10601 | Tesis (Ing Agr) | Apio | 97 p.

Con la finalidad de evaluar la estructura trófica a nivel de los grupos funcionales de alimentación y la calidad biológica del agua del río Cardenillo, se establecieron tres estaciones de muestreo en la parte mediabaja del río, separadas por una distancia aproximada de dos kilómetros. En cada estación la unidad de esfuerzo de recolecta fue de una hora y las giras de campo se realizaron dos veces al mes durante el período de junio a noviembre de 2015. Para la recolecta de los especímenes se utilizó una red tipo D-Net (500 µm), y pinzas entomológicas. La asignación de los grupos funcionales de alimentación se realizó con la literatura especializada para taxones neotropicales. El grupo funcional de alimentación dominante fue el de los colectores-recolectores. La calidad biológica del agua según el índice BMWP´-Pan., corresponde a aguas de calidad buena y según el índice EPT corresponde a aguas buenas sin impacto.

El propósito del presente trabajo de investigación es contribuir técnicamente, proponiendo criterios de diseño del sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable en zonas rurales de nuestro ámbito regional, teniendo en cuenta las normas nacionales y la experiencia del diseño, construcción, evaluación de proyectos aprobados. Para el diseño hidráulico del sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable se realizaron cálculos de hidráulica, complementando con el conocimiento de mecánica de fluidos, estableciéndose como parámetro fijo el número de habitantes a los cuales se les prestará el servicio, determinándose el caudal aproximado que requieren las localidades, y así, poder satisfacer las necesidades domésticas de esas poblaciones. Y, por último, simular el sistema con el programa WaterCAD para poder verificar el funcionamiento del mismo y obtener unos resultados más satisfactorios. Se desarrolló el diseño hidráulico del sistema de agua potable proponiendo las siguientes componentes para el abastecimiento de agua: captación, línea de conducción, reservorio, línea de aducción, redes de distribución, conexiones domiciliarias, de esta manera contribuyo al desarrollo económico y social de las localidades de Puerto Bagazán, Nueva esperanza y la Victoria, incrementando el nivel de vida de la población de dichas localidades, además de conseguir que los conocimientos sean puestos en práctica y desarrollar el sentido profesional de la carrera de Ingeniería Sanitaria. Al finalizar el trabajo se pudo concluir que ejecutándose la propuesta anteriormente mencionada se garantizará la sostenibilidad del servicio de agua potable de los pobladores de las localidades en mención ya que serán abastecidas de agua potable con una cobertura de 100%. | The purpose of this research work is to contribute technically, proposing criteria of design of the system of potable water supply in rural areas of our regional area, taking into account the national norms and the experience of the design, construction, evaluation of approved projects. For the hydraulic design of the potable water supply system, hydraulic calculations were carried out, complementing with the knowledge of fluid mechanics, establishing as a fixed parameter the number of inhabitants to whom the service will be lent. , determining the approximate flow required by localities, and thus be able to satisfy the domestic needs of these populations. And finally, simulate the system with the program WaterCAD to be able to verify the operation of the same and obtain a more satisfactory results. The hydraulic design of the potable water system was developed proposing the following components for the water supply: catchment, conduction line, reservoir, adduction Line, distribution networks, domiciliary connections, in this way I contribute to the economic and social development of the towns of Puerto Bagazán, Nueva Esperanza and La Victoria, increasing the standard of living of the population of these localities, as well as getting the knowledge to be put into practice and develop the Professional sense of the sanitary engineering career. At the end of the work it could be concluded that by executing the aforementioned proposal will guarantee the sustainability of the potable water service of the inhabitants of the localities in mention as they will be supplied with potable water with a coverage of 100 %.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the water quality of rainbow trout farm (Oncorhyncus mykiss) in a raceway system and to verify by chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry the presence of pesticide residues in water, trout, soil and feed. The physical-chemical variables of the water were evaluated between rainfall and dry seasons in trout farms A and B, and the two truecultures presented significant differences (p <0.05) for electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3+NH4+), phosphate (PO43-), total dissolved solids (STD), temperature and turbidity. Only the trout farm A presented significant differences for ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3+ NH4+), and trout farm B, chloride and pH levels showed significant differences (p <0.05). With respect to the collection points, the trout farm A showed significant difference (p<0.05) for BOD and the trout farm B, presented significant differences (p<0.05) for alkalinity and EC, and the two trout farms presented differences for STD. In the microbiological evaluations of the water for the thermotolerant coliform group (trout farm A), differences between rainy and dry seasons were observed, but there were no differences between the collection points. In trout farm B there was no difference between rainy and dry seasons. As for the presence of the Escherichia coli bacterium, a difference was verified only in trout farm B. For the toxicological evaluations in relation to the water matrix of the two trout farms, the organophosphorus insecticides (chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos) were quantified. In the trout farm A was detected and quantified chlorpyrifos in 0,019 mg/L point A1 and dichlorvos in the concentrations of 0.136 mg/L point A1 and 0,0465 mg/L point A6. In trunculture B, dichlorvos were quantified at 0.0209 mg/L point B1 and 0.0578 mg/L point B9. All concentrations of pesticides described above were above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) recommended by the European Union. For soil and feed matrices there was no detection of pesticide residues for the two trout farms. For the fish matrix there was no detection of waste in trout farm A, but there was detection (within the limit of the equipment) in trout farm B in the tissues: gills, liver and kidney. It was demonstrated in this study that the physico-chemical and microbiological alterations evaluated, are within the comfort standards for the cultivated species and in accordance with the effluent release standard of the Brazilian legislation, showing minimal impact to the receiving water bodies. The physicochemical variables evaluated may have provided the hydrolysis of the pesticides and the rainy season may have influenced the greater amount of waste in the water, but within the detection limit of the equipment. However, the dry period may have influenced the concentration of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos. The identification of residues in the tissues of rainbow trout in trout farm B is not considered to be a risk to humans. | O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água proveniente da produção de trutas arco-íris (Oncorhyncus mykiss) em sistema raceway e verificar por análises cromatográficas acopladas a espectrometria de massas a presença de resíduos de praguicidas nas matrizes água, truta, solo e ração. As variáveis físico-químicas da água foram avaliadas entre as estações de chuva e seca nas truticulturas A e B, e as duas truticulturas apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para condutividade elétrica (CE), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3+NH4+), fosfato (PO43-), sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), temperatura e turbidez. Apenas a truticultura A apresentou diferenças significativas para nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3+NH4+), e na truticultura B, os níveis de cloreto e pH apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05). Com a relação aos pontos de coleta, a truticultura A apresentou diferença diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para DBO e a truticultura B, apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para alcalinidade e CE, sendo que as duas truticulturas apresentaram diferenças para STD. Nas avaliações microbiológicas da água para o grupo coliformes termotolerantes (truticultura A), foram observadas diferenças entre as estações de chuva e seca, mas sem diferenças entre os pontos de coleta. Na truticultura B não houve diferença entre as estações de chuva e seca. Quanto à presença da bactéria Escherichia coli foi verificada diferença apenas na truticultura B. Para as avaliações toxicológicas em relação à matriz água das duas truticulturas foram quantificados os inseticidas organofosforados (clorpirifós e diclorvós). Na truticultura A foi detectado e quantificado clorpirifós em 0,019 mg/L ponto A1 e diclorvós nas concentrações de 0,136 mg/L ponto A1 e 0,0465 mg/L ponto A6. Na truticultura B, o diclorvós foi quantificado em 0,0209 mg/L ponto B1 e 0,0578 mg/L ponto B9. Todas as concentrações de praguicidas descritas mostraram-se acima do Limite Máximo de Resíduos (LMR) recomendado pela União Européia. Para as matrizes solo e ração não houve detecção de resíduos de praguicidas para as duas truticulturas. Para a matriz peixe não houve detecção de resíduos na truticultura A, mas houve a detecção (dentro do limite do equipamento) na truticultura B nos tecidos: brânquias, fígado e rim. Foi demonstrado neste estudo que as alterações físico-químicas e microbiológicas avaliadas, estão dentro dos padrões de conforto para a espécie cultivada e em conformidade com o padrão de lançamento de efluentes da legislação brasileira, demonstrando mínimo impacto aos corpos d’água receptores. As variáveis físico-químicas avaliadas podem ter proporcionado à hidrólise dos praguicidas e o período de chuva pode ter influenciado na maior quantidade de resíduos na água, mas dentro do limite de detecção do equipamento. Entretanto, o período de seca pode ter influenciado na concentração de clorpirifós e diclorvós. A identificação de resíduos nos tecidos de trutas arco-íris na truticultura B não são considerados de risco ao ser humano. | CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

El presente trabajo investigativo ha examinado la problemática del acceso al agua en Jama y Pedernales, teniendo como punto de referencia el terremoto del 16 de abril de 2016, cuyos impactos afectaron a las citadas poblaciones. Desde este enfoque, se determinaron una serie de desigualdades previas al desastre alrededor del recurso hídrico en ambos territorios. Esta información se unió a la obtenida con los actores relevantes para este estudio, permitiendo analizar las relaciones entre estos frente al acceso al agua, en un contexto de inequidades preexistentes, desastre y cambios ambientales. Para tal efecto, la investigación asume el concepto de ciclo hidrosocial, el cual ayuda a comprender la relación dialógica entre agua y sociedad, en este caso, las interacciones en torno al acceso al agua antes y después del desastre. Asuntos como escasez en la disponibilidad de agua, negligencia estructural por parte de los entes estatales, y la brecha entre espacios urbanos – rurales en el acceso al recurso, serán tratados, en un intento por hacer visibles relaciones de poder que permanecen en la opacidad.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dispersão da argila (ADA) e o grau de floculação (GF) da camada superficial do solo sobre floresta primária e em áreas com diferentes idades de reflorestamento na Província Petrolífera de Urucu, Coari - AM.

In the research project, the variability of the quality and quantity of water from the Calope River in the area of influence of the Enermax S.A hydroelectric was evaluated; that evaluation was carried out by through aquatic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality, 4 study points were established to do the study: points 1 and 2 at 200 m before the hydroelectric intake (San José River and Chuquiragua River respectively ); point 3, in the middle riverbed of the area of influence, and point 4, at 200 m after the discharge of the authorized flow, downstream from the machine house. It was also done gauges in five points, where only water flows were measured. Different biological indexes were applied with the obtained data; one of them was the Shannon rage, where it was verified that diversity decreases at high water flows; the ETP rage (Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera) was also applied which determined a quality of water from good to regular parameters in the rainy season, while in the dry season, it remains in good quality. As for the BMWP rage (Biological Monitoring Working Party), during the dry season, acceptable water quality was identified at all points; only in January is an uncertain water quality registered in point 1. The water flows measurement in the 5 points established allowed determining that the minimum flow is registered in October, considered as the dry season. Finally, the investigation was complemented with the analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters in two months (October and January), that allowed applying the NFS water quality rage (National Sanitation Foundation), determining a value corresponding to good quality water; Most of the analyzed parameters comply with current environmental regulations. | En el proyecto de investigación se evaluó la variabilidad de la calidad y cantidad del agua del río Calope en el área de influencia de la hidroeléctrica Enermax S.A; dicha evaluación se realizó por medio de macroinvertebrados acuáticos como bioindicadores de la calidad del agua, para lo cual se establecieron 4 puntos de estudio: los puntos 1 y 2 a 200 m antes de la bocatoma de la hidroeléctrica (río San José y río Chuquiragua respectivamente); el punto 3, en el cauce medio del área de influencia, y el punto 4, a 200 m después de la descarga del caudal autorizado, aguas abajo de la casa de máquinas. También se realizaron aforos en cinco puntos, en donde se midieron solo caudales. Con los datos obtenidos se aplicaron distintos índices biológicos; uno de ellos fue el índice de Shannon, en donde se verificó que la diversidad disminuye a caudales altos; también se aplicó el índice ETP (Ephemetoptera, Trichoptera y Plecoptera), que determinó una calidad de agua desde buena a regular en época lluviosa, mientras que, en la época de estiaje, se mantiene en buena calidad. En cuanto al índice BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party), en época de estiaje, se identificó una calidad de agua aceptable en todos los puntos; solo en el mes de enero se registra una calidad de agua dudosa en el punto 1. La medición de caudales en los 5 puntos establecidos permitió identificar que el mínimo caudal se registra en el mes de octubre, considerado como época de estiaje. Finalmente la investigación se complementó con análisis de parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos en dos meses (octubre y enero), que permitieron aplicar el índice de calidad de agua NFS (National Sanitation Foundation), determinándose un valor correspondiente a agua de buena calidad; la mayoría de los parámetros analizados cumplen con la normativa ambiental vigente.

Land subsidence is common in some regions of China. Various eco-environmental problems have arisen due to changes in water–rock interactions in these subsided areas, for which a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological setting is needed. This paper presents the general status of land subsidence in three typical subsided areas of China through the compilation of relevant data, and reviews some typical changes in the water–rock interactions in subsided areas along with related eco-environmental issues. It is found that the subsidence development and distribution are controlled by the groundwater-withdrawal intensity externally, and by the thickness and compressibility of unconsolidated sediments internally. The physical changes and related effects of water–rock interactions in subsided areas include: (1) the decreased ground elevation that caused floods, waterlogged farmland, etc.; (2) the differential subsidence that caused ground fissures; and (3) the change of seepage field that caused substantial reduction of the water resource. Chemically, the changes and related effects of water–rock interactions include: (1) the change to the chemical environment or processes due to the hydrogeologic structure alteration, which caused groundwater pollution; and (2) hydrologic mixing (seawater intrusion, artificial recharge; exchange with adjacent aquifers or aquitards), which degraded the groundwater quality. Further research on the subsided areas in China is suggested to reveal the mechanisms regarding biological and gaseous (meteorological) changes from the perspective of interacting systems among water, rocks, biological agents and gases.

A coupled simulation-optimization approach to optimize an artificial-recharge–pumping system for the water supply in the Maghaway Valley, Cebu, Philippines, is presented. The objective is to maximize the total pumping rate through a system of artificial recharge and pumping while meeting constraints such as groundwater-level drawdown and bounds on pumping rates at each well. The simulation models were coupled with groundwater management optimization to maximize production rates. Under steady-state natural conditions, the significant inflow to the aquifer comes from river leakage, whereas the natural discharge is mainly the subsurface outflow to the downstream area. Results from the steady artificial-recharge–pumping simulation model show that artificial recharge is about 20,587 m³/day and accounts for 77% of total inflow. Under transient artificial-recharge–pumping conditions, artificial recharge varies between 14,000 and 20,000 m³/day depending on the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The steady-state optimisation results show that the total optimal abstraction rate is 37,545 m³/day and artificial recharge is increased to 29,313 m³/day. The transient optimization results show that the average total optimal pumping rate is 36,969 m³/day for the current weir height. The transient optimization results for an increase in weir height by 1 and 2 m show that the average total optimal pumping rates are increased to 38,768 and 40,463 m³/day, respectively. It is concluded that the increase in the height of the weir can significantly increase the artificial recharge rate and production rate in Maghaway Valley.

Farmlands have gradually been replaced by apple orchards in Shaanxi province, China, and there will be a risk of severe soil-water-storage deficit with the increasing age of the apple trees. To provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry in the Loess Plateau, soil water content in a 19-year-old apple orchard, a 9-year-old apple orchard, a cornfield and a wheat field in the Changwu Tableland was investigated at different depths from January to October 2014. The results showed that: (1) the soil moisture content is different across the soil profile—for the four plots, the soil moisture of the cornfield is the highest, followed by the 9-year-old apple orchard and the wheat field, and the 19-year-old apple orchard has the lowest soil moisture. (2) There are varying degrees of soil desiccation in the four plots: the most serious degree of desiccation is in the 19-year-old apple orchard, followed by the wheat field and the cornfield, with the least severe desiccation occurring in the 9-year-old apple orchard. Farmland should replace apple orchards for an indefinite period while there is an extremely desiccated soil layer in the apple orchard so as to achieve the purpose of sustainable development. It will be necessary to reduce tree densities, and to carry out other research, if development of the economy and ecology of Changwu is to be sustainable.