The informal market of purified water in Mexico grew in 2004 to 50% in some areas. Currently,the sale of bottled water is equivalent to 26.03 million l/year, 18.22 million in water jug and7.81 million in individual water bottles. However, the commonwealth of Infiernillo,municipality of Arteaga, Michoacán, the market niche demand is unsatisfied; coupled to 2,600habitants of the Colonies Pitireras and Morelos consume untreated water, that contain salts andthese are extracted from the dam Infiernillo. The main objective of this research is to evaluatefinancially a water purification plant to meet quality and quantity of product demand in thestudy area. For this purpose, were evaluated the assessed the economic feasibility, theeconomic costs of production and the monetary benefits of commercialization. Financialindicators Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C)and Net Benefit-Investment (K/N) are determined using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, theprogram analysis projects (ANPRO) and the Statistical Analysis Sistem package SAS.The economic information was obtained from an water purifying plant pre-feasibility studycarried out in this community. The variables considered were costs of staff (509,400 pesos),raw and annually supplies (187,635 pesos), costs of fixed investment (309,543 pesos), deferred(35,087 pesos), annual costs (108,692 pesos) and revenue (3´077, 280 pesos). The results weregoing NPV = 6´745, 459.75 pesos; TIR = 44.15%; R B/C = 2.16 pesos and N/K = 21.73. Toperform the analysis of sensitivity of total costs and total income, the project stand a decrease inthe first of an increase of 20%, while in the second case it stand a decrease of 20%. However,the project shows viability.

Fil: Zamora Gómez, Juan Pablo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas; Argentina. | Fil: Zamora Gómez, Juan Pablo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas; Argentina. | The Maimará irrigation district is located in the mid-section of Quebrada de Humahuaca valley, in Jujuy Province, Argentina. The main water source is Río Grande surface flow and several springs over its riverside. Orchard crops prevail, with an irrigable (potential) surface of about 305 hectares and aproximately 200 agricultors. The district problems are related to canal network operation and manteinance, as well as the system’s vulnerability to flood hazard, mass soil-removal and drought. The present thesis provides a diagnosis of multiple research approaches based on legal, socio-economic, agronomical and environmental perspectives, and offers an integrated water resources management (IWRM) strategy applied to irrigation system combining structural and non-structural actions focused on typical IWRM areas: enabling environment, institutional roles and management instruments. Outstanding recomendations point to reinforcing local irrigation consortium, risk management program implementation and water infrastructure improvement or construction, which is considered as the starting point for IWRM in the zone. Even if we conclude that Maimará irrigation district offers organizative and institutional strenghts for IWRM, the success of local water management strategy subordinates to improving water governance conditions, with special emphasys on Jujuy Water Authority institutional strenghtening. | El distrito de riego de Maimará se encuentra en el sector medio de la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina). Se abastece principalmente a partir del cauce del río Grande el riego de cultivos hortícolas. La superficie potencialmente irrigable asciende a cerca de 305 hectáreas y los usuarios del sistema son 200, aproximadamente. El distrito presenta problemas a nivel de la operación y mantenimiento de la red de canales, y es vulnerable frente a eventos extremos como inundaciones, fenómenos de remoción en masa y sequías. Este trabajo aporta un diagnóstico del sistema considerando múltiples dimensiones de análisis (jurídicas, socio-económicas, agronómicas, ambientales, entre otras) y establece una estrategia de gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos (GIRH) aplicada al sistema de riego, combinando acciones estructurales y medidas no-estructurales vinculadas a las grandes áreas de la GIRH: ambiente propicio, marco institucional e instrumentos de gestión. Entre las propuestas se destacan el fortalecimiento de la asociación de usuarios, la implementación de programas de gestión de riesgos a nivel local y la ejecución de obras de mejora del sistema de riego como puntos de acceso para la GIRH en la zona. Si bien el distrito de Maimará presenta fortalezas organizativas e institucionales para la GIRH, la propuesta presentada en esta tesis está condicionada por la necesidad de implementar medidas de mejora en un contexto más amplio, en el que se destaca el fortalecimiento de la autoridad hídrica provincial. | Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria | Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región NOA

Se realizó un estudio con el fin de dimensionar los cambios en la retención e interceptación de agua por parte de las hojas de la especie Espeletia grandiflora en el páramo de Chingaza, causados por la herbivoría y el entorchamiento, dos de las afectaciones más abundantes en los páramos. Se calculó el peso turgente, el peso seco, el contenido relativo de agua y la capacidad de retención en 270 muestras recolectadas a lo largo de toda la cuenca de la quebrada Calostros, repartidas en 10 transectos previamente identificados; 90 muestras con afectación por herbivoría, 90 por entorchamiento y 90 sin afectación. Los datos fueron procesados con ayuda del programa estadístico SPSS y se determinó que en cuanto al contenido relativo de agua, el entorchamiento presentó el mayor valor entre los tres tipos de muestras estudiados, debido a que por su curvatura y envolvimiento es más susceptible a que el agua exterior penetre su estructura. En cuanto a la capacidad de retención de agua por parte de las hojas con las afectaciones estudiadas los mejores rendimientos los presentaron las hojas sin afectación, obteniendo como resultado que estas pueden contener hasta 5 veces su peso en agua. Para dimensionar los cambios presentados en la interceptación de agua, se sometieron 60 muestras a un evento de niebla simulado en laboratorio y de igual manera se concluyó que existe una disminución importante en la interceptación de agua por parte de hojas sanas y hojas con afectación por herbivoría y entorchamiento. | A study was carried out in order to measure the changes in water retention and interception by the leaves of the species Espeletia grandiflora in the páramo Chingaza, caused by herbivory and folding, two of the most abundant affectations in the páramo. Turgid weight, dry weight, relative water content and retention capacity were calculated in 270 samples collected along the entire basin of the Calostros watershed, divided into 10 previously identified transects; 90 samples with afectation by herbivory, 90 by folding and 90 without affectation. The data were processed with the help of the statistical program SPSS and it was determined that in terms of the relative water content, the folding presented the highest value among the three types of samples studied, because its curvature and envelopment is more susceptible to the outside water penetrate its structure. Regarding the capacity of water retention by the leaves with the affectations studied, the best yields were presented by the leaves without affectation, obtaining as a result that these can contain up to 5 times their weight in water. To measure the changes presented in the interception of water, 60 samples were subjected to a simulated fog event in the laboratory and similarly it was concluded that there is a significant decrease in the interception of water by healthy leaves and leaves affected by herbivory and folding. | Pontificia Universidad Javeriana | Colciencias

12 páginas. | Lograr como estrategia didáctica la mejora de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la asignatura de Ciencias Naturales en grado cuarto de primaria del Colegio Liceo Moderno los Andes. Estructurando un laboratorio teórico- práctico para determinar las características físicas y químicas (pH) de la calidad del agua, donde el estudiante a través de la investigación y la experimentación de ensayos comprobara si cumple con los criterios establecidos para el consumo humano, permitiendo de esta manera que la institución contemple dentro del contenido del plan de área la explicación de fenómenos que le ocurren al medio ambiente. | Achieve as a didactic strategy, the improvement of teaching-learning processes in the subject of natural sciences in fourth grade of primary of the "Colegio Liceo Moderno Los Andes". Structuring a theoretical-practical laboratory to determine the physical and chemical characteristics (pH) of water quality, where the student, through researching and experimentation of trials, will verify if it meets the criteria established for human cosumption, allowing in this way to the institution contemplate within the content of the plan of area the explanation of the phenomena that happen to the environment.

The global commitment to bring universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation by 2030 set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) poses an unprecedented challenge. Strong political leadership will be required to bring about sector-wide changes in governance and building technical and administrative capacity at scale. This will pave the way for building, operating, and maintaining cost-effective infrastructure to supply improved and sustained services. The current model of sector finance is insufficient for reaching thee goals. Four interlinked priority actions should be taken to tackle this challenge: (1) make more efficient use of existing resources; (2) use public funds in a more targeted manner; (3) attract domestic commercial finance; and (4) focus on de-risking the sector. Through these steps, countries will be able to leverage each dollar of public funds to crowd in commercial finance, which will have significant and long-term benefits for the sector. Countries should aim to slowly and incrementally introduce commercial finance to the sector, and can ease the transition through a range of available tools.

Estudou-se os efeitos de diferentes níveis de água disponível no solo e da adubação nitrogenada, na produtividade de aquênios e teor de óleo das sementes da cultura do Girassol num experimento desenvolvido numa área da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – UEPB, Lagoa Seca - PB. O ensaio foi conduzido em um esquema fatorial 5x4 em blocos casualizados com o hibrido do Girassol Hélio 360 submetido a cinco lâminas de irrigação (40, 55, 70, 85 e 100 % da Evapotranspiração de Referencia) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (25; 50; 75 e 100 kg ha-1). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através da análise de variância aplicando-se o teste F e análise regressão. A irrigação com níveis ascendentes e associadas a doses crescentes de adubação nitrogenada aumentaram significativamente a produtividade do girassol e o teor de óleo das sementes. | Aiming to study the effects of the available soil water for plants and nitrogen fertilization on sunflower water consumption and efficiency, an experiment was carried out on an area of the Federal University of Paraiba – UFPB, at Lagoa Seca – PB. The study was conducted in a 5x4 factorial with randomized blocks and four replications using the hybrid sunflower Helio 360 submitted to five irrigation depths (40, 55, 70, 85 e 100 % of the Reference Evapotranspiration)and four nitrogen doses (25; 50; 75 e 100 kg ha-1). The data was analyzed through analyses of variance using the F test and regression analyses. The increased available soil water for plants, associated with increasing doses of nitrogen increased significantly the sunflower productivity and oil content of the seeds.

Weed infestation, mainly with red rice (Oryza spp.), is the most important factor limiting yield increase in paddy rice in Rio Grande do Sul state. Chemical red rice control is the most used tool in this area. But, its use can originate herbicide residue in water and soil that can cause carry-over to rotational crops and environmental contamination. To assess these possible problems it was carry a two year experiment with the objective of: 1) to evaluate the efficiency of two alternatives (Clearfield system and the use of clomazone with seed protector) on red rice control; and 2) to evaluate imazethapyr and clomazone field persistence in water and soil and 3) evaluate the herbicides carry over to non-tolerant crop. In the first year (2004/05) IRGA 422 CL rice cultivar was drill seeded in the experimental area located in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, to evaluate red rice control by seven treatments including rates and timing of (imazethapyr + imazapic) and clomazone aplication. After rice harvest, burndown herbicide was applied, and it was planted riegrass in winter 2005, and non-tolerant rice was seeded in 2005/06 growing season, aiming to evaluate the carry over effects of herbicides. The results showed that the Clearfield system is more efficient in red rice control than clomazone. The application of 0,7 L ha-1 (imazethapyr + imazapic) PRE followed by the same rate at POS, promoted 100% red rice control, withou reducing rice grain yield (cultivar IRGA 422 CL). The experiment showed also that, between the evaluated treatments, the split application of (imazethapyr + imazapic), was the most persistent in rice paddy water. It was observed carryover effects of (imazethapyr + imazapic) in the non-tolerant rice, causing yield reduction in IRGA 417 variety seeded one year after herbicide application. Clomazone did not have carryover effects one year after the application. Ryegrass did not showed injury to the herbicide residues in soil. | A infestação de plantas daninhas, principalmente da espécie arroz-vermelho (Oryza spp.), é um fator limitante para o aumento da produtividade na lavoura orizícola gaúcha. Diante dessas infestações, o controle químico tem sido a ferramenta mais empregada pelos agricultores. Contudo, sua utilização pode originar resíduos de agroquímicos na água e no solo, ocasionando danos na cultura em rotação e contaminação ambiental. Diante disso, desenvolveram-se dois anos de experimentos com os objetivos de: 1) avaliar a eficiência de duas alternativas (Sistema Clearfield e utilização de Gamit (clomazone) e protetor de sementes) no controle do arroz-vermelho; 2) identificar e quantificar a persistência dos herbicidas imazethapyr e clomazone na lâmina da água e no solo da lavoura de arroz-irrigado e 3) verificiar o efeito dos herbicidas em culturas semeadas em sucessão. No primeiro ano de ensaio, na safra 2004/05, a cultivar IRGA 422 CL foi semeada em campo experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, para a avaliação do controle de arroz-vermelho em sete tratamentos contendo diferentes doses e épocas de aplicação dos herbicidas Only (imazethapyr + imazapic) e clomazone. Colhido o arroz, a área foi dessecada e, nela, foram semeadas as culturas de azevém, no inverno de 2005, e de arroz não-tolerante à aplicação de (imazethapyr + imazapic) e clomazone, na safra 2005/06, visando à avaliação do efeito residual desses herbicidas aplicados na cultura de arroz tolerante sobre culturas suscetíveis. Os resultados das análises demonstram que a utilização do Sistema Clearfield é mais eficiente no controle do arroz-vermelho que a aplicação de clomazone com uso de protetor de sementes. A aplicação de 0,7 L ha-1 de (imazethapyr + imazapic) em pré-emergência, seguida da mesma dose em pós-emergência, apresentou controle de 100% da planta daninha, sem causar prejuízos ao estande de plantas e à produtividade de grãos da cultivar IRGA 422 CL. Além disso, o experimento evidenciou que a aplicação seqüencial de (imazethapyr + imazapic), dentre os tratamentos avaliados, persiste mais tempo na lâmina d água da lavoura de arroz. Observou-se ainda a existência de residual no solo de (imazethapyr + imazapic) um ano após a sua aplicação, sendo que esses resíduos ocasionaram redução na produtividade de grãos da cultivar não-tolerante IRGA 417. Quanto ao clomazone, as análises evidenciaram ausência de residual após um ano de sua aplicação nas doses de 3 e 6 L ha-1. Para o azevém, não foram observados efeitos negativos do residual dos herbicidas no solo.

Agrochemicals are intensely used on rice (Orysa sativa L.) paddy culture, and depending on their environmental persistence and toxicity they may contaminate water bodies and affect non-target organisms. Both herbicides and insecticides are recommended for use in rice culture in southern Brazil. This study aimed was divided into three different experiments, with the following aims: (i) to determine the persistence of the herbicides imazethapyr + imazapic (Only®), bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulan, clomazone, and quinclorac and of the insecticides carbofuran and fipronil in irrigation water; (ii) to investigate the effect of these agrochemicals on physical, chemical and biological water quality; and, (iii) to investigate the effects of these agrochemicals on the native zooplanktonic biota of rice paddy fields cultivated under the direct seeding system. The field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria (RS), at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), in crop years 2007/08 and 2008/09; in 9.7 x 7.6 m= 73.7 m2 plots separated by soil levees. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments applied were imazethapyr (75 g a.i. ha-1) + imazapic (25 g a.i. ha-1) (Only®), bispyribacsodium (50 g a.i. ha-1), penoxsulan (48 a.i. g ha-1), clomazone (600 g a.i. ha-1), quinclorac (375 g a.i. ha-1), carbofuran (400 g a.i. ha-1) and fipronil (37.5 g a.i. ha-1) as well as a control block. In Experiment I, the agrochemicals persistence decreased in the following order: quinclorac > bispyribac-sodium = penoxsulan > carbofuran > imazapic > imazethapyr = fipronil > clomazone, detected for 84, 60, 60, 42, 39, 28, 28 e 25 days, respectively, (means of crop years 2007/08 and 2008/09). Quinclorac shows the greatest dissipation time (DT50) with 15.4 days, whilst clomazone exhibited the smallest DT50 value, 1.9 days. On Experiment II, results show that the isolated application of the herbicides and insecticides tested did not result in noticeable water quality alteration when compared to the control treatment. In general, physical, chemical and biological parameters remained below the values recommended by the environmental agencies used as reference for this study. In Experiment III, results indicated that Rotifers had the highest abundance in the zooplankton community, with Polyarthra as the most abundant genus; it was also concluded that the agrochemicals had little effect over the Rotifera and Copepoda groups (adult and nauplii). | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | A lavoura de arroz (Orysa sativa L.) irrigado utiliza agroquímicos intensamente, que, dependendo da sua persistência no ambiente e toxicidade, podem contaminar corpos d água e afetar organismos não-alvo. Os herbicidas e os inseticidas são agrotóxicos recomendados para o arroz irrigado no sul do Brasil. Este estudo foi desenvolvido em três experimentos, os quais tiveram por objetivos: (i) determinar a persistência dos herbicidas imazetapir + imazapique (Only®), bispiribaque-sódico, penoxsulam, clomazona, quincloraque, e dos inseticidas carbofurano e fipronil na água de irrigação em áreas cultivadas com arroz irrigado; (ii) investigar o efeito destes agrotóxicos na qualidade física, química e biológica da água; e, (iii) investigar os efeitos destes agrotóxicos na densidade da biota zooplanctônica natural no arroz cultivado no sistema de plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado a campo, na UFSM, em Santa Maria (RS), nas safras de 2007/08 e 2008/09; e conduzido em parcelas de 9,7 x 7,6 m= 73,7 m2 isoladas por taipas. O experimento foi conduzido com delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Cada parcela recebeu de forma aleatória um tratamento, onde foram aplicadas a mistura dos herbicidas imazetapir (75 g i.a. ha-1) com imazapique (25 g i.a. ha-1), (Only®) bispiribaque-sódico (50 g i.a. ha-1), penoxsulam (48 i.a. g ha-1), clomazona (600 g i.a. ha-1), quincloraque (375 g i.a. ha-1), e os inseticidas carbofurano (400 g i.a. ha-1) e fipronil (37,5 g i.a. ha-1), além do tratamento controle. No Experimento I, os resultados mostraram que na média das duas safras (2007/08 e 2008/09) a persistência dos agrotóxicos decresceu na seguinte ordem: quincloraque > bispiribaque sódico = penoxsulam > carbofurano > imazapique > imazetapir = fipronil > clomazona com persistência de 84, 60, 60, 42, 39, 28, 28 e 25 dias, respectivamente. Quincloraque registrou maior tempo de dissipação (DT50) com 15,4 dias, enquanto clomazona apresentou o menor valor de DT50 na água com 1,9 dias. No Experimento II, os resultados mostraram que a aplicação isolada dos herbicidas e os inseticidas testados não acarretam grande alteração na qualidade da água quando comparada à qualidade da água de irrigação do tratamento controle (padrão). Em geral, os parâmetros físicos e químicos da água estiveram abaixo dos utilizados pelas agências ambientais e usados como referência neste estudo. No Experimento III, os resultados indicaram que Rotífera foi o grupo que apresentou maior abundância na comunidade zooplanctônica, destacando-se o gênero Polyarthra como o mais abundante; e também que agrotóxicos provocaram poucas alterações na abundância de organismos dos grupos Rotifera e Copepoda (adulto e nauplio).

Se realizó una evaluación técnica y operativa de la planta de tratamiento de agua potable del municipio de Anolaima- Cundinamarca, evaluando parámetros en comparación con normatividad vigente para agua potable Decreto 1575 de 2007 y resolución 2115 de 2007. Permitió conocer las condiciones actuales de funcionamiento de la PTAP y la calidad de agua suministrada al casco urbano del municipio. Para ello se recopilo información de fuentes primarias y secundarias, características generales y especificas estructurales y operacionales de la planta, luego se realizó un análisis y con resultados obtenidos se identificaron falencias y posteriormente se establecieron propuestas de mejoramiento para la PTAP. | A technical and operational evaluation of the potable water treatment plant of the municipality of Anolaima-Cundinamarca was carried out, evaluating parameters in comparison with current regulations for drinking water Decree 1575 of 2007 and resolution 2115 of 2007. It allowed to know the current operating conditions of PTAP and the quality of water supplied to the urban area of the municipality. To do this, information was gathered from primary and secondary sources, general and specific structural and operational characteristics of the plant, then an analysis was carried out and results were obtained, shortcomings were identified and improvements were subsequently established for the PTAP.

This paper evaluates the amount of rainwater and fog captured and its relation with average consumption at the dwelling level in the city of Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, during the period from November 2012 to February 2013. Rainwater is quantified by means of rocker gauges installed on the roofs of houses and fog through an omnidirectional collector commonly known as a rope collector. It is observed that the amount of rainwater collected monthly can represent 20 to 35% of the average monthly consumption, demonstrating that the rainwater harvesting is an alternative supply to meet domestic needs in the dry season. As for the amount of fog captured its values are low although it should highlight the large amount that the vegetation naturally captures. | Este trabajo evalúa la cantidad de agua de lluvia y niebla capturada y su relación con el consumo promedio a nivel vivienda en la ciudad de Xalapa, Veracruz (México) durante el periodo que va desde noviembre de 2012 a febrero de 2013. El agua de lluvia se cuantifica por medio de pluviómetros de balancín instalados en las azoteas de las casas y la niebla a través de un colector omnidireccional conocido comúnmente como colector de cuerda. Se observa que la cantidad de agua de lluvia captada mensualmente puede representar de un 20 a un 35% del consumo promedio mensual demostrando que la captación de agua pluvial es una alternativa de abastecimiento para satisfacer las necesidades a nivel doméstico en temporada de estiaje. En cuanto a la cantidad de niebla capturada sus valores son bajos aunque se debe resaltar la gran cantidad que la vegetación capta de manera natural.