para tratamiento de agua como lo son el poli cloruro de aluminio, cloro y neutralizadores de pH. El resultado obtenido del sistema implementado y puesto en operación es el esperado, debido a que se puede evidenciar en las pruebas realizadas al sistema que es capaz medir, procesar y visualizar de realizar la limpieza y desinfección del agua cumpliendo los objetivos en cada una de las etapas del proceso y obteniendo a la salida agua debidamente tratada apta para consumo humano. | Ingeniero Electrónico | Pregrado | This document exposes the approach, design and development for a prototype of an automated plant for the treatment of drinking water. In the municipality of Fosca (Cundinamarca) there is a path whose name is El Herrero where the aqueduct service is nonexistent therefore there is no drinking water. To give a solution to this problem through engineering, it is proposed to successfully automate a process of the treatment of raw water and to obtain the exit of clean and potable water suitable for human consumption. A solution proposal by electronic engineering is presented below, to achieve this, the change of the different physicochemical variables obtained by the sensors that make up the system, which are Flow, Turbidity and pH, where they are previously analyzed by the measurement and processing system, where through a programming algorithm the process of measurement, control and execution of the different tasks that the system must perform is carried out to be able to make the treatment of the raw water that enters and at the exit to be able to obtain clean and sterilized water suitable for human consumption. The plant has its own display system. In this system there is an arrangement of a control panel where you can configure 3 preset configurations which are the power on, maintenance and disabling of the system, in this interface it is also possible to visualize in real time the measurement of each variable physical in its different stages and in this way to be able to control the user that the conditions in which the plant is operating are the corrections and therefore the quality of the delivered product is between the established ranges. To be able to do the water treatment and to be able to perform the respective cleaning, disinfection and purification it was necessary to use electronic dispensers for the dispensing of chemical elements for water treatment such as poly aluminum chloride, chlorine and pH neutralizers. The result obtained from the system implemented and put into operation is as expected, because it can be evidenced in the tests carried out on the system that it is able to measure, process and visualize the cleaning and disinfection of water, fulfilling the objectives in each of the stages of the process and obtaining at the exit necessary water treated suitable for human consumption .

he objective was to characterize the water quality in a section of the Grijalva River and in some of its tributaries on the border between the States of Chiapas and Tabasco, in the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-three physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined. The values obtained were compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for water use and human consumption set out in O cial Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, and with the water quality classi cation scale of the Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The water quality in the studied section of the Grijalva River decreases as it descends to more populated areas of the State of Tabasco. Water turbidity and E. coli coliform levels increase, both in the river channels and in sources destined for human consumption. For the other variables evaluated, there are acceptable water quality characteristics, mainly in the dry season, except for mercury, which occurs at levels higher than those recommended. Further studies on the presence of mercury in the Grijalva River basin are recommended.

Stream water quality is controlled by the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Among these anthropogenic factors, land cover changes at catchment scale can affect stream water quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of land use and seasonality on stream water quality in a representative tropical headwater catchment named as Córrego Água Limpa (Sao Paulo, Brasil), which is highly influenced by intensive agricultural activities and urban areas. Two systematic sampling approach campaigns were implemented with six sampling points along the stream of the headwater catchment to evaluate water quality during the rainy and dry seasons. Three replicates were collected at each sampling point in 2011. Electrical conductivity, nitrates, nitrites, sodium superoxide, Chemical Oxygen Demand (DQO), colour, turbidity, suspended solids, soluble solids and total solids were measured. Water quality parameters differed among sampling points, being lower at the headwater sampling point (0m above sea level), and then progressively higher until the last downstream sampling point (2500m above sea level). For the dry season, the mean discharge was 39.5ls⁻¹ (from April to September) whereas 113.0ls⁻¹ were averaged during the rainy season (from October to March). In addition, significant temporal and spatial differences were observed (P<0.05) for the fourteen parameters during the rainy and dry period. The study enhance significant relationships among land use and water quality and its temporal effect, showing seasonal differences between the land use and water quality connection, highlighting the importance of multiple spatial and temporal scales for understanding the impacts of human activities on catchment ecosystem services.

A partir da comprovação por vários estudos que as sementes de Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) apresentam a capacidade de clarificar e purificar água potencialmente fora de especificações para consumo humano. Objetivou-se com o presente projeto avaliar se a semente de moringa tem capacidade de purificar água residuária de curtume. Foi utilizada água residuária bruta, coletada antes das estações de tratamento de dois curtumes no município de Maringá, Paraná. As sementes de moringa foram obtidas nos municípios de Umuarama e Floraí, Paraná. As sementes foram retiradas do fruto antes do processo de deiscência e trituradas em meio de água destilada. O sistema foi realizado em sistema descontínuo de tratamento, utilizando vasos de 25litros, onde foram utilizados 15 litros de água residuárias de curtume. Foram feitos uma testemunha e três tratamentos com a mesma concentração 8,0 g L-1 variando a fração em função do tempo de 4, 8 e 12 horas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, turbidez, DBO e DQO. Os melhores resultados obtidos foram no parâmetro nitrogênio. = The evidence from several studies have indicated that the seeds of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) have the ability to clarify and purify water potentially out of specification for human consumption. The objective of this project was to evaluate whether the seeds of moringa are capable of purifying wastewater from tannery. Untreated wastewater was used, collected before entering the treatment plants of two tanneries in the city of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. The moringa seeds were collected in the municipalities of Umuarama and Floraí, Paraná, Brazil. Seeds were removed from the fruit before dehiscence and crushed within distilled water. The system was carried out in batch processing, using 25-liter pots, and 15 liters of wastewater from the tannery. One control and three treatments were used. All groups contained the same concentration 8.0 g L-1 but were done in 4, 8 and 12 hours. The following parameters were evaluated: pH, ammonia nitrogen, turbidity, BOD and COD. The best results were obtained in the parameter nitrogen.

Coagulation is the most important process in conventional water treatment. The application includes the removal of species in suspense by means of addition of chemical coagulants, which involves correlated disadvantages associated to high acquisition costs, production of large mud volumes and the fact, that they affect, significantly, the pH of the processed water. Therefore, the search of alternatives that include the utilization of coagulants of vegetal origin, between others, becomes necessary. The purpose of the present research was a literature review related to the use of natural coagulants of vegetal origin, employed in the removal of turbidity in water treatment processes and to provide important aspects on classification, efficiency and mechanisms of coagulation of each of the studied materials. As results it was found that all reported extracts of vegetal origin are efficient in the removal of the water cloud, they produce smaller quantity of mud, and that the main mechanism of coagulation is adsorption and neutralization of loads. | La coagulación es el proceso más importante en el tratamiento convencional del agua. Su aplicación incluye la remoción de especies en suspensión, mediante la adición de coagulantes químicos, cuyo uso trae desventajas asociadas a altos costos de adquisición, producción de grandes volúmenes de lodo y el hecho de que afectan el pH del agua tratada. Por lo expuesto anteriormente, se hace necesario la búsqueda de alternativas que incluyan la utilización de coagulantes de origen vegetal, entre otras. Este trabajo tuvo como propósito realizar una revisión bibliográfica acerca del uso de los coagulantes naturales de origen vegetal, utilizados en la remoción de turbidez en procesos de tratamiento de aguas y dar a conocer otros aspectos importantes, como su clasificación, su eficiencia y sus mecanismos de coagulación, empleados por cada uno de los materiales naturales estudiados. Como resultado, se encontró que todos los extractos de origen vegetal reportados son eficientes en la remoción de la turbidez del agua, producen menor cantidad de lodos y su principal mecanismo de coagulación utilizado es la adsorción y la neutralización de cargas.

Con el fin de reducir los riesgos a la salud pública y los impactos al ambiente causados por el uso de coagulantes inorgánicos, se presenta a través de este documento una alternativa sostenible para el proceso de coagulación mediante la evaluación de la eficiencia del tegumento y cotiledón que conforman la semilla Melicoccus bijugatus con el fin de reducir la turbidez en el agua. La metodología aplicada para realizar dicho estudio fue la técnica de volúmenes reducidos adaptada por el grupo de microbiología aplicada al ambiente de la Universidad Hunglica Tekniska Hogskolan de Estocolmo (Suecia) mediante extractos acuosos, etanólicos al 10% y de ácido acético al 10%, sobre una muestra de agua del río Bogotá, específicamente tomada en el puente La Virgen, en Cota, Cundinamarca. Adicionalmente, se realizó un análisis de varianza a dos vías por medio de la técnica de ANOVA, para identificar el efecto del tratamiento y el efecto de las concentraciones. Se obtuvo como resultado más relevante la remoción de turbidez a un pH de 6,4 correspondiente al 77,09% con el extracto etanólico al 10% en cotiledón del mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus), de lo cual se puede inferir que la aplicación de esta semilla como coagulante orgánico resulta ser eficiente para la reducción de la turbidez en aguas superficiales y es de utilidad para la población que tiene un acceso limitado a los coagulantes inorgánicos. Además, aporta a la reducción de riesgos en la salud humana y ambiental derivados por la exposición a estos compuestos químicos. | Fundación Universitaria Juan N. Corpas | Universidad El Bosque | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | To reduce risks to public health and environmental impacts caused by the use of inorganic coagulants, this document presents a sustainable alternative for the coagulation process through the efficiency assessment of the tegument and cotyledon components within the Melicoccus bijugatus seed in order to reduce turbidity. The methodology applied for this study was the reduced volume technique adapted by the Applied Environmental Microbiology group at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, using aqueous, 10% ethanol, and 10% acetic acid extracts on a sample of water from the Bogotá River, specifically collected at La Virgen Bridge in Cota, Cundinamarca. Furthermore, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to discern the impacts of treatment and concentration. The most significant result obtained was the removal of turbidity, corresponding to 77.09%, when employing a 10% ethanol extract derived from the cotyledon of the Spanish lime (Melicoccus bijugatus) at a pH of 6,4. This finding implies that the application of this seed as an organic coagulant demonstrates effectiveness in mitigating turbidity in wastewater and is useful for populations with limited access to inorganic coagulants. Moreover, it contributes to reducing risks to human and environmental health associated with exposure to these chemical compounds.

12 páginas. | Lograr como estrategia didáctica la mejora de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la asignatura de Ciencias Naturales en grado cuarto de primaria del Colegio Liceo Moderno los Andes. Estructurando un laboratorio teórico- práctico para determinar las características físicas y químicas (pH) de la calidad del agua, donde el estudiante a través de la investigación y la experimentación de ensayos comprobara si cumple con los criterios establecidos para el consumo humano, permitiendo de esta manera que la institución contemple dentro del contenido del plan de área la explicación de fenómenos que le ocurren al medio ambiente. | Achieve as a didactic strategy, the improvement of teaching-learning processes in the subject of natural sciences in fourth grade of primary of the "Colegio Liceo Moderno Los Andes". Structuring a theoretical-practical laboratory to determine the physical and chemical characteristics (pH) of water quality, where the student, through researching and experimentation of trials, will verify if it meets the criteria established for human cosumption, allowing in this way to the institution contemplate within the content of the plan of area the explanation of the phenomena that happen to the environment.

Resumen: La clarificación del agua es parte importante en el proceso del tratamiento del agua, el cual fundamentalmente se realiza utilizando sustancias inorgánicas, siendo posible también la utilización de sustancias orgánicas. Las semillas obtenidas de las vainas que produce el árbol conocido como moringa, tiene, entre sus múltiples beneficios reportados, su uso para la clarificación del agua. El objetivo de la presente revisión es difundir los trabajos realizados sobre el tratamiento del agua y la aplicación de las semillas de moringa, Moringa oleifera Lam., en la clarificación del agua como tratamiento primario en la eliminación de sólidos finos en suspensión. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de investigaciones publicadas en revistas indexadas en bases de datos de Latindesk, Scielo, Scientific Research, Redalyc y repositorios académicos publicados especialmente en español y algunos en inglés y portugués. Como resultado se citan los métodos tradicionales de purificación de agua y los tratamientos naturales, entre los que se destaca el uso de semillas de moringa, habiéndose realizado en diferentes partes del mundo estudios, que ponen en evidencia el potencial que tienen estas semillas para el tratamiento del agua, con la ventaja de no dejar residuos tóxicos en el agua tratada, comparativamente con el sulfato de aluminio que es el compuesto químico que generalmente se utiliza como agente coagulante en la potabilización del agua. | Abstract: Water clarification is an important part of the water treatment process, which is basically carried out using inorganic substances, although the use of organic substances is also possible. The seeds obtained from the pods produced by the tree known as moringa, have, among its many reported benefits, their use for water clarification. The objective of this review is to disseminate the work carried out on water treatment and the application of moringa seeds, Moringa oleifera Lam., in water clarification as a primary treatment for the removal of fine suspended solids. For this, a bibliographic review of research published in journals indexed in Latindesk, Scielo, Scientific Research, Redalyc databases and academic repositories published especially in Spanish and some in English and Portuguese was carried out. As a result, traditional methods of water purification and natural treatments are cited, among which the use of moringa seeds stands out, having carried out studies in different parts of the world, which show the potential of these seeds for the treatment of the water, with the advantage of not leaving toxic residues in the treated water, compared to aluminum sulfate, which is the chemical compound that is generally used as a coagulating agent in the purification of water.

La planta de tratamiento de agua potable (PTAP) de la ciudad de Tunja, Boyacá suministra agua a una población de aproximadamente 172,548 habitantes. La PTAP tiene procesos de aireación, coagulación, floculación, sedimentación, filtración y desinfección .Sin embargo, las características fisicoquímicas del agua proveniente de la represa teatinos hacen difícil su tratamiento usando coagulación, floculación y sedimentación dado a su baja alcalinidad (4 – 6 mg/L como CaCO3) y su relativo bajo pH (5,7 – 6,3). El objetivo de esta investigación fue el de hacer una optimización de procesos de floculación y de sedimentación a escala de laboratorio usando un ensayo convencional de jarras, con la ayuda de un diseño factorial, para mejorar la remoción de turbiedad. El diseño factorial permitió evaluar tres diferentes gradientes de velocidad (G) en floculación o mezcla lenta(10, 50 y 100 s-1), tres diferentes tiempos de floculación (TF) (10, 15 y 20 minutos) y tres diferentes tiempos de sedimentación (TS) (20, 30 y 40 minutos) observando su impacto sobre la remoción de turbiedad en la prueba de jarras. De acuerdo con los resultados del estudio, las condiciones óptimas de operación encontradas fueron: (G= 100s-1mezcla lenta, TF = 20 minutos y TS = 20 minutos), con las cuales se logró obtener una turbiedad residual de 0,77 UNT, correspondiente a un 78% de remoción. Adicionalmente, aplicando una superficie de respuesta se pudo predecir valores de turbiedades finales de hasta 0,20 UNT en la jarra usando parámetros operacionales de (G=78 s-1, TF= 23minutos y TS = 30 minutos), respectivamente. | The water treatment plant (WTP) of Tunja, Boyacá provides drinking water for a population of approximately 172,548 in habitants. The WTP treats a flow rate of 230 L/susing processes of aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, anddisinfection. However, the raw water physicochemical characteristics of the Teatinosreservoir makes difficult its treatment using coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentationdue to its low alkalinity (4 – 6 mg/L as CaCO3) and relatively low pH (5,7 – 6,3). Theobjective of this research was to optimize the flocculation and the sedimentation processfor turbidity removal at the laboratory level using a regular jar tester and a factorialdesign. The factorial design allowed to assess three different velocity gradients (G) inflocculation, or slow mixing (10, 50 y 100 s-1), three different flocculation times (FT)(10, 15 y 20 min.), and three different sedimentation times (ST) (20, 30 y 40 min.),respectively, and their impact on turbidity removal. The results showed that the optimaloperational conditions in the jar test were: (G= 100 s-1, TF = 20 min. y TS = 20 min.),respectively for obtaining a residual turbidity of 0,77 UNT, which correspond to 78% ofturbidity removal. In addition, it was possible to predict final turbidity values of 0,20UNT in the jar test using a surface response methodology, the low turbidity valuecorresponds to operational parameters of (G=78 s-1, TF= 23 min. y TS = 30 min.),respectively. | Magíster en Ingeniería Civil con Énfasis en Hidroambiental | Maestría

This work presents the analysis of turbidity removal in water from a natural source, via coagulation/flocculation using plantain starch. A random factorial experimental design was formulated with four variable factors: pH, coagulant dose, rapid mixing speed and slow mixing speed. The jar test was carried out in order to determine the optimal values of such factors. The plantain starch is proper as flocculation aid, although its sedimentation is slow. The best turbidity removal corresponds to: pH of 5, a 50:50 weigh percent for the alum sulfate/plantain starch combination, fast mixing speed of 150rpm and slow mixing speed of 20rpm.