El agua es uno de los recursos naturales más importantes para la Humanidad. Además de ser esencial para la existencia y el bienestar humano, se trata de un recurso de alto valor económico, estratégico y social. La mayor parte del agua disponible en la hidrosfera es salada, 97,5% y no apta para el consumo humano directo. Del agua dulce restante, una gran proporción es de difícil acceso, pues se encuentra concentrada en glaciares y almacenada en acuíferos y tan solo un 1% se encuentra disponible en ríos y lagos. Actualmente, los sistemas de distribución encargados de transportar el agua potable para su consumo se encuentran, en gran medida, obsoletos y sometidos a elevadas pérdidas. Uno de los indicadores principales utilizados para medir el nivel de pérdidas en un abastecimiento es el Agua No Registrada, diferencia entre el agua introducida en el sistema de distribución y el agua registrada en los medidores de los usuarios. El Agua No Registrada es un indicador de la eficiencia de las empresas en el suministro y distribución del agua. Las empresas gestoras de abastecimientos implementan diversas metodologías para reducir este valor, con el fin de conseguir un uso más eficiente del agua. Estas medidas se enfocan tanto a la reducción de pérdidas físicas, relacionadas con las fugas de la red, como a la reducción de pérdidas aparentes, relacionadas con los procesos de medición. Para la reducción de pérdidas físicas, una de las medidas que se emplea con mayor efectividad es la gestión de presión, generalmente, realizada mediante el control dinámico de válvulas reductoras de presión. En el contexto actual de sequía se hace imprescindible la adopción de nuevas tecnologías para disminuir los niveles de Agua No Registrada y asegurar el suministro en el largo plazo, minimizando pérdidas, mientras que, a su vez, se mantiene y asegura la calidad del servicio a los usuarios La Tesis Doctoral consta de seis capítulos que han dado lugar a la publicación de tres artículos en revistas de impacto, por lo que la tesis se ha elaborado como compendio de artículos. | Water is one of the most important resources for the Humanity. Apart from being essential for life and human welfare, it is a resource with a high economical, strategic and social value. Most of the water available in the hydrosphere is salty water, 97,5%, not valid for direct human consumption. For the remaining freshwater, a large proportion is difficult to access, as it is concentrated in glaciers and stored in aquifers and 1% is available in rivers and lakes. Currently, the water distribution systems which transport potable water for human consumption are, in a major extent, obsolete and subject to high leakages rates. One of the main indicators to measure the level of leakage is Non Revenue Water, difference between the total water introduced into the network and that measured at the consumer connection. Non Revenue Water is a is an indicator of the performance of the utility. Water utilities are implementing different methods to reduce this value aiming a more efficient water use. These methods are focused to reducing physical losses, related to leakage in the network, and reducing apparent losses, related to the measuring processes. Pressure management through dynamic control of pressure reducing valves is identified as one of the most effective ways to reduce physical losses in a water distribution network. Under the current drought scenario, it is essential for the water utilities to adopt new technologies to reduce the Non Revenue Water, while, at the same time, ensure long term supply to the users with the right level of quality and service. This Thesis is made up of six chapters that have resulted in the publication of three articles in impact journals, so the Thesis has been prepared as compendium of articles.

El objetivo principal del proyecto es proponer una alternativa para reutilizar el agua de rechazo del sistema de ósmosis inversa y reducir el consumo de agua potable. Se plantea una metodología cuantitativa que permita determinar la cantidad de agua de rechazo y evaluar su viabilidad para ser utilizada en equipos y procesos industriales. Para ello, se realiza un análisis comparativo de las características fisicoquímicas del agua de rechazo con respecto al agua utilizada actualmente. A partir de una evaluación de riesgos se seleccionaron las calderas, el chiller, el enfriamiento de marmitas y lavado en áreas de PTARI viables para reemplazar agua potable por agua de rechazo sin afectar su operación. En el nuevo sistema de distribución de agua de rechazo se incluyen equipos de automatización industrial para su adecuado control. El diseño propuesto estima la reutilización de 1953,8m3 al año con unos costos de implementación optimizada de $27.005.657 generando un valor presente neto aproximado de 63 millones de pesos y un tiempo estimado del retorno de la inversión de 1 año y 6 meses. Esta alternativa contribuiría a la preservación de los recursos hídricos y a la sostenibilidad de la planta cosmética y la industria. | Especialista en Gerencia de Producción y Productividad | Especialización | The main objective of the project is to propose an alternative for reusing reject water from the reverse osmosis system and reducing the consumption of potable water. A quantitative methodology is proposed to determine the quantity of reject water and assess its feasibility for use in industrial equipment and processes. This involves a comparative analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of the reject water in relation to the currently used water. Risk assessment led to the selection of boilers, chillers, kettle cooling, and PTARI (Pre-Treatment, Anaerobic, and Aerobic, Treatment of Industrial Residues) washing areas as viable locations for replacing potable water with reject water without affecting their operation. The new reject water distribution system includes industrial automation equipment for proper control. The proposed design estimates the reuse of 1953.8 m3 per year with optimized implementation costs of $27,005,657, generating an approximate net present value of 63 million pesos and an estimated investment payback time of 1 year and 6 months. This alternative would contribute to the preservation of water resources and the sustainability of the cosmetic plant and the industry.

Spain faces huge challenges in terms of water scarcity. Current water availability is worsened by the need to achieve ambitious environmental objectives and by the prospective shrinking of water supplies, due to climate change. Faced with these challenges, river basin authorities have limited tools. This paper proposes a new economic instrument that would work as a “safety net” for other water policies. It is a baseline-and-credit scheme that has not yet been attempted for quantitative water management. It involves an overall reduction of water allocations, coupled with a flexibility instrument: a voluntary trade market on water withdrawal reductions (the “water credits”). This market would guide investments towards the most efficient actions, whether of water saving or water resources development. This “water-savings trade” would be substantially different from a “water-rights trade” and would be designed with the aim of preventing negative externalities at its core, both social and environmental. | La disponibilidad de agua en España se enfrenta a grandes retos. A una situación de escasez que ya es acusada en algunas cuencas, se unen la obligación de alcanzar unos objetivos ambientales exigentes y la esperable disminución de aportaciones a causa del cambio climático. Ante estos desafíos, los instrumentos de que dispone la administración hidráulica son limitados. En este trabajo se propone un nuevo instrumento económico que actuaría como una “red de seguridad” del resto de políticas del agua. Se trata de un esquema de línea base y crédito, que no se ha aplicado hasta ahora a la gestión cuantitativa del agua. Consiste en una reducción progresiva, global y homogénea de todas las asignaciones de agua, acompañada de un mecanismo de flexibilidad: un mercado voluntario de compraventa de volúmenes no captados (los “créditos de agua”). Este mercado vehicularía las inversiones hacia las acciones de ahorro o generación más eficientes. Este “comercio de ahorros” sería sustancialmente distinto a un “comercio de derechos” y se diseñaría para prevenir en origen los riesgos de externalidades negativas, tanto sociales como ambientales.

Metodologia Quantitativa para Análise do Nexo Água-Energia-Alimento em Bacias Hidrográficas sob Cenários Históricos e Futuros     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected] 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O uso integrado de recursos hídricos, energéticos e alimentares é essencial para a gestão sustentável de bacias hidrográficas. Este estudo desenvolveu uma metodologia quantitativa para modelar o nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) em bacias hidrográficas, considerando tanto condições históricas quanto projeções futuras. A metodologia proposta utiliza modelos criados nos programas “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) e “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP), os quais foram acoplados para troca de dados por meio do WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. Para exemplificar o uso da metodologia, foi realizada uma aplicação nas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ). Os resultados demonstraram que a ferramenta permite a simulação do nexo AEA, oferecendo suporte valioso para o planejamento sustentável dos recursos presentes nas bacias PCJ, podendo contribuir com o alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Recomenda-se a aplicação do framework em diferentes contextos regionais para ampliar sua validação e aplicabilidade.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, nexo AEA.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN RIVER BASINS UNDER HISTORICAL AND FUTURE SCENARIOS     2 ABSTRACT   The integrated use of water, energy, and food resources is essential for the sustainable management of river basins. This study developed a quantitative methodology to model the water‒energy‒food (WEF) nexus in river basins, considering both historical conditions and future projections. The proposed methodology uses models created in the “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) and “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP) programs, which were coupled for data exchange through the WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. To exemplify the use of the methodology, an application was carried out in the Piracicaba, Capivarí and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins. The results showed that the tool allows the WEF nexus to be simulated, offering valuable support for the sustainable planning of the resources present in the PCJ basins, and can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is recommended that the framework be applied in different regional contexts to expand its validation and applicability.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, WEF nexus. | Metodologia Quantitativa para Análise do Nexo Água-Energia-Alimento em Bacias Hidrográficas sob Cenários Históricos e Futuros     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected] 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O uso integrado de recursos hídricos, energéticos e alimentares é essencial para a gestão sustentável de bacias hidrográficas. Este estudo desenvolveu uma metodologia quantitativa para modelar o nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) em bacias hidrográficas, considerando tanto condições históricas quanto projeções futuras. A metodologia proposta utiliza modelos criados nos programas “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) e “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP), os quais foram acoplados para troca de dados por meio do WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. Para exemplificar o uso da metodologia, foi realizada uma aplicação nas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ). Os resultados demonstraram que a ferramenta permite a simulação do nexo AEA, oferecendo suporte valioso para o planejamento sustentável dos recursos presentes nas bacias PCJ, podendo contribuir com o alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Recomenda-se a aplicação do framework em diferentes contextos regionais para ampliar sua validação e aplicabilidade.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, nexo AEA.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN RIVER BASINS UNDER HISTORICAL AND FUTURE SCENARIOS     2 ABSTRACT   The integrated use of water, energy, and food resources is essential for the sustainable management of river basins. This study developed a quantitative methodology to model the water‒energy‒food (WEF) nexus in river basins, considering both historical conditions and future projections. The proposed methodology uses models created in the “Water Evaluation and Planning” System (WEAP) and “Low Emissions Analysis Platform” (LEAP) programs, which were coupled for data exchange through the WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework. To exemplify the use of the methodology, an application was carried out in the Piracicaba, Capivarí and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins. The results showed that the tool allows the WEF nexus to be simulated, offering valuable support for the sustainable planning of the resources present in the PCJ basins, and can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is recommended that the framework be applied in different regional contexts to expand its validation and applicability.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, WEF nexus.

Soybean is a plant of the genus Glycine, its grain has had its consumption expanded in the last three decades. The objective of this work was to determine the vegetative growth of soybean under the influence of different irrigation water temperatures in the soil. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Nursery sector of the Federal University of Mato Grosso – Sinop Campus, from April 8, 2022 to July 22, 2022. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five replications (in pots) studying irrigation water temperatures are: 10Cº, 20Cº, 30Cº, 40Cº, 40Cº, 50Cº and 60Cº. 5 replicates were used. Plant height (AP), leaf area (AF), root dry mass (MSR), shoot dry mass (MSPA) were evaluated. The water applied by irrigation in the cultivar ANsc 89 109 must be in the temperature range between 10 and 30ºC. The application of water with a temperature of 40ºC above impairs the vegetative growth of the soybean crop, which will lead to a reduction in the final grain yield. | A soja é uma planta do gênero Glycine, seu grão teve seu consumo expandido nas últimas três décadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o crescimento vegetativo da soja sob influência de diferentes temperaturas de água de irrigação no solo. O experimento foi conduzido no telado do setor do Viveiro da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – Campus de Sinop, do dia 08 de abril de 2022 a 22 de julho de 2022. O delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições (em vaso) estudando-se temperaturas da água de irrigação a saber:  10Cº, 20Cº, 30Cº, 40Cº, 40Cº, 50Cº e 60Cº. Foram utilizadas 5 repetições.  Avaliou-se altura de plantas (AP), área foliar (AF), massa seca de raiz (MSR), massa seca parte aérea (MSPA). A água aplicada por irrigação na cultivar  ANsc 89 109 deve estar na faixa de temperatura entre 10 e 30ºC. A aplicação de água com temperatura de 40ºC acima prejudica o crescimento vegetativo da cultura da soja, o que acarretará redução na produtividade final de grãos

Los semilleros de investigación brindan la posibilidad a sus integrantes de reflexionar sobre problemáticas del entorno y encontrar alternativas de solución, partiendo desde los diferentes campos del saber, conducentes al desarrollo local y regional. Los semilleros son espacios de carácter académico e investigativo, que pretenden concientizar a los jóvenes de las instituciones de educación superior, sobre la importancia del uso y la producción de conocimiento científico, tecnológico y de innovación, permitiendo de esta manera, la consolidación de una comunidad académica multidisciplinar e interdisciplinar. En el marco de semilleros se reflexiona sobre los procesos y resultados de las investigaciones, alrededor de debates académicos propicios para la producción de conocimiento científico, se consolidan espacios de integración en torno a los procesos de investigación formativa, se estimula la interacción y la construcción de redes de conocimiento de los semilleros en áreas disciplinares e interdisciplinares de interés y se fomenta la integración alrededor de la relación: Ciencia, tecnología, innovación y academia-sociedad. | The Research Incubator provide the opportunity for their members to reflect on environmental problems and find alternative solutions, starting from different fields of knowledge, leading to local and regional development. The seedbeds are spaces of academic and research nature, which aim to raise awareness among young people in higher education institutions about the importance of the use and production of scientific, technological and innovative knowledge, thus allowing the consolidation of a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary academic community. Within the framework of the seedbeds, the processes and results of research are reflected on, around academic debates conducive to the production of scientific knowledge, spaces of integration are consolidated around the processes of formative research, the interaction and construction of knowledge networks of the seedbeds in disciplinary and interdisciplinary areas of interest is stimulated and the integration around the relationship: Science, technology, innovation and academia-society is fostered.

El presente artículo pone el foco en el agua como nutriente principal en nuestros sistemas ganaderos y lecheros, abordando los principales conceptos y aspectos prácticos para una mejor toma de decisiones de manejo.