A banana é uma cultura de grande relevância econômica e socioambiental, com perdas significativas ocorrendo ao longo da cadeia de produção, especialmente na fase de pós-colheita. O uso de ozônio surge como uma alternativa promissora e segura aos tratamentos químicos convencionais para minimizar essas perdas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os modelos cinéticos da reação do ozônio em água em diferentes temperaturas e determinar a eficácia da imersão em água ozonizada no controle de Colletotrichum musae em bananas, além de analisar os impactos na qualidade do produto durante o armazenamento. Desta forma, foram testados cinco tratamentos na variedade de banana ‘Nanicão’: controle (sem imersão), imersão em água sem ozônio (dois e três ciclos), e imersão em água ozonizada (dois e três ciclos). Cada ciclo durou 15 minutos. Após o tratamento, os frutos foram armazenados por 9 dias a 25 °C e 75% UR. Os resultados mostraram que a maior concentração de ozônio e o tempo de meia-vida mais prolongado (117,6 minutos) foram alcançados a 15 °C. No entanto, na presença de bananas, a meia- vida foi drasticamente reduzida para apenas 0,9 minutos. Não houve efeito significativo do tratamento com água ozonizada no controle da antracnose ou na qualidade das frutas durante o armazenamento. Concluiu-se que, embora a meia- vida do ozônio seja maior a 15 °C, a matéria orgânica presente na banana reduz substancialmente esse tempo, e a imersão em água ozonizada não foi eficaz no controle de antracnose Palavras-chave: musa spp; ozônio; modelos cinéticos; saturação; decaimento; pós- colheita. | Banana is a crop of great economic and socio-environmental relevance, with significant losses occurring throughout the production chain, especially during the postharvest phase. The use of ozone arises as a promising and safe alternative to conventional chemical treatments to minimize these losses. This study aimed to evaluate the kinetic models of ozone reaction in water at different temperatures and to determine the effectiveness of immersion in ozonated water in controlling Colletotrichum musae in bananas, as well as to analyze the impacts on product quality during storage. For this, five treatments were tested on the 'Nanicão' banana variety: control (no immersion), immersion in water without ozone (two and three cycles), and immersion in ozonated water (two and three cycles). Each cycle lasted 15 minutes. After the treatment, the fruits were stored for 9 days at 25°C and 75% RH. The results showed that the highest ozone concentration and the longest half-life (117.6 minutes) were achieved at 15°C. However, in the presence of bananas, the half-life was drastically reduced to just 0.9 minutes. There was no significant effect of ozonated water treatment on anthracnose control or fruit quality during storage. It was concluded that, although the ozone half-life is longer at 15°C, the organic matter present in bananas substantially reduces this time, and immersion in ozonated water was not effective in controlling anthracnose. Keywords: musa spp; ozone; kinetic models; saturation; decay; post-harvest. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Ambiental, Física y Meteorología | La presente investigación evaluó la influencia de la calidad del agua superficial del río Títire (afluente) en las características hidroquímicas del río Coralaque (cuerpo receptor), pertenecientes a la subcuenca del río Coralaque, Moquegua, Perú. Primero, se evaluó la variación temporal y espacial de los ríos mencionados, mediante el uso del índice de calidad del agua (ICARHS) y el índice metálico (IM); donde se determinó que el río Títire presenta elevadas concentraciones aluminio, arsénico, boro, manganeso, conductividad eléctrica y nivel de pH, entre otros; obteniendo una calidad de agua inferior (calidad mala) respecto al río Coralaque (calidad regular). Luego, se desarrolló la evaluación hidroquímica y la fuente de generación, donde se demostró que los procesos que controlan las características hidroquímicas de los ríos Títire y Coralaque son la evaporación y cristalización y meteorización de las rocas (interacción agua-roca), así como el dominio de la lixiviación; por lo que se deduce que influyen tanto procesos naturales como antropogénicos. Asimismo, se determinó que el agua del río Títire no es aptas para el riego, mientras que el agua del río Coralaque solo es apta para plantas muy resistentes a la salinidad en general. Para simular la dispersión de los parámetros se empleó el modelamiento con CORMIX, donde se obtuvo que aguas debajo de la zona de mezcla en la mayoría de los casos las concentraciones son superiores a los valores establecidos del ECA-Agua. Asimismo, se determinó que las aguas del río Títire sobre el río Coralaque, representa un riesgo ecotoxicológico en la fauna acuática de la zona. Finalmente, se desarrolló el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) que permitió corroborar los resultados obtenidos. Se concluye que la composición hidroquímica del río Títire si influye en la calidad del agua del río Coralaque. | The present investigation evaluated the influence of the quality of the surface water of the Títire River (tributary) on the hydrochemical characteristics of the Coralaque River (receiving body), belonging to the sub-basin of the Coralaque River, Moquegua, Peru. First, the temporal and spatial variation of the mentioned rivers was evaluated, using the water quality index (ICARHS) and the metallic index (IM); where it was determined that the Títire River has high concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, boron, manganese, electrical conductivity and pH level, among others; obtaining a lower quality of water (poor quality) compared to the Coralaque River (fair quality). Then, the hydrochemical evaluation and the generation source were developed, where it was demonstrated that the processes that control the hydrochemical characteristics of the Títire and Coralaque rivers are the evaporation and crystallization and weathering of the rocks (water-rock interaction), as well as the leaching mastery; Therefore, it is deduced that both natural and anthropogenic processes influence. Likewise, it was determined that the water from the Títire River is not suitable for irrigation, while the water from the Coralaque River is only suitable for plants that are very resistant to salinity in general. To simulate the dispersion of the parameters, modeling with CORMIX was used, where it was obtained that downstream of the mixing zone in most cases the concentrations are higher than the established values of the ECA-Water. Likewise, it was determined that the waters of the Títire River on the Coralaque River represent an ecotoxicological risk to the aquatic fauna of the area. Finally, the principal components analysis (PCA) was developed to corroborate the results obtained. It is concluded that the hydrochemical composition of the Títire River does influence the water quality of the Coralaque River.

Phytoremediation of aquatic plants is a technology for the bioremediation of contaminated waters that is presented as an economical and effective alternative in the extraction of contaminants. Of the great diversity of Panamanian flora, Lemna Minor stands out for its capacity to retain heavy metals and as biomass for the generation of biogas. Due to this, a bio-treatment of wastewater is proposed for the mining industry, implementing phytoremediation to absorb the mercury (Hg) residues generated in its process and anaerobic co-digestion after the extraction of mercury for energy cogeneration. The bibliographic review on the mercury absorption capacity in Lemna Minor and the data collected in the laboratory allowed defining parameters, obtaining as results the reproduction rate of the plant PA=7.78 g/m^2/h , absorption rate of mercury per unit mass of Lemna C_Hglemna=0.28μg/(g h) and the yield for minimum methane production under heavy metal toxicity in Lemna, PBM=132 L/kg.S Extreme conditions of mercury concentrations found in mining regions of Asia of 103 μg/L were considered in which Posada & Arroyave Maya, 2006, verified that under these conditions the reproduction rate of Lemna Minor is not affected. Obtaining an area necessary for the treatment of these conditions of 15.21 hectáreas y un subproducto para la cogeneración de la planta mediante la implementación de codigestión anaeróbica de 156 228 L/h biogás. | La fitorremediación de plantas acuáticas es una tecnología para la biorremediación de aguas contaminadas que se presenta como una alternativa económica y eficaz en la extracción de contaminantes. De la gran diversidad de la flora panameña, se resalta la Lemna Minor por su capacidad de retención de metales pesados y como biomasa para la generación de biogás. Debido a esto, se propone un bio-tratamiento de aguas residuales para la industria minera, implementando la fitorremediación para absorber los residuos de mercurio (Hg) generados en su proceso y la codigestión anaeróbica posterior a la extracción de mercurio para la cogeneración de energía. La revisión bibliográfica sobre la capacidad de absorción de mercurio en la Lemna Minor y los datos recolectados en el laboratorio permitió definir parámetros, obteniendo como resultados la tasa de reproducción de la planta PA=7.78 g/m^2/h , tasa de absorción de mercurio por unidad de masa de Lemna C_Hglemna=0.28μg/(g h) y el rendimiento para la producción de metano mínimo bajo toxicidad de metales pesados en Lemna, PBM=132 L/kg.Se consideraron condiciones extremas de concentraciones de mercurio encontradas en regiones mineras de Asia de 103 μg/L en el que Posada & Arroyave Maya, 2006, comprobaron que bajo estas condiciones la tasa de reproducción de Lemna Minor no se ve afectada. Obteniendo un área necesaria para el tratamiento de estas condiciones de 15.21 hectáreas y un subproducto para la cogeneración de la planta mediante la implementación de codigestión anaeróbica de 156 228 L/h biogás.

El objetivo de la investigación fue cuantificar el aporte que el agua hizo al valor de la producción agrícola bajo la modalidad de riego en México durante el periodo 1980-2017. Para tal fin, con base en la metodología econométrica, se estimó un modelo logarítmico hiperbólico o recíproco logarítmico, pertinente para una función producción cuando se considera solo un insumo mientras los demás permanecen constantes. La variable explicada fue el logaritmo natural del valor de la producción agrícola bajo riego al nivel nacional en pesos constantes de 2013, la variable explicativa fue la inversa del agua suministrada para riego en hectómetros cúbicos; ambas variables fueron I(0). Se comprobó que las regiones hidrológico-administrativas I, II, III, IV, VI, VII y VIII -estados del norte y del bajío del país- concentran el 89.4% del total de la superficie de riego nacional, regiones hidrológico-administrativas, que fueron altamente beneficiadas con las inversiones federales en los distritos y las unidades de riego. Durante el periodo analizado se detectaron dos cambios estructurales: 1) de 1980-1987; y 2) de 2009-2017. Se concluyó que el aporte del agua al valor de la producción bajo riego registró tendencia positiva, en 1980 fue de $0.39 m-3 y para 2017 de $1.92 m-3, para el periodo 1980-1987 de $0.39 m-3, para 1988-2008 de $1.11 m-3, para 2009-2017 de $1.74 m-3. Finalmente, el aporte promedio, del periodo considerado, del agua al valor de la producción bajo riego en México fue de $1.11 m-3. | Abstract The objective of the research was to quantify the contribution that water made to the value of agricultural production under the irrigation modality in Mexico during the period 1980-2017. For this purpose, based on the econometric methodology, a hyperbolic logarithmic or logarithmic reciprocal model was estimated, relevant for a production function when only one input is considered while the others remain constant. The variable explained was the natural logarithm of the value of irrigated agricultural production at the national level in constant pesos of 2013, the explanatory variable was the inverse of the water supplied for irrigation in cubic hectometers; both variables were I(0). It was found that the hydrological-administrative regions I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, and VIII -northern and Bajío states of the country- concentrate 89.4% of the total national irrigated area, hydrological-administrative regions that were highly benefited with federal investments in the irrigation districts and units. During the period analyzed, two structural changes were detected: 1) from 1980 to 1987; and 2) from 2009 to 2017. It was concluded that the contribution of water to the value of irrigated production registered a positive trend, it was $0.39 m-3 in 1980, $1.92 m-3 in 2017, $0.39 m-3 for the period 1980-1987, $1.11 m-3 for 1988-2008, $1.74 m-3 for 2009-2017. Finally, during the period considered, the average contribution of water to the value of irrigated production in Mexico was $1.11 m-3.

Presentaciòn de seminario del CUEM sobre controles de calidad en la medicion de detergentes en agua. | Centro Universitario de Estudios Mediambientales. FCM UNR

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water used for poultry on farms owned by producers from the free market in San Roque (Corrientes, Argentina). Water samples from wells were analyzed in situ for temperature, pH, and conductivity parameters. Laboratory analyses were performed for Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides, Sulfates, and Nitrates. To assess microbiological quality, coliform bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes were determined. From a physicochemical perspective, 100% of the sampled farms had water sources of intermediate quality, which is considered acceptable for poultry drinking. The only parameter that could pose issues is pH, as only one establishment had water of intermediate quality for this variable, while the rest were not deemed suitable. In the studied area, the levels of total bacteria varied between establishments, and it was found that 100% of the farms had contamination levels exceeding acceptable limits. The results indicate that the use of these waters is not recommended for drinking by poultry in the farms of the free market producers in San Roque locality, as they are not bacteriologically suitable for consumption. From a physicochemical standpoint, only the pH parameter did not meet the standards in 95% of the evaluated farms. | El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la calidad de las aguas utilizadas para la bebida de aves de consumo interno o familiar en granjas de productores de la feria franca de la localidad de San Roque (Corrientes, Argentina). Se utilizaron muestras de agua de perforaciones determinándose in situ: temperatura, pH, conductividad, mientras que en el laboratorio se realizaron determinaciones de Calcio, Magnesio, Sodio, Potasio, Cloruros, Sulfatos y Nitratos. Y para analizar la calidad microbiológica se determinaron bacterias coliformes y aerobios mesófilos totales. Desde el punto de vista físico químico el 100% de las granjas muestreadas presentaron fuentes de agua de calidad intermedia y recomendable para ser usadas como aguas de bebida para las aves. Sin embargo, el pH fue el único parámetro que podría causar inconvenientes ya que sólo un establecimiento tuvo aguas de calidad intermedia en esta variable y el resto presentaron valores no recomendables. En la zona estudiada, los niveles de bacterias totales variaron entre los establecimientos, y se encontró que en el 100% de las granjas los niveles de contaminación superaban los límites tolerables. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten concluir que el uso de estas aguas no es recomendable para la bebida de aves de consumo interno o familiar en granjas de productores de la feria franca de la Localidad de San Roque debido a que desde el punto de vista bacteriológico no son aptas para el consumo. Desde el punto de vista físico químico, sólo el pH es el parámetro que no se ajusta a los estándares en un 95% de las granjas evaluadas.

El objetivo es analizar el consumo de agua embotellada en México con miras a una economía circular. El documento evalúa las tasas de consumo de agua embotellada y los factores causales clave. Además, compara el rol que juegan los sectores público y privado en la exacerbación de la demanda de agua embotellada. El documento implementó una revisión sistemática que identificó artículos principalmente de las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus del 1 de noviembre al 31 de diciembre de 2022. Se utilizaron tres estrategias para el proceso de búsqueda, incluida la introducción de palabras de texto libre, la implementación de operadores booleanos y búsqueda de citas. La revisión sistemática se realizó de acuerdo con la declaración/metodología PRISMA. Cuarenta y ocho artículos fueron identificados después de la búsqueda completa. Los resúmenes indican que el consumo de agua embotellada es alto en México debido al suministro de agua potable convencional por debajo de la media. La mayoría de los clientes mencionaron razones organolépticas y de salud como factores clave que influyeron en su preferencia por el agua potable embotellada. Por el contrario, la demanda de agua embotellada contribuye a las botellas con alto contenido de tereftalato de polietileno, lo que contribuye a la degradación ambiental. La implementación de la economía circular puede reducir los efectos negativos asociados a través de estrategias de reducción y optimización. Se agruparon los hallazgos de varios artículos mientras se definieron las brechas clave y las áreas de mejora. El documento es fundamental para salvar la escasez de conocimiento sobre la economía circular y su aplicación en la industria del agua, al tiempo que proporciona recomendaciones para los responsables de la formulación de políticas. | The objective is to analyse bottled water consumption in Mexico in view of a circular economy. The paper evaluates the rates of bottled water consumption and the key causal factors. Furthermore, it compares the role played by the private and public sectors in exacerbating demand for bottled water. The paper implemented a systematic review that identified articles mainly from the Web of Science and Scopus databases from November 01 to December 31, 2022. There were utilised three strategies for the search process, including keying in free-text words, implementing Boolean operators, and citation searching. The systematic review was conducted in line with the PRISMA statement/methodology. Forty-eight articles were identified after the complete search. The summations direct that bottled water consumption is high in Mexico due to the below-par conventional drinking water supply. Most customers cited organoleptic and health reasons as key factors influencing their preference for bottled drinking water. Conversely, the demand for bottled water contributes to high Polyethylene Terephthalate bottles, which contribute to environmental degradation. The implementation of the circular economy can reduce the associated negative effects through decreasing and optimization strategies. There were conglomerates findings from various articles while defining the key gaps and areas for improvement. The paper is seminal in bridging the dearth of knowledge on the circular economy and its application in the water industry while providing recommendations for policymakers.

La creciente demanda de alternativas a los hidrogeles sintéticos y la inconveniente proliferación de la Eichhornia crassipes que causa afectaciones al medio ambiente, parecen ser dos problemáticas que se pueden solventar entre sí. Este estudio pretendía evaluar la viabilidad de esta planta invasora como fuente de celulosa para la fabricación de hidrogeles físicos de uso tópico. Para ello, se obtuvieron cuatro prototipos mediante variaciones de la metodología Organosolv, los cuales fueron caracterizados farmacotécnicamente y reológicamente. Los ensayos revelaron que cada prototipo obtenido se trataba de un hidrogel, con un contenido de agua superior al 92%, determinado por pérdida por secado, y un rendimiento del 31.1% ± 4.9%. La esparcibilidad señaló el prototipo B como semifluido, mientras que las pruebas reológicas determinaron que entre los prototipos no hay diferencias significativas y son pseudoplásticos garantizando el uso como hidrogeles tópicos. Además, todos los hidrogeles demostraron una baja citotoxicidad. Un análisis IR sugirió diferencias estructurales en cada uno de los hidrogeles, confirmando a su vez la prevalencia de celulosa. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (p < 0.05) para determinar cambios significativos. En conjunto, estos hallazgos sugieren que la Eichhornia crassipes es una fuente viable para la fabricación de hidrogeles. | Pregrado | Químico Farmacéutico | The increasing demand for alternatives to synthetic hydrogels and the issue of Eichhornia crassipes' proliferation, which causes environmental damage, seem to be two problems that can be addressed by each other. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing this invasive plant as a source of cellulose for the fabrication of topical-use physical hydrogels. Four prototypes were synthesized via variations of the Organosolv methodology and subsequently subjected to pharmaceutical characterization. The experimental assays demonstrated that each prototype constituted a hydrogel, characterized by a water content exceeding 92%, as determined through drying loss, with a yield of 31.1% ± 4.9%. Evaluation of spreadability indicated the suitability of prototype B, while rheological assessments determined that there were no significant differences among the prototypes and they were all pseudoplastic, enserió their use as topical hydrogels. Furthermore, all hydrogels exhibited low cytotoxicity. Infrared spectroscopy revealed distinctive structural variances among the hydrogel formulations, confirming the predominance of cellulose. Statistical analysis, conducted via analysis of variance (p < 0.05), underscored significant differences. Collectively, these findings display the potential of Eichhornia crassipes as a viable cellulose source for hydrogel production.

A pandemia de COVID-19 impulsionou o uso de tecnologias baseadas no gás ozônio (O3) para sanitização, devido ao seu alto potencial oxidativo e eficácia na inativação de microrganismos. Quando dissolvido em água, o ozônio se decompõe rapidamente, sendo influenciado por variáveis, como pH e temperatura. O uso do sistema de microbolhas aumenta a eficiência da incorporação do ozônio na água, ao ampliar a área de contato entre o gás e o líquido. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com esse trabalho caracterizar o processo de saturação e decomposição do gás ozônio dissolvido em água destilada e em água da rede de distribuição, em diferentes temperaturas, utilizando um sistema de microbolhas. Foram realizadas análises de cloro residual livre, pH, condutividade elétrica e potencial redox das amostras de água, antes e após a ozonização. A concentração de entrada do O3 foi de 10 mg L-1, para os dois tipos de água. No que se refere às variáveis físico-químicas, não se verificou diferença significativa quando se compararam os valores obtidos antes e depois do processo de saturação, para os valores de pH e condutividade elétrica. Os valores médios de pH permaneceram na faixa de 5,27 a 5,66 para água destilada e entre 6,86 e 7,60 para água da rede de distribuição. A água destilada, como esperado, apresentou baixa condutividade elétrica, variando de 2,17 μS cm-1 a 3,14 μS cm-1, enquanto a água da rede de distribuição apresentou elevada condutividade elétrica, refletindo a presença de íons dissolvidos, variando de 100,69 μS cm-1 e 133,22 μS cm-1. Após a saturação, o potencial redox ultrapassou a 1999,0 mV para ambos os tipos de água, e o cloro residual livre aumentou significativamente. Para as temperaturas de 5, 15 e 25°C, a concentração de saturação do ozônio para água destilada foi de 4,60 mg L-1, 2,95 mg L-1 e 2,52 mg L-1, com tempos de saturação de 16,50 min, 12,91 min e 14,00 min, respectivamente. Para a água da rede de distribuição, a concentração de saturação do ozônio foi de 3,35 mg L-1, 2,70 mg L-1 e 1,72 mg L-1 e os tempos de saturação foram de 14,04 min, 10,04 min e 11,06 min, respectivamente. No processo de decomposição, nas temperaturas de 5, 15, e 25°C, para água destilada as meias-vidas do ozônio foram de 168,53 min, 96,55 min e 56,35 min, respectivamente. Para a água da rede de distribuição, as meias-vidas foram de 3,04 min, 2,67 min e 1,72 min, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a concentração de saturação do ozônio é inversamente proporcional à temperatura, sendo maior em temperaturas mais baixas. As características físico-químicas da água influenciam o processo de ozonização, com a água destilada apresentando melhor desempenho em termos de saturação e estabilidade do ozônio, especialmente em temperaturas mais baixas. Palavras-chave: Água Ozonizada. Tempo de Saturação. Concentração de Saturação. Meia-Vida | The COVID-19 pandemic has boosted the use of technologies based on ozone gas (O3) for sanitization, due to its high oxidative potential and effectiveness in inactivating microorganisms. Dissolved in water, ozone decomposes rapidly, being influenced by variables such as pH and temperature. The use of the microbubble system increases the efficiency with which ozone is incorporated into the water by increasing the contact area between the gas and the liquid. In this context, the aim of this work was to characterize the process of saturation and decomposition of ozone gas in distilled water and water from the distribution network, at different temperatures, using a microbubble system. Analyses of free residual chlorine, pH, electrical conductivity and redox potential were carried out on the water samples before and after ozonation. The O3 input concentration was 10 mg L-1 for both types of water. With regard to the physicochemical variables, there was no significant differences were observed when comparing the values obtained before and after the saturation process for pH and electrical conductivity. The average pH values remained between 5.27 and 5.66 for distilled water and between 6.86 and 7.60 for water from the distribution network. The distilled water, as expected, showed low electrical conductivity, ranging from 2.17 μS cm-1 to 3.14 μS cm-1, while the water from the distribution network showed high electrical conductivity, reflecting the presence of dissolved ions, ranging from 100.69 μS cm-1 to 133.22 μS cm-1. After saturation, the redox potential exceeded 1999.0 mV for both types of water, and the free residual chlorine increased significantly. For temperatures of 5°C, 15°C and 25°C, the saturation concentration of ozone for distilled water was 4.60 mg L -1, 2.95 mg L-1 and 2.52 mg L-1, with saturation times of 16.50 min, 12.91 min and 14.00 min, respectively. For water from the distribution network, the saturation concentration of ozone was 3.35 mg L-1, 2.70 mg L-1 and 1.72 mg L-1 and the saturation times were 14.04 min, 10.04 min and 11.06 min, respectively. In the decomposition process, at temperatures of 5, 15 and 25°C, for distilled water the ozone half-lives were 168.53 min, 96.55 min and 56.35 min, respectively. For water from the distribution network, the half-lives were 3.04 min, 2.67 min and 1.72 min, respectively. It was concluded that the saturation concentration of ozone is inversely proportional to temperature, being higher at lower temperatures. The physicochemical characteristics of the water influence the ozonation process, with distilled water performing better in terms of ozone saturation and stability, especially at lower temperatures. Keywords: Ozonated Water. Saturation Time. Saturation Concentration. Half-Life.