Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) causes digit malformations of mice when it was given orally on gestation day 11. Previous observation showed that malformation was caused by cell death. The aims of the research were to determine the types of cell death, first time of cell death and their distribution pattern on forelimb bud of Swiss Webster (SW) mice. Ten mM/kg of body weight (bw) of MAA were administered by gavage to SW mice on gestation day 11. Forelimb bud of mouse embryos of gestation day 11 + 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours were processed with paraffin method and were made plantar section. Cell death at plantar section were colored with 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride (DAPI) and hematoxylin. The result showed, that digit malformations initially by apoptosis mesenchymal cell at proximal of axial mesoderm in around of primary axial artery has done one hour after treatment. Apoptosis at the axial area, the site formation of digital ray III distributed to preaxial area where digits I and II are formed, and to the site formation of digits IV and V. The number of mesenchyme cell of digital rays II, III, and V was decrease by the increasing of gestation day, while digital ray was not formed and finally digits I, II, III, and V were missing. The reduction number of cell of digital ray IV were delayed time to be formed and its small size. Thereby it can be concluded, that MAA induced digit malformations of SW mice started by apoptosis which is occurrence has been increase in area of digital ray formation, so that digital ray can not be formed, but when formed it will not developed.

Soybean is a good source of protein. It has two major fractions, b-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S). b-conglycinin’s function was known to suppress food intake, and this effect may be due to stimulating endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) release. The aims of this study were to determine the highest content of total b-conglycinin and b-conglycinin sub unit-b level obtained from two varieties of soybean i.e. Wilis and Detam 1 varieties using different preparation and extraction methods. These two soybean varieties were prepared into tempeh. Then the seed and tempeh were extracted using Deak and Panthee methods. There were six extracts analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining. The result was shown that Detam variety and raw seed contained the highest total b-conglycinin level. And Panthee method was the best method for extraction of total b-conglycinin, while Deak method was the best method for extraction of b-conglycinin subunit-b.

Dendronephthya sp. is a soft coral that has huge distribution starting from Indopacific, Tonga, Solomon Islands to Great Barrier Reef in Australia. However, this soft corals survive only in short period after cultivation in artificial habitat (aquarium). Recent study showed that the soft coral Dendronephtya sp. has an association or symbiotic relationship with several bacteria, commonly known as coral associated bacteria (CAB). In this study, we compared the population dynamic of Dendronephthya sp.-associated bacteria in natural and artificial habitat, resulting different bacterial community profiles using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of bacterial community DNA. There were 15 main classes of bacterial population identified along with uncultured microorganism, uncultured organism, uncultured bacteria and unidentified organism. Members of Actinobacteria, Arthrobacteria, Chlorobia, Caldilineae, d-proteobacteria and Proteobacteria were predicted to give contributions in the survival ability of both Dendronephthya sp. The cultivation of soft corals after 2 weeks in artificial habitat increases bacterial population similarity on 2 different samples by 10%. Bacterial population similarity in artificial habitat would increase along with the longer cultivation time of soft corals.

Harvesting process is a critical time to identify the quality of raw material for traditional medicine. The time and harvesting techniques, drying process after harvesting, and processing to make the simplicia, are the crucial role to make the good quality of the natural product. On the other hand, there is a lack of general understanding and appreciation about the processes involved in governing shoot and tree growth and development, i.e. red guava.  The research objective was to evaluate the influence of leaf harvesting and growth phases on red guava for flavonoid production as antioxidant. Randomized factorial block design in time were laid out with two factors and followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The treatments were the amount of leaf  harvested on tertiary branches (0, 25, 50, and 100%) and growth phases of the plant (vegetative and generative). Leaf harvesting 25% on tertiary branches significantly increased the leaf number (766.3 tree-1) and the number of new quarternary branches, decreasing leaf area index (LAI) and leaf dry weight at the end of the experiment (22 weeks of observation/WO).  The highest leaf dry weight (156.94 g tree-1) and LAI (0.47) was found in harvesting 25% tertiary branches.  Harvesting 100% leaf on tertiary branches in vegetative phase significantly produced the lowest flavonoid production (7.82 g tree-1). The result suggested that flavonoid production from red guava leaves should be done by harvesting 50% leaf on tertiary branches in generative phase can be used to produce the highest flavonoid (89.90 g tree-1).

The yeast mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase is a multisubunit complex that contains at least 17 different subunits. Subunit 8 of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase is a hydrophobic protein of 48 amino acids encoded by the mitochondrial ATP8 gene. A dual control allotopic expression system for subunit 8 has been developed. The strategy involves maintenance of two different compatible yeast expression vectors each utilizing a different inducible promoter in the same host cells. The system thus enables cloning and allotopic expression of two different forms of subunit 8 gene. The goal of the developed strategy is to permit allotopic expression of functional wildtype subunit 8 gene under a conditional promoter system and subunit 8 variant gene under the control of a different promoter system. The system is potentially useful for accurate assessment of assembly behavior of functionally defective subunit 8 variants in vivo. The strategy relies on the ability to conditionally regulate the expression of the two genes. A set of functionally defective subunit 8 variants has been cloned under an inducible yeast promoter system and dual plasmid harboring strains for dual control allotopic expression of each variant have been constructed.

Syzygium cumini L. better known as Jamun belonging to the family Myrtaceae is identified to have antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and anti-oxidant activities. Anticancer activity of S. cumini L. fruits has been demonstrated. However, anticancer activity of S. cumini seeds on various types of human cancers has not been explored much. The methanol fraction of ethanol extract from the seeds of S. cumini was found to have significant antibacterial activity. This bioactive fraction was further tested positive for its anticancer activity on various types of human cancer cell lines indicating its potency. Structural characterization of the bioactive fraction was achieved using analysis of high performance liquid chromatography, ultra violet and infra red spectrum.

Rice is one of the most important crops for human beings, thus increasing productivity are continually persecuted. Blast disease can reduce the rate of productivity of rice cultivation. Therefore, the program of blast disease-resistant varieties needs to do effectively. One of broad-spectrum blast disease-resistant gene is Pi33. This study was aimed to identify the variation in the sequence of nucleotide bases of Pi33 gene in five interspesific lines which derived from Bio46 (IR64/Oryza rufipogon) and CT13432 crossing. DNA of five rice lines were amplified using the spesific primer for Pi33, G1010. Amplification results purified through Exonuclease 1 and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase protocols. Labelling using fluorescent dyes done before sequencing nucleotide base using CEQ8000 instrument. The results showed that lines number 28 showed introgesion of the three control parent genome (subspecies of Indica, subspecies of Japonica, and O. rufipogon) while the Lines number 79, 136, and 143 were identical to Indica genome. Strain number 195 was identical to Japonica genome. These broad genetic background lines promise as durable performance to attack the expansion of the dynamic nature of the pathogen to blast. The result of ortholog sequence analysis found conserved nucleotide base sequence (CAGCAGCC) which involved in heterotrimeric G-protein group. This protein has role as plant receptor for recognizing pathogen elicitor in interaction of  rice and blast pathogen.

In vitro activity test is a critical evaluation to screen the potential biocontrol agent. We developed a selective medium for quantitative in vitro activity evaluation of bacterial biocontrol agents against pathogenic Vibrio in aquaculture. Sensitivity test of bacterial biocontrol and Vibrio spp. to nine antibiotics showed that oxytetracycline inhibited the growth of Vibrio spp., but did not inhibit the growth of the bacterial biocontrol. This selective inhibition activity of oxytetracycline suggested this antibiotic might be supplemented to establish a selective medium. The MIC of oxytetracycline against V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. algosus were 120, 250, and 120 mg/ml, respectively. These concentration did not inhibit the growth of bacterial biocontrols. Therefore, oxytetracycline was supplemented at 250 µg/ml in Zobell agar medium. This medium was used as a selective medium to enumerate the density of bacterial biocontrol. In vitro activity test of bacterial biocontrol (RLP1) against V. parahaemolyticus showed that strain RLP1 at density of 104 and 106 cells/ml was able to kill V. parahaemolyticus during 6 h incubation. At lower density, 102 cells/ml, this bacterial biocontrol agent was able to kill the pathogenic Vibrio during 12 h incubation. This study discovered a selective medium for the bacterial biocontrol and Vibrio spp. and provided the results of its application in the evaluation of in vitro activity of a bacterial biocontrol agent against V. parahaemolyticus. The results also revealed that strain RLP1 is a potential bacterial biocontrol against vibriosis in marine aquaculture.

Bioremediation of petroleum sludge was conducted by using land-farming method in micro scale and by applying an indigenous bacteria Bacillus megaterium. The samples were from PT. Pertamina Musi Banyuasin district of South Sumatra. The research aim was to evaluate the performance of the bacteria in degrading petroleum sludge. The rate of the biodegradation process was determined by using differential method and the data analyses show that the reaction order is 0.74. Then, the rate of biodegradation constant was determined by using an integral method assuming that the biodegradation process was a first reaction order. From the calculation, it was revealed that the biodegradation reaction constant was 0.0204/day. The bioremediation-kinetics model is y = -0.0204X + 2.0365, and by using this model the bioremediation process could be ended after 99.83 days. The qualitative analysis was carried out by using GC-MS to investigate the components of compounds changed during the bioremediation process. The results show that the B. megaterium could degrade 99.32% of alkane compounds.

Cinchona alkaloids are in extensive uses, not only for drugs but also for soft drink industries. They are harvested from the bark of trees Cinchona spp. after certain ages and therefore are available over a limited time. Cell culture is an alternative way to continuously produce such secondary metabolites in a much shorter time. Various substances were added in the normal growth media to promote quinoline alkaloids production by cell cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana. At the sixth week of culture, quinine and cinchonine contents were suppressed by paclobutrazol (PBZ), abscisic acid (ABA), or even by precursor tryptophan, while cinchonidine content was enhanced by 0.2 mg/l tryptophan to 43 fold of that produced by untreated cells (2.8% dry weight). At the seventh week of culture, the production of quinine and quinidine started to grow whereas the production of cinchonine and cinchonidine tended to decrease. An addition of 5 mg/l PBZ to culture media yielded the highest level of total quinine/quinidine after seven weeks, e.g. quinine 11 times more abundant and quinidine 23 fold higher compared to the untreated cells. Particularly the level of quinine which is the most demanded for medical and industrial purposes still need to be improved to approach to or even higher than that of extracted from the conventional source.