Today's specialization with development of large-scale “factory farms,” including drylot dairies, beef feedlots, and chicken ranches, plus the spread of urbanization to house an increasing population, have created new problems for both farmers and city dwellers. The city dweller is offended by agricultural odors and insects while production is made more difficult for the farmer by the higher, and more costly level of sanitation demanded. Disposal of livestock manure, the greatest of the problems with agricultural wastes, is discussed in this article.

This paper develops a measure that serves as an indicator of the pressure that farmers in an area face in adjusting farm size as the price of a commodity changes. The same numerical index can be related to efficiency of land retirement programs, impact on nonfarm firm sales with respect to agricultural product prices, and land price adjustments. Wheat production costs, yields, and prices by regions in the Great Plains and western states are used as a vehicle to illustrate the adjustment index in a simple one crop economy model. No attempt is made in this paper to include all feasible crop and/or livestock alternatives. Conceivably this type of model, with the use of an area composite acre cost, production and price concept, could be adapted for interarea measurement of relevant adjustment pressures in a multi‐crop‐livestock economy.

This article presents a simple model showing the relationship which exists between the surplus disposal program and a program of voluntary supply control of agricultural products. Disposal of surpluses raises problems of their valuation and costs. Production control presents other cost considerations. Values of and actions by the committees of the U.S. Congress which control the farm price and surplus export programs hold the key to the entire complex. It is doubtful that the two programs can be successfully wedded to the satisfaction of those who are interested in minimizing costs, because the existential nature of a surplus disposal program predisposes the relevant Congressional committees to rationalize an expanded production. The authors feel that food‐aid‐for‐economic‐development possibly should be pushed more than in the past; but even here the values held by Congress, and not the opinions of economists, will prevail.

Malaxation is a key stage in the olive oil extraction process, influencing both yield and oil characteristics. However, traditional malaxation has limitations regarding the time required for paste conditioning. GEA has developed an active malaxation system as an alternative, allowing regulation of the direction and speed of the helical blades inside. This study analyzed the effect of active malaxation using fruits from the end of the season, comparing the performance of negative blade rotation direction at three speeds (including 10 Hz) against traditional malaxation. Results show that active malaxation improves process yield, achieving optimal results with negative blade rotation at 10 Hz. While oil quality remained consistent, active malaxation produced oils with higher pigment content and similar phenol concentration to traditional methods. Additionally, it increased the volatile fraction of oils. This system presents a promising alternative to traditional malaxation, enhancing efficiency without compromising oil quality.

The habitats of the Lake Victoria Tilapia species have been, described by Lowe (1956) and FRYER (1961). Although most of their work was done on fish of adult size, both of these workers noted something of the distribution of the fry, attention in particular beingpaid to habitat preferences and possible competition between native and exotic species. Little is known however of the factors, both physical and ecological, at play on the beaches and other parts of the shallow lake littoral which are universally used as a habitat by the young of Tilapia species. Furthermore since the above work was carried out several features have changed in Lake Victoria. The first of these, the rise in lake level, has during 1963 and 1964, submerged orchanged the nature off the lake shore, rendering the papyrus swamp channels mentioned by LOWE (1956) unsuitable as habitats for fry.

Experiments in controlling Tilapia populations in ponds byusing Lates as a predator have been carried cut in Kajansi Fish Farm, Kampala, since 1957. The Lates for these experiments were brought from Lake Albert.Failure to produce Lates fingerlings in any number at Kajansi brought the experiments to a standstill.The high turbidity of Kajansi's Ponds may be the explanation for the failure to breed the Lates. The only breeding which has taken place was a wild spawning which produced about 100 fingerlings. It has not been possible to artificially reproduce the conditions which brought about this spawning.