This publication provides guidance to water-sector decision makers and planners on how to deal with the quality dimension of groundwater resources management in the World Bank's client countries. There is growing evidence of increasing pollution threats to groundwater and some well-documented cases of irreversible damage to important aquifers. This guide has been produced in the belief that groundwater pollution hazard assessment must become an essential part of environmental best practice for water supply utilities. The guide is particularly relevant for the World Bank's Latin American and Caribbean Region, where many countries have initiated major changes to modernize their institutional and legal framework for water resources management, but may not yet have considered groundwater at the same level as surface water, because of lack of awareness and knowledge of groundwater issues and policy options.

Tendo em vista o manejo na agricultura este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar propriedades físico-químicas da água com preparados homeopáticos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Homeopatia DFT/UFV. Os preparados homeopáticos foram elaborados no Laboratório de Homeopatia do DFT/UFV, dinamizados em água destilada e aplicados no procedimento duplo-cego . Distribuíram-se recipientes de poliestireno contendo 80 mL de água destilada em quantidade suficiente para a aplicação de 2 gotas de cada tratamento e cinco repetições. No primeiro experimento foram aplicados 16 tratamentos, sendo, 14 preparados homeopáticos, água de mina e água dinamizada. A medição das variáveis foi realizada 3 vezes no período de 3 em 3h. No segundo experimento foram aplicados 16 tratamentos, sendo, 14 preparados homeopáticos, água de mina e água dinamizada. A medição das variáveis foi realizada 6 vezes, de 12 em 12 horas, no período de 60h. No terceiro experimento foram aplicados 11 tratamentos, sendo, 9 preparados homeopáticos de Rhus toxicodendron com potência variando de 5 a 12 CH, água de mina e água dinamizada. A medição das variáveis foi realizada 5 vezes, de 12 em 12 horas, no período de 48h.Foram determinados: pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura e turbidez da água tratada. Os valores foram comparados com os resultados obtidos da testemunha, água destilada. Foi concluído que os preparados homeopáticos alteram as propriedades físico- químicas da água. | Considering the agricultural handling, this paper had as main aim to evaluate the physical-chemical properties of the mixture of water with homeopathic substances. The experiments were conducted at the Homeopathy Laboratory DFT/UFV. The homeopathic substances were prepared at Homeopathy Laboratory DFT/UFV, driven in distilled water and applied through the double-blind procedure. The mixture was distributed in polystyrene recipients, containing 80 ml of distilled water, in enough quantity to the application of two drops of each treatment and five repetitions. In the first experiment sixteen treatments were applied: fourteen homeopathic mixtures, mine water, driven water. The variables were measured three times, every three hours. In the second experiment, sixteen treatments were applied: fourteen homeopathic mixtures, mine water, driven water. The variables were measured six times, every twelve hours, in a period of 60 hours. In the third experiment, eleven treatments were applied: nine Rhus toxicodendron homeopathic mixture, with potency varying from 5 to 12 CH, mine water, and driven water. The variables were measured five times, every twelve hours, in a period of 48 hours. It was determined: pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and opacity of the treated water. So, the values were compared with the obtained results from the distilled water. It was concluded that the homeopathic mixtures alter the physical-chemical properties of the water.

The objective of this study was to analyse the production of alfalfa biomass, the efficiency of water use and the nutritional value of forage, inside an irrigation structure of an experimental facility that uses treated urban wastewater, artesian well water and rainfall, at the campus of the Universidad National de Rio Cuarto (Córdoba-Argentina). The irrigation treatment had a positive effect on the production of biomass of alfalfa. On an average 24% increase in production was observed when compared to dry-land farming. Regarding the quality of the irrigation water, statistical differences in production were observed, the irrigation with urban wastewater produced 19% more than that of well water. The efficiency of the water use by the crop increased when the irrigation was done using urban wastewater. The alfalfa irrigated with wastewater surpasses the nutritional values of the crop in normal field conditions: 39% more proteins, 14% more digestibility and equal percentage of metabolic energy. It is concluded that the urban wastewater represents possible water source for the alfalfa crop. | El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la producción de biomasa aérea, la eficiencia del uso de agua y el valor nutritivo de alfalfa cultivada aplicando riego con agua residual urbana, agua de perforación y un testigo (precipitaciones), en el Campus de la Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (Córdoba-Argentina). Los tratamientos de riego tuvieron un efecto positivo sobre la producción de biomasa aérea obteniéndose un 24% más de producción de biomasa que en la situación de secano (precipitaciones). Entre los tratamientos con riego también se manifestaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. La alfalfa regada con aguas residuales urbana supero en un 19% a la cultivada con agua de perforación. La eficiencia del uso del agua por parte del cultivo se incrementó cuando el riego se realizó con aguas residuales urbanas. Además, se determinó que la alfalfa regada con agua residual, supera los valores nutritivos del cultivo que crece en condiciones sin riego; encontrándose 39% más de proteínas, 14% más de digestibilidad e igual porcentaje de energía metabólica. Se puede concluir que el agua residual urbana representa otra posible fuente de agua, factible de ingresar al suelo y estar a disposición para el cultivo de alfalfa.

A fim de realizar a quantificação de coliformes totais e fecais no decorrer das etapas de tratamento da água captada pela Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná (SANEPAR) Curitiba-PR, foram utilizadas três técnicas de análise microbiológica: (1) a técnica oficial preconizada pela Vigilância Sanitária, (2) Kit "A", (3) Kit "B". As metodologias foram validadas através de controles positivos e negativos. Os métodos utilizados apresentaram resultados extremamente homogêneos nas amostras pré-tratadas e também quando as amostras haviam passado pelos processos de purificação, porém, algumas discrepâncias entre os métodos avaliados foram detectadas em etapas intermediárias do tratamento da água. A utilização de Kits no controle microbiológico da água é muito prática porque elimina as etapas de preparação e esterilização dos meios de cultura em laboratório, porém deve-se analisar cuidadosamente o custo-benefício, bem como a sensibilidade e especificidade dos produtos disponíveis no mercado. O Kit "B" emprega um método enzimático, ao invés do método tradicional e Kit "A", que utilizam ambos: a turvação e formação de gás para a detecção o crescimento bacteriano. O kit " B" apresentou resultados similares aos outros dois métodos, mas com as vantagens de apresentar resultados extremamente claros e levar a metade do tempo para a obtenção dos resultados.<br>In order to carry out the quantification of total and fecal coliforms in elapsing of the stages of water treatment by SANEPAR, Paraná State, three different techniques of microbiological analysis had been used: (1) the official technique praised by the Sanitary Monitoring; (2) Kit "A" and (3) Kit "B". The three methodologies of the water microbiological analysis had been validated through positive and negative controls. The used methods had presented extremely homogeneous results when the samples were contaminated and also when the samples had passed through the purification processes, however, some discrepancies among the evaluated methods had been detected in intermediate stages of the water treatment. The use of commercial Kits in water microbiological control is very practical because it eliminates the preparation and sterilization stages of the culture media in laboratory, however, it is necessary to analise carefully the cost-bennefit, sensibility and specifity of disposable products in market. The Kit "B" utilizes an enzymatic method, instead the tradicional technique and Kit "A" use both: the dim and gas formation to detect bacterial growth. The Kit "B" had showed similar results to the other two techniques, but with the advantages of presenting extreme clear results and take a half of time in the results obtention.

In order to carry out the quantification of total and fecal coliforms in elapsing of the stages of water treatment by SANEPAR, Paraná State, three different techniques of microbiological analysis had been used: (1) the official technique praised by the Sanitary Monitoring; (2) Kit "A" and (3) Kit "B". The three methodologies of the water microbiological analysis had been validated through positive and negative controls. The used methods had presented extremely homogeneous results when the samples were contaminated and also when the samples had passed through the purification processes, however, some discrepancies among the evaluated methods had been detected in intermediate stages of the water treatment. The use of commercial Kits in water microbiological control is very practical because it eliminates the preparation and sterilization stages of the culture media in laboratory, however, it is necessary to analise carefully the cost-bennefit, sensibility and specifity of disposable products in market. The Kit "B" utilizes an enzymatic method, instead the tradicional technique and Kit "A" use both: the dim and gas formation to detect bacterial growth. The Kit "B" had showed similar results to the other two techniques, but with the advantages of presenting extreme clear results and take a half of time in the results obtention. | A fim de realizar a quantificação de coliformes totais e fecais no decorrer das etapas de tratamento da água captada pela Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná (SANEPAR) Curitiba-PR, foram utilizadas três técnicas de análise microbiológica: (1) a técnica oficial preconizada pela Vigilância Sanitária, (2) Kit "A", (3) Kit "B". As metodologias foram validadas através de controles positivos e negativos. Os métodos utilizados apresentaram resultados extremamente homogêneos nas amostras pré-tratadas e também quando as amostras haviam passado pelos processos de purificação, porém, algumas discrepâncias entre os métodos avaliados foram detectadas em etapas intermediárias do tratamento da água. A utilização de Kits no controle microbiológico da água é muito prática porque elimina as etapas de preparação e esterilização dos meios de cultura em laboratório, porém deve-se analisar cuidadosamente o custo-benefício, bem como a sensibilidade e especificidade dos produtos disponíveis no mercado. O Kit "B" emprega um método enzimático, ao invés do método tradicional e Kit "A", que utilizam ambos: a turvação e formação de gás para a detecção o crescimento bacteriano. O kit " B" apresentou resultados similares aos outros dois métodos, mas com as vantagens de apresentar resultados extremamente claros e levar a metade do tempo para a obtenção dos resultados.

As propriedades físico-químicas da água de irrigação, bem como de soluções aquosas, tem sido tema de estudo e, mais recentemente, percebe-se o incremento do interesse científico. A motivação principal é disponibilizar água de qualidade nos cultivos e o entendimento dos mecanismos de ação dos preparados homeopáticos. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ação dos preparados homeopáticos nas propriedades físico-químicas da água de três origens. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Homeopatia do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFV, sendo instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições (experimentos de 1 a 6) ou seis repetições (experimento 7). Os tratamentos dos experimentos 1 a 6 constaram das homeopatias Calcarea carbonica, Calcarea sulphurica, Calcarea phosphorica, Carbo vegetabilis, Natrum muriaticum, Natrum carbonicum, Natrum sulphuricum, Pyrogenium, Sulphur e os preparados homeopáticos água destilada, água de mina e água de lago com os controles água destilada, água de mina e água de lago. A dinamização utilizada nos experimentos 1 a 6 foi 7CH. Os tratamentos do experimento 7 constaram da homeopatia Natrum muriaticum nas dinamizações 1CH, 3CH, 5CH, 7CH, 12CH e 30CH e os preparados homeopáticos água destilada salinizada e álcool 70% nas dinamizações 7CH e o controle água destilada salinizada. Em recipientes de vidro contendo 80 mL de água foram aplicadas duas gotas do tratamento a cada 24 horas. Os dados das variáveis foram obtidos após a aplicação dos tratamentos. O pH, a condutividade elétrica e a turbidez foram mensuradas respectivamente pelos equipamentos: pHmetro de bancada (modelo DM 23), condutivímetro (modelo DM 32) e turbidímetro portátil (modelo DM TU). Ao final das medições os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médiasforam comparadas com a testemunha pelo teste de Dunnett, a 5% de probabilidade. As homeopatias causaram alterações nas propriedades físico químicas da água. Foi verificada a atuação diferenciada das diversas dinamizações. Determinados preparados homeopáticos promovem respostas marcantes, bem perceptíveis com individualidade de respostas, evidenciando o princípio de especificidade de ação. | The physico-chemical properties of irrigation water, as well as of aqueous solutions have recently become a topic of study and attracted the attention of scientists. The main reason is to make quality water available for crops and to understand the mechanisms of action of homeopathic preparations. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of homeopathic preparations on the physico-chemical properties of water originated from three sources. The experiment was developed at the Laboratory of Homeopathy of the Department of Plant Science of the UFV, and was arranged in a randomized block design, with four repetitions (experiments 1- 6) or six repetitions (experiment 7). The treatments of experiments 1-6 consisted of the homeopathies Calcarea carbonica, Calcarea sulphurica, Calcareaphosphorica, Carbo vegetabilis, Natrum muriaticum, Natrumcarbonicum, Natrum sulphuricum, Pyrogenium, and Sulphur and of the homeopathic preparations distilled water, mine water, and lake water, with the controls distilled water, mine water and lake water. The dynamics applied in experiments 1- 6 was 7CH. The experiment 7 treatments consisted of homeopathy Natrum muriaticum at dynamizations 1CH, 3CH, 5CH, 7CH, 12CH and 30CH and the homeopathic ix preparations salinized distilled water and 70% alcohol at dynamizations 7CH and the control salinized distilled water. Two drops of the treatment were applied every 24 h in glass recipients containing 80 mL water. The variable data were obtained after application of the treatments; pH, electric conductivity, and turgidity were measured, respectively, by the equipments: counter pHmeter (DM 23 model), conductivimeter (DM 32 model) and portable turgid meter (DM TU model). At the end of the measurements, the data were submitted to variance analysis and the means compared with the control by the Dunnett test, at 5% probability. The homeopathies caused alterations in the physico-chemical properties of water. A differentiated action of the several dynamizations was verified. Some homeopathic preparations promoted rather perceptive, markedly individual responses, making evident the principle of specificity of action.

A água de lavagem dos filtros (ALF) representa a maior quantidade, em termos volumétricos, de resíduos de estações de tratamento de água (ETA) do tipo convencional (de ciclo completo) e é caracterizada pela baixa presença de sólidos e alto custo de tratamento. A recirculação da barrela à cabeceira da planta, com ou sem pré-tratamento, é uma alternativa para gerenciamento adequado da ALF, que na maioria das ETA brasileiras são lançadas sem tratamento diretamente nos corpos receptores, o que pode constituir crime ambiental. Essa manobra possui aspectos positivos, como a redução das perdas processuais no tratamento e a redução dos custos operacionais, representados majoritariamente pelos custos com energia elétrica e insumos químicos, e negativos, como o retorno de materiais retidos no filtro à cabeceira da planta, em especial cistos de Giardia ssp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp., contaminantes altamente resistentes à desinfecção por cloro. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da recirculação da água de lavagem dos filtros em estações de tratamento de água e sua metodologia consiste em analisar o impacto desta prática na qualidade da água tratada e no desempenho técnico-econômico das etapas da captação de água bruta e seu tratamento. Os resultados das análises dos analitos E. Coli e turbidez realizados pelo DMAE/POA, onde, das cinco maiores ETA, que são objeto de estudo, três realizam a recirculação e outras duas o lançamento diretamente no Lago Guaíba, foram utilizados para análise da interferência da ALF na água tratada. Já a modelagem técnico-econômica, que testou 120 cenários, com e sem recirculação, variando diferentes parâmetros, teve como principal base preços de referências e indicadores econômicos. A partir deste processo, pode-se concluir que a recirculação não impacta na qualidade da água tratada nas ETA objeto de estudo, que há grande potencial para economia em energia elétrica, que a vazão de captação, a altura geométrica entre a captação e o tratamento e a extensão da linha de recalque são as variáveis técnicas mais significantes do ponto de vista econômico. Por fim, foi utilizado modelo de regressão para desenvolver equação para mensurar a potencial economia com a recirculação da barrela. | Backwash water of filters represents the largest quantity in volumetric terms of waste generated in water treatment plants of the conventional type (cycle complete) and is characterized by the low presence of solids and high treatment cost. The recirculation of backwash water at the beginning of the process of the plant is an alternative for adequate management of backwash water, which in most Brazilian treatment plants are released without treatment directly into the rivers and lakes, which constitutes an environmental crime. The positive aspects of recirculating filter washing water include appropriate disposal of this waste, reduction of water losses in the treatment process and the reduction of operational costs, represented mainly by the costs of electrical energy and chemical inputs. However, this practice results in the recirculation of materials retained in the filter back to the beginning of the process, especially cysts of Giardia ssp. and oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp., contaminants highly resistant to chlorine disinfection. The main objective of this work is to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of recirculating filter washing water in water treatment plants and its methodology is divided into analyzing the impact of this practice on the quality of treated water and on the technical-economic performance of the stages of raw water capture and treatment. The results of the analyzes of E. Coli and turbidity analytes carried out by the DMAE/POA, where, of the five largest ETAs, which are the object of study, three perform recirculation and two others release directly in Lake Guaíba, were used to analyze the interference of bacwash water of filters in the treated water. The technical-economic modeling, which tested 120 scenarios, with and without recirculation, varying different parameters, was mainly based on reference prices and economic indicators. From this process, it can be concluded that the recirculation does not impact the quality of the treated water in the WTP object of study, that there is great potential for savings in electricity, that the flow, the geometric height and the extension of the line are the most significant technical variables from the economic point of view. Finally, a regression model was used to develop an equation to measure the potential savings with the recirculation of the barrel.

Trabalho de conclusão de curso (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Curso de Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária, RS, 2023. | The deterioration of water quality in surface water courses and the pursuit of universal basic sanitation, particularly access to potable water, lead to the development of new treatment technologies. Advanced Oxidative Processes are technologies that act in the formation of free radicals and, in disinfection, help promote the deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms present in water. The present study utilized a bench-scale reactor of a combined Ultraviolet and Ozone system (UV/O3) to assess the efficiency of the combined disinfection of the advanced oxidative process. The system's efficiency was evaluated through the inactivation of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and aerobic bacteria spores (EBAs), along with an analysis of important physicochemical parameters in the process. Satisfactory microbiological inactivation values were achieved, reaching maximum removal logs of 4 for E. coli, 1.85 for Total Coliforms, and 1.42 for anaerobic bacteria spores. However, compared to the literature, the UV/O3 system did not prove as efficient. The UV/O3 system is highly dependent on environmental factors, as well as physicochemical parameters of the water to be treated. High turbidity values and a pH close to neutral likely negatively influenced the disinfection system. | A deterioração da qualidade da água de cursos hídricos superficiais e a busca pela universalização do saneamento básico, em especial, o acesso à água potável, fazem com que novas tecnologias de tratamento sejam desenvolvidas. Processos Oxidativos Avançados são tecnologias que atuam na formação de radicais livres, e, na desinfecção, ajudam a promover a inativação dos microrganismos patogênicos presentes na água. O presente estudo utilizou um reator em escala de bancada de um sistema ultravioleta combinado com Ozônio (UV/O3), para verificação da eficiência da desinfecção conjugada do processo oxidativo avançado. A eficiência do sistema foi verificada pela inativação de coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e esporos de bactérias aeróbias (EBAs), em conjunto, analisou-se parâmetros físico-químicos importantes no processo. Valores satisfatórios de inativação microbiológicas foram obtidos, alcançando logs máximos de remoção de 4 para E. coli, 1,85 para Coliformes Totais e de 1,42 para esporos de bactérias anaeróbias, entretanto, comparado a literatura, o sistema não se mostrou tão eficiente. O sistema UV/O3 é um sistema altamente dependente de fatores ambientais, bem como, parâmetros físico-químicos da água a ser tratada, valores altos de turbidez, e o pH próximo do neutro provavelmente influenciaram negativamente o sistema de desinfecção.

Human consumption of water outside of the microbiological standards for drinking constitutes a health and disease risk factor. Through the process of infiltration in the soil, groundwater may be contaminated by the waste generated by human activity and deposited in the soil, waterways or air. The consumption of water in natura, captured in a spring, may lead to the risk of disease. One of the alternative technologies for disinfecting water that has shown promise is the generation of an oxidant solution in loco. The electrochemical reaction of sodium chloride produces oxidizing gases, which reacts with the water to produce the hypochlorite ion in balance with hypochlorous acid, along with traces of other oxidants. In the present study the development of a device based on an imported model that uses this type of technology wassought in order to reduce the cost of acquisition and makeit more available to disadvantaged communities with water quality issues. The evaluation of the efficiency of this technology in disinfecting water with different qualities (color and turbidity) was also sought, using total coliforms and Escherichia coli as indicator organisms of contamination. In each experimentthe quality of untreated water, and water after adding the oxidant was examined on turbidity, true color, residual chlorine, pH, temperature, and quantification of microorganism indicators. In the experiments performed we found that the adapted equipment showed to be as efficient in the production of disinfectant agents as the original equipment. In the microbiological assays performed on water contaminated with E. coli (synthesized water in a laboratory and natural) and total coliforms (natural water), the inactivation of these organisms was observed to be effective with the use of gases that came from the adapted equipment, taking into account the content of chlorine in water treated with the equipment. | Human consumption of water outside of the microbiological standards for drinking constitutes a health and disease risk factor. Through the process of infiltration in the soil, groundwater may be contaminated by the waste generated by human activity and deposited in the soil, waterways or air. The consumption of water in natura, captured in a spring, may lead to the risk of disease. One of the alternative technologies for disinfecting water that has shown promise is the generation of an oxidant solution in loco. The electrochemical reaction of sodium chloride produces oxidizing gases, which reacts with the water to produce the hypochlorite ion in balance with hypochlorous acid, along with traces of other oxidants. In the present study the development of a device based on an imported model that uses this type of technology wassought in order to reduce the cost of acquisition and makeit more available to disadvantaged communities with water quality issues. The evaluation of the efficiency of this technology in disinfecting water with different qualities (color and turbidity) was also sought, using total coliforms and Escherichia coli as indicator organisms of contamination. In each experimentthe quality of untreated water, and water after adding the oxidant was examined on turbidity, true color, residual chlorine, pH, temperature, and quantification of microorganism indicators. In the experiments performed we found that the adapted equipment showed to be as efficient in the production of disinfectant agents as the original equipment. In the microbiological assays performed on water contaminated with E. coli (synthesized water in a laboratory and natural) and total coliforms (natural water), the inactivation of these organisms was observed to be effective with the use of gases that came from the adapted equipment, taking into account the content of chlorine in water treated with the equipment. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Membrane-based technologies, such as micro (MF), ultra (UF) and nanofiltration (NF), have been widely applied for water treatment applications; however, the limitations of pure polymeric membranes have encouraged the incorporation of inorganic nanomaterials to enhance their performance. Today, nanocomposite membranes have greatly increased the attention of researchers for different water treatment applications, e.g., water purification, wastewater treatment, removal of microorganisms, chemical compounds and heavy metals. To date, different types of nanomaterials have been incorporated into polymeric membranes, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), zinc oxide (ZnO), graphene oxide (GO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), Ag and Cu-based nanoparticles, to mention just a few. Thereby, the aim of this paper is to show a brief overview about the effect on embedding these materials into polymeric membranes according to the recent literature inputs in the field of water treatment.