The results achieved in this study indicate that all methods used for processing the animal and poultry wastes cause marked reduction of the total viable count. The indicator bacteria is completely inhibited at the end of the lst week of exposure to formalin and sunlight, but they remain viable till the end of the 2nd week of exposure to sodium hydroxide and slaked lime.

Traditional methods of refuse disposal are being increasingly questioned in New Zealand because of their associated environmental, economic and social costs. This report examines the costs associated with a traditional method of refuse disposal (a landfill site), within the Kawau Island Historic Reserve. Refuse disposal is made more difficult for the Department of Conservation who administer the reserve, because of physical limits on space and the requirement for a landfill to be sited away from public view (due to the popularity of Kawau as a tourist resource). Specifically the report identifies a number of alternative methods of waste management for implementation on Kawau. The options are measured in terms of their applicability in the current institutional context, and how well they achieve a desirable environmental standard. Recognition that a rubbish problem does exist on Kawau Island, means more effective management of the problem can be undertaken. Given that a fundamental aspect of the problem is caused by lack of funding, the analysis will also consider methods of cost recovery for DOC, including the adoption of a "user pays" approach. The analysis of alternative waste management strategies for Kawau Island raises a number of issues which have relevance to the wider problems of waste management. These are discussed in the conclusions of the report.

Many soils in the Northeast region are of very low fertility because of many factors. The management of organic matter to upgrade organic matter level in soil is essential for soil improvement to benefit plant growth. Compost production from waste materials from agriculture and industry in the Northeast region has high potential because waste materials are plentiful. To turn the waste materials into compost is the most efficient method. Compost utilization has some influence on the biological properties in soil by controling some soil pathogens and by reducing the amount of corn and soybean disease damage.

This paper presents the findings on the operation of demonstration set up comprising 4 small pigsties, accommodating a total of 200 pigs, with associated dung channels and soakaway system. The set up is built for the purpose of demonstrating the technical feasibility of the dry muck out method in handling small volume of pig waste. The whole cleaning operation which involved the actual muck-out of waste solids from the pens and hosing out the residual waste, and clearing any solids at dung channels and soakaway pits took about 4 man-hours per day. With the use of special biting type water drinkers and water spray gun, the water consumption was restricted to an average of 14 litres per pig per day. The soakaway facilities have been functioning well in disposal of liquid waste generated from the 4 pigsties. The operational result covering a 12 month period has led to the conclusion that the dry muck-out method demonstrated is a feasible and effective waste management method for handling pig waste in small farms

Three pig farms were selected for study on the application of the pig-on-litter system as a waste management method in controlling waste arising from pig keeping operations in Hong Kong. The system relies on the use of a special bedding material comprising a mixture of sawdust and bacterial product to rapidly decompose and stabilize the pig waste within the pig pen as and when such waste is produced. During the early stage, a few operational problems ranging from symptoms of respiratory discomfort and heat stress to pigs, to excessive wetting of the litter bed were encountered. However, such problems were satisfactorily resolved after remedial and preventive measures had been taken in controlling the moisture content of the litter bed, and provision of extraction fan to improve ventilation and air movement above the litter bed. Both of the two types of bacterial product tested were effective, and the additional operating cost ranged from HK$13/pig/month to HK$23/pig/month

In 1988 a research program for the ecological rehabilitation of the river Rhine was started. In this research program three Dutch governmental institutes are working together: the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (D.B.W/RIZA), the National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection (RTVM) and the Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations (RTVO). The research program covers the period 1988-1991 and amounts to 20 manyears per year.

In 1988 a research program for the ecological rehabilitation of the river Rhine was started. In this research program three Dutch governmental institutes are working together: the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (D.B.W/RIZA), the National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection (RTVM) and the Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations (RTVO). The research program covers the period 1988-1991 and amounts to 20 manyears per year.

The management of stabilized sludge through drying over aluminium mesh lined timber bed over a waste anaerobic lagoon receiving pig waste was investigated. Handleable sludge with a moisture content of 50-60% could be harvested from the timber bed within 11-15 days. Sludge temperatures fluctuated between a range of 29.7 deg. C to 43.3 deg. C. The rate of decrease of sludge height varied from 0.9 - 10.7 mm/d and 1.8 - 9.0 mm/d for sludge managed on roofed and open drying beds respectively. Total volatile solids (TVS) in sludge samples average between 68.1 and 70.2% of total solids (TTS) for open versus roofed drying beds, respectively. Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) constituted 0.1% and 2.0% TTS. The TVS/TKN ratio and moisture content of harvested sludge were within the limits recommended for optimum composting process. The initial capital outlay for the timber sludge drying bed was estimated at $5.10/standing pig population (SPP)