Contiene una relación de los principales puntos de captación de agua para usos múltiples para uso hidroenergético en las zonas de Virú y Guadalupito correspondientes al Distrito de Riego Moche - Virú - Chao.

Presenta la relación de los principales puntos de captación de agua potable en la provincia de Chao (departamento de la Libertad), asimismo muestra fichas básicas con datos, fotos y croquis de sus 4 fuentes principales.

Resumo Observou-se os valores de δ2H e δ18O da água de chuva e suas respectivas repartições, incluindo-se a água do solo até a profundidade de 1,20m. O trabalho foi realizado na Bacia Modelo, em área experimental próxima ao Km 14 da estrada ZF-2. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os conteúdos isotópicos da água de chuva variam com a estação do ano, sendo mais rica no período que se inicia em fins de abril até início de novembro. Para a água do igarapé Tarumã-Açu essa variação não foi observada, indicando uma mistura de águas e um armazenamento pelo solo de grandes quantidades de água. | Summary It was possible to observe the rain water values of δ2H e δ18O and theirs respective repartition, including the soil water until the depth of 1.20m. The work was done in the Model Basin in an experimental area near the Km 14 of the ZF-2 road. The obtained results showed that the isotopic composition of the rain water vary with the season of the year, and are more enriched in 2H and 18O in the period wich begins at the end of April and beginning of November. These variations were not observed in the igarapé Tarumã-Açu water, suggesting a blend of waters and a high storage of water by the soil.

Aquatic insect fauna remains an important tool for bio indication of environmental disturbance, while maintaining a healthy aquatic system. The purpose of the study was to document and to identify the diversity and distribution patterns of aquatic insect, a highly ignored aspect from the Qatar. Following the standard procedures, the samples were collected from aquatic habitats during the period October 2015 to May 2017 on monthly basis. A total of 11,287 individuals, belonging to 6 orders were captured. Dipterans were the abundant with the percentages of 71.01 (n=8,015), while the lowest percentage was observed for Coleoptera 0.04 (n=05). Twelve insects families were identified, among these five were reported under Diptera, followed by Hemiptera (03), while Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera were represented by single families. Among the selected localities, Dipterans were collected from 10 stations, followed by Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) and Trichoptera (1) respectively. Among the water bodies samples, streams were the most preferred habitats (n=2,767), while drinking water pools were the least (27). Moreover, the highest Simpson diversity index of 1.48 and lowest of 0.47 was recorded for flooded sewage pool and plastic containers respectively, while the low evenness values were observed for ponds, and less than 1 Margalef's diversity values were seen for all habitats. This study documents the patterns of the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects, and provides a baseline for the future studies from Qatar. 2024, Instituto Internacional de Ecologia. All rights reserved. | Scopus

One of the agendas for current discussions is the lack of basic sanitation in rural areas. This study aims to scrutinize twenty bibliographic references (articles, dissertations and theses) from different countries, between the years 2006 to 2022, which address water supply in rural areas as their main line of research. As a method of analysis of relative efficiency, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used. A non-parametric methodology was chosen. Inputs and outputs were listed, divided into three groups: G1, G2 e G3. The water supply in groups G1 and G2 showed 100% efficiency, while group G3 showed 22% efficiency. For descriptive statistical analysis of the data, the Jamovi software, version 2.3.21.0, was used. The Shapiro-Wilk p results obtained were less than 0.05, which demonstrated that the data do not have a normal distribution. After statistical data analysis, Friedman's non-parametric test was chosen, in which the calculated p-value was above 0.05, indicating that there are no statistically significant differences when comparing the three groups. The DurbinConover test was used as post-hoc and there was no significant difference between them. Examining them, it could be seen that the G2 group showed better results than the G1 and G3 groups, representing better efficiency in communities that pay a monthly fee for system maintenance; that management is done by the community itself and that there is effective water treatment. In this way, a satisfactory water supply system/solution, after the results obtained from this study, is understood to be one that is managed by the community with government support, that the community pays monthly fees to cover maintenance and that there is water treatment and government technical guidelines. | Uma das pautas das discussões atuais é a falta de saneamento básico em áreas rurais. Posto isto, este estudo tem como objetivo perscrutar vinte referenciais bibliográficos (artigos, dissertações e teses) de diversos países, entre os anos de 2006 a 2022, os quais abordam como linha de pesquisa principal, o abastecimento de água em áreas rurais. Como método de análise de eficiência relativa, utilizou-se o Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Optou-se por uma metodologia não-paramétrica. Foram elencados inputs e outputs, distribuídos em três grupos: G1, G2 e G3. O abastecimento de água nos grupos G1 e G2 apresentou 100% de eficiência, enquanto o grupo G3, apontou eficiência de 22%. Para análise estatística descritiva dos dados, utilizou-se o software Jamovi, versão 2.3.21.0. Os resultados p ShapiroWilk obtidos foram menores que 0,05, os quais demonstraram que os dados não possuem distribuição normal. Após análise estatística dos dados, optou-se pelo teste não-paramétrico de Friedman, o qual o valor p calculado ficou acima de 0,05, indicando que não existem diferenças estatísticas significativas na comparação dos três grupos. Utilizou-se, como post-hoc, o teste de Durbin-Conover e não houve diferença significativa entre eles. Examinando-os, pôde-se constatar que o grupo G2 demonstrou melhores resultados que os grupos G1 e G3, representando uma melhor eficiência nas comunidades que realizam o pagamento de taxa mensal para manutenção do sistema; que o gerenciamento é feito pela própria comunidade e que existe o tratamento da água efetivo. Desta forma, entende-se por um sistema/solução de abastecimento de água satisfatório, após os resultados obtidos deste estudo, aquele que é gerido pela comunidade com o apoio do governo, que há o pagamento de taxas mensais pela comunidade para cobrir as manutenções e que existe o tratamento de água e orientações técnicas governamentais.

Resumen La poca disponibilidad de agua observada en las presas del país y la sobreexplotación de los acuíferos subterráneos hacen urgente nuevas estrategias para optimizar este recurso. Una estrategia es la optimización del riego mediante el cálculo de las necesidades hídricas para la programación de riegos. El objetivo del este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la evapotranspiración de cultivo (ETc) y coeficiente del cultivo (Kc) en el cultivo del tomate en función del número de tallos, para el suministro el agua de riego a partir de un lisímetro de drenaje y el atmómetro. El trabajo se realizó en condiciones controladas usando tezontle como sustrato y un sistema de riego por goteo. El experimento consistió en tres tratamientos, uno (T1), dos (T2) y tres (T3) tallos por planta. Se utilizó el método del lisímetro de drenaje para medir la transpiración diaria de cultivo (ETc) y un atmómetro para estimar la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo). La transpiración acumulada del cultivo fue de 352, 389 y 434 mm para T1, T2 y T3 y un kc de 1.06, 1.16 y 1.32 para los mismos tratamientos respectivamente, así como el requerimiento de riego de 1.04, 1.14 y 1.29 L planta-1, ambos parámetros determinados en la etapa de máxima demanda hídrica y nutrimental. Se concluye que las mediciones diarias de traspiración en tomate con el lisímetro de drenaje permiten calcular el requerimiento hídrico de los cultivos, además, el atmómetro es una alternativa para estimar la ETo con fines de calendarización del riego en diferentes cultivos. | Abstract The low availability of water observed in the country’s dams and the overexploitation of underground aquifers make it urgent to generate strategies to optimize this resource. One strategy is the optimization of irrigation by calculating water needs for irrigation scheduling. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) in tomato cultivation as a function of the number of stems, for the supply of irrigation water based on a drainage lysimeter and an atmometer. The work was carried out under controlled conditions using tezontle as a substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments, one (T1), two (T2) and three (T3) stems per plant. The drainage lysimeter method was used to measure daily crop transpiration (ETc) and an atmometer was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The accumulated transpiration of the crop was 352, 389 and 434 mm for T1, T2 and T3 and a Kc of 1.06, 1.16 and 1.32 for the same treatments, respectively, as well as the irrigation requirement of 1.04, 1.14 and 1.29 L plant-1, both parameters determined in the stage of maximum water and nutrient demand. It is concluded that the daily measurements of transpiration in tomato with the drainage lysimeter allow to reliably calculate the water requirement of crops, in addition, the atmometer is an alternative to estimate the ETo for irrigation scheduling purposes in different crops.

Resumen Dada la diversidad de efectos observados en la infiltración del agua por el riego, resulta de interés profundizar este proceso en un suelo bajo riego complementario y su relación con las propiedades edáficas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar los cambios en el proceso de infiltración, como consecuencia del riego complementario (pivote central), a través del análisis y modelado de las variables físicas involucradas. Se realizaron veinte ensayos de infiltración (doble anillo), en lotes pertenecientes a la misma unidad cartográfica (serie Chacabuco), con el agua proveniente de las perforaciones. Los tratamientos fueron con riego, y sin riego (secano), en dos momentos del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) (antes de la campaña y posteriores a la cosecha). Se determinó la humedad inicial edáfica, textura, densidad aparente, y se calificó la calidad del agua de riego. Para el análisis se ajustaron los datos de campo a los modelos teóricos de Kostiakov (1932), Kostiakov-Lewis (1937), Green and Ampt (1911) y Philip (1957). Se realizó una Prueba t para un diseño apareado de la infiltración básica, conductividad hidráulica y sortividad. Los modelos aplicados y los parámetros obtenidos reflejaron las características texturales de los suelos en estudio. La infiltración ajustada por los modelos de Kostiakov y Kostiakov-Lewis, fue coincidente. Inicialmente la tasa de infiltración básica fue mayor en el sector de riego, luego de la campaña disminuyó a valores similares a los de secano. Las mejoras en la infiltración acumulada en el sector de riego debido al cultivo antecesor (trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)) no se conservan en el período de tiempo estudiado. La disminución de la tasa de infiltración en el primer minuto se podría explicar por el predominio de iones bicarbonato y sodio del agua de riego y su baja concentración salina, que incrementa el porcentaje de socio intercambiable en los primeros centímetros de los lotes regados. No se observaron efectos del riego sobre la conductividad hidráulica y la sortividad de los suelos. | Abstract Given the diversity of effects on water infiltration observed under irrigation, it is of interest to deepen the understanding of this process and its relationship with soil properties. The objective of this work was to determine changes in the infiltration process as a consequence of supplementary irrigation (central pivot) through the analysis and modeling of the physical variables involved. Twenty infiltration tests (double ring) were carried out in sites from the same cartographic unit (Chacabuco series) under irrigation with water from the aquifer. The treatments were with and without irrigation (rainfed) at two moments (before corn (Zea mays L.) crop season and after corn harvest). Initial water content, texture, and bulk density were determined, and the quality of water was assessed. For the analysis, field data were adjusted to the theoretical models of Kostiakov (1932), Kostiakov-Lewis (1937), Green and Ampt (1911), and Philip (1957). A t-test was performed for a paired design of the steady infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and sortivity. The applied models and the obtained parameters reflected the textural characteristics of the soils under study. The infiltration adjusted by the Kostiakov and Kostiakov-Lewis models was coincident. Initially the steady infiltration rate was higher in the sector under irrigation, but decreased to values similar to those under rainfed conditions at the end of the season. Improvements in the cumulative infiltration in the sector under irrigation due to the preceding crop (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) were not preserved in the period under study. The decrease in the infiltration rate during the first minute could be explained by the predominance of bicarbonate and sodium ions in the irrigation water and its low saline concentration, increasing of the exchangeable sodium percentage in the first centimeters of the irrigated sites. No effects of irrigation on the hydraulic conductivity and sortivity of the soils were observed.

ABSTRACT: The availability of energy has changed humanity over the last centuries. The first types of energy used by humanity were renewable energies: biomass, wind, and water. But, for the last two centuries, fossil fuels have been the protagonists of world energy consumption. However, recently there has been an awareness of the great energy dependence on a finite resource, geographically concentrated in a few countries, which in addition to degrading the environment, is subject to large fluctuations in price. From renewable energies, hydroelectricity is currently the most important source in the Latin American electricity matrix. Current projections suggest that the installed hydroelectric capacity will continue to grow to meet future electricity demand. New turbine designs, such as gravitational water vortex hydraulic turbines, have drawn the attention of many researchers due to their easy installation and maintenance, and their low environmental impact. This work presents the hydropower potential and prospects for the implementation of this type of turbine in the Colombian context, and as well as a general description of the current panorama of the Colombian energy system. | RESUMEN: La disponibilidad de la energía ha cambiado a la humanidad en los últimos siglos. Los primeros tipos de energía utilizados por la humanidad fueron las energías renovables: la biomasa, el viento y el agua. Pero, desde hace dos siglos, los combustibles fósiles han sido los protagonistas del consumo energético mundial. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha tomado conciencia de la gran dependencia energética de un recurso finito, concentrado geográficamente en unos pocos países, que además de degradar el medio ambiente, está sujeto a grandes fluctuaciones de precio. De las energías renovables, la hidroelectricidad es actualmente la fuente más importante de la matriz eléctrica latinoamericana. Las proyecciones actuales sugieren que la capacidad hidroeléctrica instalada seguirá creciendo para satisfacer la futura demanda de electricidad. Los nuevos diseños de turbinas, como las turbinas hidráulicas de vórtice de agua gravitacional, han llamado la atención de muchos investigadores debido a su fácil instalación y mantenimiento, y su bajo impacto ambiental. Este trabajo presenta el potencial hidroeléctrico y las perspectivas de implementación de este tipo de turbinas en el contexto colombiano, así como una descripción general del panorama actual del sistema energético colombiano. | Universidad de Antioquia. Vicerrectoría de investigación. Comité para el Desarrollo de la Investigación - CODI | Colombia. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación - MinCiencias | COL0008058