En febrero de 2004 la Comisión Europea aprobó la denominación de origen protegida sidra de Asturias, amparando así la elaboración de los productos del tercer sector agroalimentario en importancia en Asturias. Aunque aplaudida, la DOP es de compleja aplicación, entre otras causas porque las idiosincrásicas características del sector sidrero asturiano pueden aumentar los tradicionales desequilibrios que se producen en las denominaciones entre la oferta y la demanda de las materias primas. Como ocurre en toda denominación, la garantía de calidad y mayor reconocimiento público del producto supone un aumento de su demanda y, con ello, de los inputs intermedios necesarios para su elaboración. El reparto de las rentas generadas puede ser problemático en caso de que existan excesivas restricciones en el aprovisionamiento de materias primas o de los activos necesarios para la elaboración del producto. El trabajo presenta la problemática de distribución de las rentas económicas generadas en las DOP y, específicamente, en la DOP sidra de Asturias. En esta denominación, de reciente creación, destacan como elementos conflictivos: la aplicación de la denominación conjuntamente a dos sectores productivos que compiten por la misma materia prima, las especiales condiciones de producción de manzana de sidra –recurso ya de por sí escaso sin que exista denominación–, la estructura productiva y comercializadora del sector sidra natural y los efectos que puede tener la competencia en el mercado eminentemente local de la sidra natural la existencia de tres tipos de sidras: con denominación, autóctonas no amparadas y foráneas. El trabajo concluye con recomendaciones sobre cómo afrontar con éxito los problemas que plantea la DOP sidra de Asturias a los agentes económicos involucrados evitando situaciones de cautividad frente al resto de los agentes. | In 2004 the European Union approved for Spain the protected designation of origin Sidra de Asturias (Asturian cider). Protected designations of origin create a monopolistic position for the economic agents performing their activities in the geographical area of the PDO. This may lead to the development of regional economic rents and to re-structure the productive socio-economic environment. The possibility of generating economic benefits will attract new firms and established organisations should update their production activity from a more traditional artisan structure to an industrial one. Most probably, those agents performing the restricted activity will achieve a monopolistic position, leading them to increase the prices of their output. This is so, because PDOs increase the demand of final products and, therefore, of the intermediate input products as well. All in all, these demand increases lead to a temporary disequilibrium that is the source of economic rents. In this paper we aim to analyse in depth how the economic rents generated by the PDO may be appropriated by the different performing agents, while addressing the problems that PDOs may create and how can they be overcome. First, it is done on a general basis, and then on its application to the specific study of PDO sidra de Asturias. We consider that this analysis of PDO sidra de Asturias is relevant due to its novelty as a PDO and because there are several elements that reveal themselves as key for the specific study of PDO disequilibrium. First, it is foreseen a disequilibrium in the offer and demand of asturian apple. This disequilibrium is reinforced by the fact that two productive economic sectors will buy the restricted input. In addition, apple trees oscillate their production in biannual terms. There is shortage of apples in even years, increasing thus their selling price. Finally, one of the economic sectors "sidra natural" produces cider that remains consumed in the local market and is not commercialised through large distribution channels and supermarkets. It is also known by the generic term cider and there is not a great use of the manufacturer label. These circumstances create specific problems to appropriate the economic rents originating with the PDO, but also pose strategic concerns to these agents. Some questions are still unresolved, such as: what reaction will have a traditional local market to a new, more expensive product or whether the PDO will be most extensively used by one or another economic sector, leading to a transfer of economic rents to the apple growers. In the paper we review all this theoretical problems of PDOs and provide some advice on how to tackle them, in order to make more effective the use of PDO sidra de Asturias.

Este estudio se plantea como objetivo genérico, conocer y cuantificar la evolución reciente de las principales características de la demanda española de turismo en casas rurales. Para ello se ha efectuado una explotación específica de los datos de la estadística sobre movimientos turísticos de los españoles (Familitur), que realiza el Ministerio de Economía a través del Instituto de Estudios Turísticos. Los resultados obtenidos aportan información y datos nuevos sobre la evolución reciente del turismo en casas rurales y sobre el nivel de satisfacción de los españoles en sus viajes a casas rurales.

Los cerramientos constituían para los titulares de fincas rústicas un requisito necesario para invertir a fin de lograr un aumento de la productividad. Pero cabe preguntarse si ésta era la verdadera finalidad de quienes los impulsaban y cuáles eran los obstáculos para llevarlos a cabo. En esta comunicación intento dar respuesta a estas cuestiones y analizar, en un espacio concreto -Extremadura-, una de las medidas de reforma agraria ilustrada desatendida por la historiografía. He utilizado para llevar a cabo este estudio los expedientes que con motivo de la puesta en vigor de la real cédula de 15 de junio de 1788 se conservan en el Archivo Histórico Nacional, Sección de Consejos. | To fence the fields was a needed requirement from the field owners in order to obtain a productivity increase. But one could ask whether if this was really the intention behind and which ones were the barriers to bring it to success. This time I am trying to give an answer to these questions and to analyze specifically in Extremadura one of the measures of the agricultural reform which hasn't been paid attention by the historiography. In order to study this case I have use the records that are kept in the Archivo Histórico Nacional, in the Council Section, where the Royal warrant of june 15th, 1788 is archived.

En este trabajo se presenta un modelo de programación por metas fraccional lineal para planificar el aprovechamiento de una plantación en la isla de Cuba, de manera que se alcance una distribución equilibrada de la superficie por clase de edad. El principal propósito en el contexto cubano es ordenar el bosque, lo cual conlleva variar significativamente la composición actual por edades que es bastante irregular, en un turno de 25 años. Este deseo lo hemos formalizado mediante metas fraccionales que inciden en el aspecto dinámico del problema y aseguran el equilibrio de una forma paulatina y flexible. No obstante, el modelo propuesto trata de alcanzar esta ordenación sin olvidar los aspectos económico y ecológico de los bosques. Con objeto de contrastar su potencialidad, lo hemos aplicado a una plantación cubana perteneciente a la Empresa Forestal Integral Pinar del Río, obteniendo diversas soluciones que equilibran el bosque y respetan los objetivos ecológicos y económicos del centro decisor. | In this work, a linear fractional goal programming model is developed in order to plan the exploitation of a plantation of pure species with timber production purposes in the Cuban island. Cuban forests have been suffering an indiscriminate exploitation for many years. Consequently, great efforts are presently being devoted to regenerate these forests, and conservationists position are being considered, which causes that the forest masses are growing older. As a consequence, such forests have an unbalanced composition by ages. Therefore, the model that is presented in this work makes it possible to organize the forest during the planning horizon, making also economic and ecological objectives compatible with this organization. Given the complexity, as well as the multiplicity, of purposes and interests involved in this problem, a multicriteria approach has been used, and as the objectives have been turned into goals that have to be satisfied, a Goal Programming problem has been formulated in order to find the desired planning. As it has been just said, one of the main objectives in this model is to reach an age-balanced structure in the forest at the end of the planning horizon. To reach this end, some of the goals of the goal programming model are linear fractional functions that represent a natural way of modeling this wish of equilibrium because these fractional goals point out the centered in pure plantations of Pinus Caribaea, which a dynamic aspect of the problem. The study isre being used for wood production purposes. The model has been contrasted with data provided by the Integral Forest Enterprise of Pinar del Río (Cuba). Given that the linear fractional goal programming problem is not easy to solve, a brief theoretical study of the technique used in order to solve it is also presented in this paper. Once the resulting problem is solved, several solutions are obtained satisfying all the goals established in the model. All the solutions that satisfy the goals are different possibilities of planning the exploitation of the plantation, but it is ensured that all of them reach an homogeneous composition of the areas covered by the different age groups at the end of the horizon. Among all of these solutions, the Decision Maker has to select the one that he or she prefers, being in this case the one that achieves the greatest Net Present Value, that represents the economic objective of the Decision Maker. Finally we have to point out that the scheme presented in this paper is applicable to other plantations with timber production purposes.

La estimación y análisis del riesgo sigue siendo una preocupación para todos aquellos que se dedican a la toma de decisiones económicas. En este trabajo se cuantifica el riesgo total, así como el sistemático y específico, de los cereales en Castilla-León tanto a nivel provincial como comarcal. Los resultados son analizados y testados para comprobar la validez del modelo y la explicación de dichos resultados mediante el estudio de la estabilidad de las betas. | Risk analysis is yet a main concern for economic decision makers. This work quantifies total risk, as well as systematic and non-systematic ones, of cereal crops in Castilla y León region at province and county levels. The results are analysed and tested to contrast the validity of the models and their implications by means of the stability of beta coefficients.

La caracterización ganadera de Cantabria, monopolizada por el vacuno lechero, tiene su reflejo comercial en la actividad del Mercado Nacional de Ganados de Torrelavega, básicamente dedicado a la venta de bovinos de los hatos lecheros, que comporta ventas anuales no inferiores a 70 millones de euros. El Mercado mantiene la tradición comercial en vacuno, a pesar de los cambios estructurales. Han crecido hasta cifras difícilmente superables los porcentajes de ventas sobre entradas. La oferta se dispersa, lo que es bueno por lo que representa de confianza en el mercado. La demanda, por el contrario, parece concentrarse, lo que no es tan bueno. En síntesis, el Mercado deriva irremediable aunque pausadamente a la comercialización de ganado de recría para carne, con reducción del de leche y equilibrio del de abasto. Si sigue así, lo que estadísticamente es incontestable, necesitará ser muy competitivo. El censo de vacuno regional ha asegurado el movimiento comercial del Mercado, pero la aplicación del régimen de cuotas plantea ciertas incógnitas sobre la evolución futura. El impacto de la EEB sobre el Mercado en 2000 y 2001 ha afectado al número de entradas y a las cotizaciones. | The cattle characterization of Cantabria, monopolized by the dairy cattle, has its commercial reflection in the activity of Livestock Market of Torrelavega, basically dedicated to bovine sale of the dairy herds, which involves annual sales not inferior to €70 million. The Market maintains the commercial tradition in bovine, in spite of the structural changes. The percentages of sales on entrances have grown until figures hardly surmountable. The offer is dispersed, which is good as it shows a lot of confidence in the market. The demand, on the contrary, seems to concentrate, which is not so good. The Market derives quickly although not hurriedly to do business with the calves, to reduce selling of the milk cows and to maintain the market of beef supply. If it continues this way, which statistically is clear, it will need to be very competitive. The regional census of bovine has assured the commercial movement of the Market, but the application of the quotas regime outlines certain unknown aspects of the future evolution. The impact of BSE in the Market has been noticed during both 2000 and 2001 in the number of entries as well as in cattle price.

En muy pocas ocasiones tiene hoy lugar el refugado, cocido y enfardado del corcho en el mismo monte, a diferencia de lo que ocurría desde la tercera década del siglo 19 hasta las primeras décadas del 20. Los Montes Propios de Jerez de la Frontera es una de las tres excepciones en el Parque Natural de los Alcornocales. Son tres opciones potenciales de venta del corcho llegado el año final del turno de saca del corcho: (1) en pie, (2) en cargadero a pie de carril y (3) una vez preparado en fardos y a granel. El interés de esta investigación es presentar la renta total y la tasa de rentabilidad comerciales alcanzadas en cada eslabón de la Cadena de integración vertical del corcho sacado y cocido en los Montes Propios de Jerez, considerando los datos de un año medio del período 1994-2002 a precios de poder adquisitivo de 2002. | Nowadays, in few cases the preparation of cork bark takes place at cork Oak woodland estates as it has been occurred from the third decade of the 19th century to the first decades of the 20th century , by the beginning of cork commercial extraction activity. The Montes Propios de Jerez de la Frontera is one of the three exceptions at the Alcornocales Natural Park, which is located in the southwest of Spain spreading out the provinces of Cádiz and Málaga along 170.025 hectares. The cork Oak is the main specie taking up the 48.5 per cent of his total surface. There are three cork purchasing alternatives for a cork Oak woodland owner once the cork stripping turn is accomplished: to sell cork (1) standing, (2) at farm gate or (3) prepared for stoppers and other cork products industries. At the Montes Propios de Jerez de la Frontera the cork is sold by the third alternative. The aim of this research is to present the total commercial income and profitability rate accrued from each link of the vertical integrated cork chain, for cork that is annually stripped and boiled at the Montes Propios de Jerez. The Agroforestry Account System (AAS) methodology is used to classify the different productions and costs generated in each link of the vertical integrated cork chain, considering average values of period 1994-2003, expressed at purchasing power terms of year 2002. Moreover, the results obtained are integrated with the rest of activities which are conducted in the Montes Propios de Jerez de la Frontera, offering a global view of their private commercial economy. The fact the studied state is property of a public institution could justify the fulfilment of the second and the third link of the vertical chain, since the capital profitability rates are negative, although the overall rate is positive. So, the criteria followed by the managers of the Montes Propios de Jerez de la Frontera reflect a social economy with high levels of employed labour force. This could explain why the preparation of the cork bark in the cork Oak woodland estates has practically disappeared in the Alcornocales Natural Park, and the private owners prefers to sell the cork standing or at farm gate.

Se han medido los valores económicos de uso recreativo y de conservación de los visitantes de libre acceso del Parque Natural los Alcornocales por valoración contingente. Para la estimación del valor recreativo se han empleado dos formas de pago: un precio de entrada y un incremento en los gastos de viaje causado por un hipotético incremento del precio de los carburantes (obteniéndose un 23% de respuestas protesta con el primero y un 3% con el segundo). Los resultados obtenidos son dos veces superiores con el segundo vehículo de pago para el modelo preferido (11,03 frente a 21,52 Euros/visita). Se considera que la encuesta de gasto arroja mejores estimaciones del valor del bienestar disfrutado por el visitante, mientras que la entrada incorpora la protesta del visitante que surgiría en un contexto de comercialización de servicios recreativos. En el caso de la conservación, la pregunta de valoración plantea una aportación voluntaria anual a un fondo monetario dedicado exclusivamente a la conservación del Parque Natural. | We have made two contingent valuation surveys to estimate the economic value of free access recreational use and of the "conservation" of the public visitors in the Alcornocales Natural Park (a Mediterranean forest located in the South of Spain). Recreational use represents a current direct use value and "conservation" aggregates option and existence values. For the estimation of the value of the recreational visit two payment vehicles have been employed: a hypothetical increase in trip expenditures due to increases in the price of fuel and a hypothetical implementation of an entrance-fee to access pathways and recreational areas. The former payment vehicle yielded very few protest responses while the protest response rate was very high with the latter. We consider that the increase in trip expenditures format provides better welfare measures, although the entrance fee has the advantage of including real-life problems that would be encountered if this payment vehicle should actually be implemented. In any case, the values based on the trip-expenditures survey are two to three times higher than those obtained with the entrance-fee survey (21.52 / visit in the first case for the preferred dichotomous model, after reducing the value to take into account the valuation of the other areas visited and the valuation of the approach trip, and 11.03 / visit in the second case). Finally, we show how some socioeconomic characteristics influence the valuation of the recreational use. Concretely, visitor's income, hours spend in the Natural Park and the number of members of the family affects positively; while the knowledge of substitute natural area and living near the Alcornocales Natural Park affects negatively. For conservation, the valuation question was framed as a voluntary annual contribution of the visitors to a fund dedicated exclusively to the conservation of the Alcornocales Natural Park. The value of conservation is not influenced by any socioeconomic characteristic.

Por una parte, en este trabajo se realiza una valoración de las principales ayudas estructurales europeas aplicables a las embarcaciones estándar de una muestra representativa de los segmentos de flota de la UE. Por otra, se desarrolla un ejercicio de simulación que pretende evaluar las expectativas de rentabilidad de las flotas pesqueras de la Unión Europea una vez consideradas las principales líneas de ayudas estructurales. En el trabajo se presentan dichos resultados por grandes áreas de pesca (Mar del Norte, Mar Báltico, Océano Atlántico y Mar Mediterráneo) y por segmentos de flota (un total de 51). Como resultado general, constatamos que, para una parte importante de los casos contemplados, las ayudas públicas pueden colaborar a mejorar sensiblemente las expectativas de los pescadores sobre la rentabilidad del capital invertido en la actividad. | On the one hand, this paper offers an evaluation of the main European structural aid applicable to standard vessels of a representative sample the European Union's fleet. On the other hand, a simulation exercise has been designed to evaluate the expected profitability of the EU fishing fleets after considering the main lines of structural aid. These results are presented here by large fishing areas –North Sea, Baltic Sea, Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea- as well as by fishing fleet segment –a total of 51. In general the results show that for a substantial part of the cases considered, public aid may collaborate in greatly improving fishermen's expectations relative to the profitability of the capital invested in the activity.

El texto se articula en tres grandes apartados. En el primero de ellos se justifica el concepto de flotas artesanales con el que se trabaja, distinto al convencional tanto en la práctica burocrática como en los análisis económicos. A continuación, se presentan los principales procesos económicos de la pesca artesanal andaluza en la actualidad, a la luz de dinámicas macrorregionales de economía política: básicamente, la reestructuración de los flujos comerciales pesqueros en Andalucía y la Política de Pesca Comunitaria. La no renovación del Acuerdo de Pesca con Marruecos y las ayudas estructurales para la optimización de los equipos de pesca son referidas especialmente. En la tercera parte se presentan las iniciativas y estrategias de los pescadores, tanto económicas como políticas, de modo que, a pesar de los índices cuantitativos y macromagnitudes de la pesca andaluza, ponen de manifiesto las perspectivas de mantenimiento de la actividad extractiva y la reproducción social en su conjunto de la pesca artesanal, aunque transformada ésta en algunas de sus características convencionales. Metodológicamente, se usan las estadísticas oficiales y las macromagnitudes para elucidar tendencias macroeconómicas con efectos regionales; sin embargo, se atiende a dinámicas sociales que solamente pueden ser apreciadas a partir del trabajo de campo en localidades pesqueras. Se concluye que el sector pesquero andaluz ha conocido un proceso de artesanalización, aguzado en la coyuntura crítica reciente, y que al mismo tiempo muestra signos de transformaciones radicales en las culturas productivas y en las estrategias económicas, lo que tendrá efectos en las relaciones con los recursos y en las dinámicas bioeconómicas tradicionales de las pesquerías. Por ello, se hace necesaria particularmente una política de gestión de recursos. Así mismo, se muestra que el marco actual de la economía pesquera es socialmente paradójico, pues mientras que los pescadores han de responder a un marco incierto y amenazante, hay oportunidades para los agentes comercializadores, grandes empresarios del sector extractivo y algunas pesquerías de pequeño calado que forman parte del modelo artesanal. | The South Spanish Fisheries are concerned by negative tendencies from 1980s. Our proposal is to analyze the manner how artisanal fleets at South Atlantic Coast of Spain (Andalusia) are concerned by political and economic processes at macro level (regarding to South Europe and North Africa regional links). First, it is proposed a concept of artisanal fleets which incorporates different fisheries and is not usual in fishing bureaucracy. Then, a description of the web of economic dynamics in commercialization and political economy measures at the regional context is offered. The global factors are to be taken into account are the Common Fisheries Policy, in which Spain takes part from 1986. Specially, the extinction of Marocco/European Union Fisheries Agreement (December 1999) and the Public Financial Aids for the restitution and modernization of boats. Also the liberalization and globalization of commercial relationships between Europe and North Africa are to be analysed. A derivation from this scenary has been the fall of the fish prices at quayside, and the contextualization of fish production in a global food system. Second, the text addresses the local responses to the crises context. The goal is here to show the conflictive position of andalusian extractive sector in the new setting of political economy, and the opportunities for commercial agents. In any case, also there are possibilities to small fleets, because of existence of a demand of fresh fish based on quality. The more important effect of this dynamic upon the stakeholders strategies is the investments on new technologies –with support of Strucural Aids, such as FIFG program and Pesca Inititative. When local and global processes are so interconnected as today a new focus is required, that intends to articulate macro-social dynamics and local agencies. Methodologically, this effort entails to pay attention both to statistics, data and quantitative analysis, and to local and vernacular socioeconomic dynamics. Therefore, the text is based upon the official statistics and upon the fieldwork and qualitative research tools. It is concluded that the result of this web of global and local processes is the intensification of extractive activity and the commercial specialisation, that relies now on the overexploitation of national grounds. In fact, the economic perspectives of the boatowners are threatened by the increasing of inputs (capitalisation to support a process of technologisation very acute, increasing of energetic prices and financial services) and by the decline of outputs, given the new tendencies of global market. So, the economic position of the fleet remains conflictive and the bio-economic balances can be concerned, so that a fisheries management must be activated from a local and regional perspective. So the article highlights both the paradox in which the artisanal fleet is concerned, and the importance of analysing this context by means of qualitative research tools.