El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de determinar el índice de calidad del agua ICA en función de nueve parámetros medidos y evaluados in situ mediante un código de programación en Python. El proyecto se enfoca en la obtención de la calidad del agua mediante el índice de calidad del agua (ICA) que inicia con la identificación y caracterización de los nueve parámetros necesarios (oxígeno disuelto, coliformes fecales, pH, DBO, nitratos, fosfato,variación de la temperatura, turbidez, sólidos disueltos). Posteriormente se centra en la realización del código de programación en donde se considera el método NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) y el HPI (índice de metales pesados) para la obtención de ICA global, con parámetros de calidad del agua medidos in-situ y/o laboratorio. Una vez calculado dicho valor se programa para que el pseudocódigo indique al usuario el estado del agua (excelente, buena, media, mala y muy mala), y recomendaciones de su uso según el resultado del ICA global obtenido (consumo humano, en la agricultura, pesca y vida acuática, uso industrial y uso recreativo). El programa fue validado mediante el estudio realizado en el Río Monjas con un error entre 1 al 5%, implicando por lo tanto confiabilidad para su utilización. | The objective of this work is to determine the water quality index (WQI) based on nine parameters measured and evaluated in situ using a Python programming code. The project focuses on obtaining the water quality through the water quality index (WQI) that starts with the identification and characterization of the nine necessary parameters (dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforms, pH, BOD, nitrates, phosphate, temperature variation, turbidity, dissolved solids). Subsequently, it is focused on the realization of the programming code where the NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) method and the HPI (heavy metal index) are considered to obtain the global AQI, with water quality parameters measured in-situ and/or in the laboratory. Once this value is calculated, the pseudocode is programmed to indicate to the user the state of the water (excellent, good, average, bad, poor and very poor), and recommendations for its use according to the result of the global AQI obtained (human consumption, in agriculture, fishing and aquatic life, industrial use and recreational use). The program was validated by means of the study carried out in the Monjas River with an error between 1 and 5%, thus implying reliability for its use. | Morales Casa, Verónica Elizabeth, director.

Argentine viticulture is characterized by depending on the Andean snows and the rivers that flow from its peaks. In the last decade (2012 – 2022), the consequences of Climate Change have been present in the Andes Mountains, as the snowfall was lower than historical averages diminishing water flow in rivers and, furthermore water volume for irrigation. There is a strong relationship, especially in irrigated areas, between water, energy and food production expressed through the Nexus. In the case of viticulture, the concept has been adapted to water, energy and added value or employment, since the economic activity of many wine territories depends on employment and the value generated by wine chains. The scarcity and instability of water sources followed by problems of the energy markets have led Argentine viticulture to a strong process of adaptation to new scenarios, largely conditioned by the Nexus and by the complex national macroeconomy. Territorial specialization and the search for higher value products have been the most important responses with a growth in the Uco Valley and the upper area of the Mendoza River on one side, and the loss of productive areas and winegrowers in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan, especially from common grapes to produce basic wines and/or concentrated musts.

The objective of the work is to know the valorization of adolescents around the problems of water use in the peri-urban west of the city of Mar del Plata, General Pueyrredón Municipality, in Argentina. Methodologically, 52 surveys were conducted in the month of April 2022, being applied to adolescents from 15 to 19 years, students of an agricultural school. It is understood that in order to achieve a correct Integrated Management of Water Resources it is essential to consider the opinions and points of view of all the actors involved, in this case, the adolescents of the area. Generating a sustainable environment propitious for young people as key actors in this sector and engaging older generations is a necessary condition to achieve participation and guarantee compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results demonstrate, in general lines, failures in the understanding of some concepts related to the hydrological cycle and show the influence of the media in terms of environmental problems since they perceive as serious those problems about which more is published in the media communication and/or social networks. | El objetivo del trabajo es conocer la valorización de adolescentes en torno a las problemáticas del uso del agua en el periurbano oeste de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, partido de General Pueyrredón, Argentina. Metodológicamente, se relevaron 52 encuestas en el mes de abril de 2022, aplicadas a adolescentes de 15 a 19 años, estudiantes de una escuela agraria. Se entiende que para lograr una correcta Gestión Integrada del Recurso Hídrico es fundamental considerar las opiniones y puntos de vista de todas las personas involucradas, en este caso adolescentes de la zona. Generar un medio propicio sostenible para las personas jóvenes como agentes clave en dicho sector y comprometer a las generaciones mayores es una condición necesaria para alcanzar la participación y garantizar el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Los resultados demuestran, en líneas generales, fallas en la comprensión de algunos conceptos relacionados al ciclo hidrológico y evidencian la influencia de los medios de comunicación en cuanto a las problemáticas ambientales ya que perciben como graves aquellas problemáticas sobre las que más se publica en medios de comunicación y/o redes sociales. | O objetivo do trabalho é conhecer a valorização de adolescentes sobre as problemáticas no uso de água no periurbano oeste da cidade de Mar del Plata, em General Pueyrredón, Argentina. Metodologicamente, relevaram-se 52 enquetes no mês de abril de 2022, aplicadas em adolescentes de 15 até 19 anos, estudantes de uma escola agrária. Entende-se que para conseguir uma correta Gestão Integrada do Recurso Hídrico é fundamental considerar as opiniões e pontos de vista de todas as pessoas envolvidas, neste caso adolescentes da zona. Gerar um meio auspicioso sostenível para as pessoas jóvens como agentes chave em dito setor e comprometer às generações maiores é uma condição necessária para alcançar a participação e garantir o cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sostenível (ODS). Os resultados demostram, em linhas generais, falhas na comprensão de alguns conceitos relacionados ao ciclo hidrológico e evidenciam a influência dos meios de comunicação em quanto às problemáticas ambientais, ao perceber-se como graves aquelas problemáticas sobre as que mais se publica em meios de comunicação e/ou redes sociais.

Nexo água-energia-alimento nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e JUNDIAÍ (PCJ) sob condições históricas e de projeções de mudanças climáticas     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected] 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   A abordagem nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) promove a integração entre gestão e governança em diferentes escalas e setores para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico sustentável. Este estudo objetivou modelar o nexo AEA nas Bacias dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) sob condições históricas e em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Modelos foram desenvolvidos nos programas WEAP e LEAP, abrangendo o período de 1995 a 2019 para a condição histórica e de 2020 a 2070 para as projeções climáticas. Utilizando o WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, estabeleceu-se um modelo de interação para troca de dados entre o WEAP e o LEAP. No WEAP, as alterações na vazão das Bacias PCJ devido às mudanças climáticas foram modeladas com dados do Modelo Climático Regional Eta para os cenários RCP4.5 e RCP8.5. Os resultados indicam que, nos cenários futuros, a geração de energia hidrelétrica será comprometida, enquanto a demanda hídrica e o consumo de energia elétrica para irrigação aumentarão 35,6% e 82,7%, respectivamente, impulsionados por um crescimento na produção de alimentos projetado de 21,3%. Esses resultados evidenciam a interdependência entre os recursos água, energia e alimento nas Bacias PCJ.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigação, agricultura.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN THE PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI, AND JUNDIAÍ RIVER BASINS (PCJ) UNDER HISTORIC CONDITIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS         2 ABSTRACT   The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus approach promotes integrated management and governance across scales and sectors to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. This study aimed to model the WEF nexus in the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins under historical conditions and future climate scenarios. Models were developed using WEAP and LEAP programs, covering the period from 1995 to 2019 for historical conditions and from 2020 to 2070 for climate projections. The WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework enabled data exchange between WEAP and LEAP to model interactions effectively. In WEAP, the projected impacts of climate change on streamflow in the PCJ basins were modeled using data from the Eta Regional Climate Model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The findings indicate that, in future scenarios, hydropower generation will be compromised, while water and electricity demand for irrigation will increase by 35.6% and 82.7%, respectively, driven by a projected food production growth of 21.3%. These results highlight the interdependence between water, energy, and food resources in the PCJ basins.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigation, agriculture. | Nexo água-energia-alimento nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e JUNDIAÍ (PCJ) sob condições históricas e de projeções de mudanças climáticas     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected] 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   A abordagem nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) promove a integração entre gestão e governança em diferentes escalas e setores para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico sustentável. Este estudo objetivou modelar o nexo AEA nas Bacias dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) sob condições históricas e em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Modelos foram desenvolvidos nos programas WEAP e LEAP, abrangendo o período de 1995 a 2019 para a condição histórica e de 2020 a 2070 para as projeções climáticas. Utilizando o WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, estabeleceu-se um modelo de interação para troca de dados entre o WEAP e o LEAP. No WEAP, as alterações na vazão das Bacias PCJ devido às mudanças climáticas foram modeladas com dados do Modelo Climático Regional Eta para os cenários RCP4.5 e RCP8.5. Os resultados indicam que, nos cenários futuros, a geração de energia hidrelétrica será comprometida, enquanto a demanda hídrica e o consumo de energia elétrica para irrigação aumentarão 35,6% e 82,7%, respectivamente, impulsionados por um crescimento na produção de alimentos projetado de 21,3%. Esses resultados evidenciam a interdependência entre os recursos água, energia e alimento nas Bacias PCJ.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigação, agricultura.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN THE PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI, AND JUNDIAÍ RIVER BASINS (PCJ) UNDER HISTORIC CONDITIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS         2 ABSTRACT   The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus approach promotes integrated management and governance across scales and sectors to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. This study aimed to model the WEF nexus in the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins under historical conditions and future climate scenarios. Models were developed using WEAP and LEAP programs, covering the period from 1995 to 2019 for historical conditions and from 2020 to 2070 for climate projections. The WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework enabled data exchange between WEAP and LEAP to model interactions effectively. In WEAP, the projected impacts of climate change on streamflow in the PCJ basins were modeled using data from the Eta Regional Climate Model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The findings indicate that, in future scenarios, hydropower generation will be compromised, while water and electricity demand for irrigation will increase by 35.6% and 82.7%, respectively, driven by a projected food production growth of 21.3%. These results highlight the interdependence between water, energy, and food resources in the PCJ basins.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigation, agriculture.

Se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático para el proceso químico primario que ocurre en una descarga eléctrica de 1 J/pulso en el agua. El canal de descarga se divide en dos zonas: el núcleo y la región de recombinación. El núcleo es una parte muy estrecha (aproximadamente 10 μm) del canal. donde tiene lugar la reacción de iniciación a alta temperatura y donde se forma la mayoría de la molécula de hidrógeno y el 47 % del oxigeno molecular. La región de recombinación es una zona de radio de 200 μm donde tienen lugar reacciones adicionales como la formación de peróxido de hidrógeno. La temperatura en el núcleo osciló entre 5000 K en el centro y 2000 en el límite y la presión. Se encontró que el único parámetro ajustable en el sistema era 14 atm. El modelo describe por primera vez cómo se forma el oxígeno molecular en una descarga submarina y también es capaz de describir la estequiometría observada experimentalmente de la formación de H2, O2 y H2O2. También se informan los perfiles de concentración y temperatura dentro del canal de descarga, así. | A mathematical model for the primary chemical process occurring in 1 J/pulse electrical discharge in water has been developed. The discharge channel is divided into two zones: The core and recombination region. The core is a very narrow (ca 10 μm) part of the channel where high temperature initiation reaction take place and where the majority of molecule hydrogen and 47 % of the molecular oxygen are formed. The recombination region is a 200 μm radius zone where additional reactions such as hydrogen peroxide formation take place. The temperature in the core ranged from 5000 K at the centre to 2000 K at the boundary and the pressure. The only adjustable parameter in the system was found to be 14 atm. The model describes for the first time how molecular oxygen is formed in an underwater discharge and it is also able to described the experimental observed stoichiometry of H2, O2 and H2O2 formation. The concentration and temperature profiles inside the discharge channel as well as a general scheme for the water dissociation and molecular species formation are also reported. There have been few studies in the literature that closely examined the different potential influences of High temperature – water (HTW) on chemical reactions. Although the existing reviews and overviews of reactions in aqueous media include some discussion of solvent effects, in none of these reviews is the focal point the role of the reaction medium. This previous treatment of this topic is neither complete nor critical.como un esquema general para la disociación del agua y la formación de especies moleculares.Ha habido pocos estudios en la literatura que examinen de cerca las diferentes influencias potenciales del agua a alta temperatura (HTW) sobre reacciones químicas. Aunque las revisiones existentes y las descripciones generales de las reacciones en medios acuosos incluyen alguna discusión sobre los efectos de los solventes, en ninguna de estas revisiones el punto focal es el papel del medio de reacción. Este tratamiento previo de este tema no es completo ni crítico.

Water is one of the most important resources in agriculture and must be used efficiently, especially in irrigated agriculture. Accordingly, the objective of this study was: (i) to simulate the daily soil water balance (SWB) and the irrigation requirement of maize at the physiographic region level in Rio Grande do Sul (RS); (ii) to simulate the evapotranspiration deficit in non-irrigated areas, for different regions and sowing dates; and (iii) to quantify the requirement for supplementary irrigation, through the simulation of the soil water balance, and to estimate the water demand for the current area irrigated by a center pivot in some hydrographic basins of RS. The SIMDualKc model was used in the SWB simulation, for sowings on 10/05 and 10/20, for the 2010/2011 to 2021/2022 harvests. The input data in the model were the soil physical and water characteristics, meteorological data, crop data, soil cover, percolation parameters, and surface runoff, additionally to non-standard information, such as basal crop coefficients (Kcb) for the four phases of the crop development curve. The SWB showed that there are differences in the water requirement and irrigation requirements of maize for the Physiographic Regions of RS, which is due to meteorological and edaphoclimatic factors. The SWB indicated a lower water requirement for sowings performed on 10/20 for most regions, with the exception of Serra do Nordeste. Higher values of evapotranspiration (ETc) were found for the physiographic region of the Serra do Sudeste, while a higher necessity for supplementary irrigation was observed for the physiographic region of the Encosta Inferior do Vale do Nordeste. Lower ETc values were found in the southeastern region of the state, for the physiographic regions of the Grandes Lagoas, Depressão Central, and Litoral, which also have the lowest water requirements. The highest current evapotranspiration deficit (ETc act) was 214 mm and 204 mm, for the sowing dates of 10/05 and 10/20, respectively, in the region of Campanha-Bagé. The highest consumption of water for irrigation occurred in the hydrographic basins of Alto Jacuí, Ijuí, and Piratini. The Piratini hydrographic basin occupies the highest percentage of flow, with about 7.3% of the basin flow for the 10/05 sowing and 7.2% for the 10/20 sowing. The simulation of the water balance proved to be important for quantifying the water requirement of maize and the supplementary irrigation depth during the cycle, in order to estimate the water withdrawn from the springs in the different watersheds. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES | A água é um dos recursos mais importante na agricultura e deve ser utilizada da forma eficiente, principalmente na agricultura irrigada. Adequadamente, o objetivo deste estudo foi: (i) simular o balanço hídrico do solo (BHS) sequencial diário e a necessidade de irrigação de milho em nível de região fisiográfica no Rio Grande do Sul (RS); (ii) simular o déficit da evapotranspiração em áreas não irrigadas, para as diferentes regiões e datas de semeadura; e (iii) quantificar a necessidade de irrigação suplementar, através da simulação do balanço hídrico do solo, e estimar a demanda de água para a área atual irrigada por pivô central em algumas bacias hidrográficas do RS. O modelo SIMDualKc foi utilizado na simulação do SWB, para semeaduras em 05/10 e 20/10, para as safras de 2010/2011 a 2021/2022. Os dados de entrada no modelo foram as características físico-hídricas do solo, dados meteorológicos, dados da cultura, cobertura do solo, parâmetros da percolação e escoamento superficial, além das informações não-padrão, como os coeficientes de cultura basal (Kcb) para as quatro fases da curva de desenvolvimento da cultura. O SWB demonstrou que existem diferenças no requerimento hídrico e necessidade de irrigação do milho para as Regiões Fisiográficas do RS o que se deve aos fatores meteorológicos e edafoclimáticos. O SWB indicou menor requerimento hídrico para semeaduras realizadas em 20/10 para a maioria das regiões, com exceção da Serra do Nordeste. Maiores valores de evapotranspiração (ETc) foram encontrados para a região fisiográfica da Serra do Sudeste, ao passo que a maior necessidade de irrigação suplementar foi observada para a região fisiográfica da Encosta Inferior do vale do Nordeste. Menores valores de ETc foram encontrados na região sudeste do estado, para as regiões fisiográficas das Grandes Lagoas, Depressão Central e Litoral, que também apresentam as menores necessidades hídricas. O maior déficit de evapotranspiração atual (ETc act) foi de 214 mm e 204 mm, para as datas de semeadura de 05 e 20/10, respectivamente, na região da Campanha-Bagé. Os maiores consumos de água para irrigação se deram para as bacias hidrográficas de Alto Jacuí, Ijuí e Piratini. A bacia hidrográfica de Piratini ocupada o maior percentual de vazão, com cerca de 7,3% da vazão da bacia para a semeadura de 05/10 e 7,2% para a semeadura em 20/10. A simulação do balanço hídrico se mostrou importante para a quantificação do requerimento hídrico do milho e lâmina de irrigação suplementar durante o ciclo, para fins de estimar a água retirada dos mananciais nas diferentes bacias hidrográficas.

This research is based on the need of the community of Cuicocha that through the organization UNIÓN DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS INDÍGENAS DE COTACACHI (UNORCAC) requests through the office to monitor their water sources for human consumption, Therefore, the research topic 'PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF WATER FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION OF THE CUICOCHA WATER BOARD OF THE CANTON COTACACHI' was proposed in order to evaluate the quality of water for human consumption and make a proposal for improvement. The procedures used in the water analysis start with the collection of samples from different sources, complying with the protocols for monitoring drinking water for physical-chemical and microbiological analysis such as: electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, using on-site monitoring equipment, and total solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrites, nitrates, COD, sulfates, and total coliforms in the laboratory. Once the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of the water were determined we proceeded to compare them with the current standard TULSMA book VI annex 1, of the official registry N°387, ministerial agreement 097A. 2015, concluding that the values of the parameters analyzed comply with current regulations. As a final result, a proposal for monitoring, evaluation and follow-up of water quality was obtained. This research work will facilitate having periodic data on water consumption, which will allow establishing possible treatments for the improvement and proper use of this resource, ensuring the welfare of the people of the community and its future generations. | La presente investigación se fundamenta en la necesidad de la comunidad de Cuicocha que por medio de la organización UNIÓN DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS INDÍGENAS DE COTACACHI (UNORCAC) solicita mediante el oficio se realice el monitoreo de sus fuentes de agua para consumo humano, por lo que se plantea el tema de investigación, “PROPUESTA PARA MEJORAR LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA DE CONSUMO HUMANO DE LA JUNTA DE AGUA CUICOCHA DEL CANTÓN COTACACHI” con el fin de evaluar la calidad del agua de consumo humano y realizar una propuesta de mejoramiento los procedimientos empleados en el análisis de agua parten desde la recolección de muestras en las diferentes fuentes, cumpliendo con los protocolos de monitoreo de aguas de consumo humano para análisis físico – químicos y microbiológicos como son: conductividad eléctrica, pH, Turbidez, cloro residual, mediante el equipo de monitoreo in situ y sólidos totales, dureza total, calcio, magnesio, nitritos, nitratos, DQO, sulfatos, coliformes totales en laboratorio, una vez determinadas las características físico químicas y biológicas del agua procedimos a compararlos con la norma vigente TULSMA libro VI anexo 1, del registro oficial N°387, acuerdo ministerial 097A. 2015, concluyendo que los valores de los parámetros analizados cumplen con la normativa actual, como resultado final se obtuvo una propuesta de monitoreo, evaluación y seguimiento de la calidad de agua, este trabajo de investigación facilitara tener datos periódicos del agua de consumo, los que permitirán establecer posibles tratamientos para el mejoramiento y uso adecuado de este recurso, garantizando el bienestar de las personas de la comunidad y de sus generaciones venideras. | This research is based on the need of the community of Cuicocha that through the organization UNIÓN DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS INDÍGENAS DE COTACACHI (UNORCAC) requests through the office to monitor their water sources for human consumption, Therefore, the research topic PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF WATER FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION OF THE CUICOCHA WATER BOARD OF THE CANTON COTACACHI was proposed in order to evaluate the quality of water for human consumption and make a proposal for improvement. The procedures used in the water analysis start with the collection of samples from different sources, complying with the protocols for monitoring drinking water for physical-chemical and microbiological analysis such as: electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, using on-site monitoring equipment, and total solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrites, nitrates, COD, sulfates, and total coliforms in the laboratory. Once the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of the water were determined we proceeded to compare them with the current standard TULSMA book VI annex 1, of the official registry N°387, ministerial agreement 097A. 2015, concluding that the values of the parameters analyzed comply with current regulations. As a final result, a proposal for monitoring, evaluation and follow-up of water quality was obtained. This research work will facilitate having periodic data on water consumption, which will allow establishing possible treatments for the improvement and proper use of this resource, ensuring the welfare of the people of the community and its future generations.

Modelamiento y simulación de cloro residual en agua potable, para determinar la calidad microbiológica del agua del centro poblado Marona La norma peruana exige una concentración mínima de cloro residual en el agua potablede 0,50mg/L. La presente investigación se ejecuto desde el 21 de octubre del 2021 hasta el 20 de junio del 2022 se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de determinar la calidad microbiológica del agua potable en el centro poblado de Marona, para el cual se seleccionó 20 puntos de monitoreo en las viviendas, de acuerdo a la ubicación de estas respecto a la red principal de distribución de agua. Se realizó los cálculos hidráulicos necesarios para el modelado de la red hidráulica del centro poblado Marona, para la posterior calibración del modelado de cloro residual, siendo esta un vertimiento de cloro de 1,80mg/L, el cual posteriormente fue verificado in situ que las concentraciones de cloro libre residual en campo sean considerablemente aproximadas a las concentraciones de cloro residual obtenidas en la simulación en el software WaterCAD. Para la determinación in situ se utilizó un medidor digital de cloro libre, realizándose dos muestras por vivienda, en el cual se obtuvo promedios entre 0,48mg/L a 1,14mg/L, los mismas que se encontraron aproximados a las concentraciones arrojadas en la simulación de cloro residual aplicada. Los resultados obtenidos fueron óptimos, entendiéndose así que, la calidad microbiológica del agua del centro poblado Marona se encuentra apta para el consumo su población. | Modeling and simulation of residual chlorine in drinking water to determine the microbiological quality of the water in the Marona village The Peruvian standard requires a minimum residual chlorine concentration of 0.50 mg/L in drinking water. The present investigation was carried out from October 21, 2021 to June 20, 2022 with the objective of determining the microbiological quality of drinking water in the town of Marona, for which 20 monitoring points were selected in households, according to their location with respect to the main water distribution network. The necessary hydraulic calculations were made for the modeling of the hydraulic network of the Marona village, for the subsequent calibration of the residual chlorine modeling. A chlorine discharge of 1.80 mg/L was obtained, which was later verified in situ to ensure that the free residual chlorine concentrations in the field are considerably close to the residual chlorine concentrations obtained in the simulation in the WaterCAD software. A digital free chlorine meter was used for the in situ determination, and two samples were taken per household, obtaining averages between 0.48 mg/L and 1.14 mg/L, which were found to be close to the concentrations obtained in the residual chlorine simulation applied. The obtained results were optimal, meaning that the microbiological quality of the water in the Marona village is suitable for human consumption.

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola. Departamento Académico de Recursos Hídricos | La presente investigación, realizada en el ámbito de la Administración Local del Agua (ALA) de la provincia de La Convención, departamento de Cuzco, tiene el objetivo de aplicar el procedimiento de la Resolución Jefatural N° 058-2018-ANA, para formalizar el uso del agua de actividades agrícolas, mediante el otorgamiento de oficio de licencias de uso de agua por parte de la Autoridad Administrativa del Agua (AAA), en el ámbito del ALA de la provincia de La Convención, departamento de Cuzco. La población comprende todas las organizaciones de usuarios de agua (OUA) informales con fines agrícolas y sanitarias; sin embargo, la muestra elegida fue solo la de fines agrícolas. Se aplicaron los lineamientos indicados en la Resolución Jefatural N° R.J. 058-2018-ANA, para la cual se hicieron las verificaciones de campo correspondientes y los cálculos del recurso hídrico ofertado, demandado y asignado para cada OUA de acuerdo al área del terreno y a los tipos de cultivos. Finalmente, se logró sensibilizar a la población sobre el uso sostenible del recurso hídrico y que cada OUA reciba el reconocimiento formal por parte de la ALA y la licencia de uso de agua con fines agrarios emitidas por la AAA, en el ámbito del ALA de la provincia de La Convención, departamento de Cuzco. | The present investigation, carried out within the scope of the Local Water Administration (ALA) of the province of La Convencion, department of Cuzco, has the objective of applying the procedure of Chief Resolution No. 058-2018-ANA to formalize the use of water from agricultural activities through the ex officio granting of water use licenses by the Water Administrative Authority (AAA), within the scope of the ALA of the province of La Convencion, department of Cuzco. The population includes all informal water user organizations (OUA) for agricultural, livestock and health purposes; However, the sample chosen was only for agricultural purposes. In the procedure, the guidelines indicated in Chief Resolution No.058-2018-ANA, for which the corresponding field verifications and calculations of the water resource offered, demanded and assigned for each OUA were made according to the land area and the types of crops. Finally, it was possible to raise awareness among the population about the sustainable use of water resources and for each OAU to receive formal recognition within the scope of the ALA of the province of La Convención, department of Cuzco.

Resumen Objetivo: Proporcionar un marco conceptual de la esquematización del nexo agua-alimentos-comercio internacional utilizando el modelo actancial, basado en el análisis cualitativo de las relaciones que se presentan entre sus participantes con un enfoque integrador. Diseño metodológico: Se explica bajo la lógica del modelo actancial centrado en la descripción y clasificación de personajes, o bien, llamados actantes. El análisis se basó en la revisión de artículos que exponen el contexto y debate de los elementos del modelo actancial, que permitieran identificar las principales características que explican al actante y sus interrelaciones a través de la esquematización en el nexo de estudio. Resultados: Permiten comprender de manera esquemática y cualitativa las relaciones que subyacen entre los elementos que componen el nexo agua-alimentoscomercio internacional con una visión novedosa, argumentando el rol que desempeñan cada uno de los componentes de los actantes y los ejes del nexo. Esto es relevante debido a que la comercialización de agua virtual, puede conducir a serios problemas de dependencia hidro-alimentaria, por lo que se necesita de la formulación de políticas públicas estratégicas y efectivas en el corto y largo plazo. Limitaciones de la investigación: Se sugiere complementar esta investigación con un análisis cuantitativo bajo una perspectiva de la complejidad de redes que pueda valorar los efectos de estas interrelaciones desde una postura teórica y práctica e incorporar otros agentes que determinan la política hídrica y comercial de manera estratégica hacia una menor dependencia hidroalimentaria. Hallazgos: Estas interrelaciones son diversas e intensivas, destacando la importancia y compresión del nexo a escala global y nacional. | Abstract Purpose: To provide a conceptual framework for the schematization of the water-food-international trade nexus using the actantial model, based on the qualitative analysis of the relationships that occur among its participants with an integrative approach. Methodological Design: It is explained under the logic of the actantial model, centered on the description and classification of characters, also known as actants. The analysis was based on the review of articles that present the context and discussion of the elements of the actantial model, enabling the identification of the main characteristics that explain the actant and its interrelationships through schematization in the study’s nexus. Results: The results provide a schematic and qualitative understanding of the underlying relationships among the elements comprising the water-food-international trade nexus, offering a novel perspective and arguing for the roles played by each actant component and nexus axes. This is significant because virtual water trade can lead to serious issues of hydro food dependency, necessitating the formulation of strategic and effective public policies in both the short and long term. Research Limitations: It is suggested to complement this research with a quantitative analysis from a network complexity perspective. This analysis would allow for the assessment of the effects of these interrelationships both theoretically and practically, while also integrating other agents that strategically shape water and trade policies, aiming to reduce hydro-food dependence. Findings: These interrelationships are diverse and intensive, underscoring the significance of global as well as national scale comprehension of the nexus.