Organic wastes are utilized in agriculture mainly for improving the soil physical and chemical properties and for nutrient sources for growing crops. The major source of organic waste used in agriculture is animal manure, but small amounts of food processing and other industrial wastes (along with municipal wastes) are also applied to land. In the last 35 years, and especially in the last 10 years, there have been increasing environmental regulations affecting farms that have resulted in more animal manure treatment options, and thus affecting characteristics of residues that are subsequently applied to land. Farms are being assessed for nutrient balances, with the entire nutrient and manure management system evaluated for best management alternatives. Because of inadequate available land on the animal farm in some cases, organic wastes must be treated and/or transported to other farms, or utilized for horticultural or other uses. This paper discusses the various factors and challenges for utilizing organic wastes in agriculture.

Source reduction and source separation are important ingredients for sustainable municipal solid waste management. They facilitate waste reduction and valorisation. However, waste managers find that it is challenging task to promote source reduction and source separation. The situation is even more difficult in developing countries and lack of environmental awareness and lack of public cooperation are frequently mentioned as main barriers. This thesis takes a different angle to investigate the issue. It looks into the management, not the people. Two cases in Bangkok, one at the city level and one at the school level, are studied with the focus on how source reduction and source separation was developed in relation with the waste management system in each case. Both the municipality, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, and the management of Roong Aroon School intended to incorporate source reduction and source separation in an attempt to make their waste management systems environmentally sound. Nevertheless, the results were very different. The study identifies the sequence of the system evolution as the main factor contributing to the difference. Other factors such as vision of the waste management, management support, public participation, target groups, etc. are also discussed. The thesis also stresses that the waste manager at the city level should put more emphasis on biodegradable fraction, not recyclable, in order to make action at sources beneficial to the municipal solid waste management system.

This report looks at the implementation and financing of solid waste management in the Philippines. It assesses how much it costs forty-one local government units (LGUs) around the country to provide solid waste management services. It also looks at how much revenue these LGUs, and other private waste contractors and operatives, get from supplying these services. The research was carried out in response to a growing solid waste management crisis in the Philippines and legislation that requires LGUs to change their practices. Its main aim was to get information to help LGUs properly finance and implement the government’s latest waste management policies and law. The report finds that there is generally a substantial “fiscal gap” between the amount of money needed for waste management and the amount of revenue obtained by LGUs from providing waste management services. However, when the total economic benefits of providing these services were considered (these included the revenues obtained by LGUs, earnings made by other parties and savings from avoided landfill costs), it was found that some LGUs enjoyed positive net benefits. If LGUs could exploit as many potential revenue streams as possible, they could narrow their SWM fiscal gap or even go ‘into the black’. The study highlights a number of possible strategies that could be used to improve the financing of solid waste management. These included finding alternatives to expensive private contractors and looking into recycling as a revenue-generating activity.

Yangon City in Myanmar needs proper environmental planning primarily on solid waste management in the face of rapid population increase and urbanization. The study focused on the analysis of the City's problems and issues of solid waste management and the ensuing formulation of a Strategic Solid Waste Management Plan. The current waste generation rate is 0.465 kg/capita/day in Yangon City with a bulk density of 250 kg/cu m. Kitchen wastes and garden trimmings constitute 65 percent of the total wastes while plastic, paper and cardboard 18 percent and the rest (17 percent) composed of glass, cans, textile, leather, and rubber. The existing solid waste management system in Yangon City is basically labor-intensive, the service area does not cover the entire city, and the final disposal sites are not sufficient for the volume of wastes. The quantity of daily wastes collected is about 671.5 tons out of the total generation of 1912 tons, or a collection rate of 35 percent. Financially, the cost incurred by Pollution Control and Cleansing Department (PCCD) in collecting and disposing of solid waste in 2003-2004 was Ks 4,932/ton (or US dollar 4.9) or about Ks 2.3/person/day (or US dollar 0.0023). The Strategic Solid Waste Management Plan has been developed following the concepts of basic planning hierarchy and participatory planning. The strategies are envisioned for 20 years (2006-2026) covering: 1) public awareness and education, 2) waste minimization, 3) waste collection and transportation, 4) waste treatment and disposal and 5) cost recovery and financial sustainability. The Action Plan, which includes the Implementation Plan, Organizational Plan and Investment Plan is formulated for the first five years of the planning period (2006-2011). The implementation plan defines specific actions and activities to be undertaken for all the strategies identified. To fully operationalize the strategic plan, the organizational restructuring of PCCD has been proposed. The investment plan requires Ks 13,000 million (US dollar 13 million) for the implementation of the initial five years of the Action Plan. The study recommends that the strategic plan be supported with enabling policies and legislations as well as sufficient budgetary allocation for effective and successful implementation.

The waste management requires the development of economic and financial tools to help the decision makers to make their processes choices, to assess their system of waste management and to finance their service with PAYT system. In this context, the communities are asking for: - economic tools for helping the choice of the valorisation processes, - performance indicators of the service and references to benchmark their waste management, - analysis approach of the full cost of service supply, - tools to simulate the evolution of the balance budget at the time of the implementation of the PAYT system to finance the service.

The paper present mathematical model of waste management improvements. The goal of this model is to decrease transport price (which is up to 70 percent of all costs). For solving the model linear programming has been chosen. Model has been tested in region Gryfino (Poland). The solution indicated helpfulness of improvements methods in waste management

El manejo inadecuado de los residuos sólidos puede producir daños considerables en el medio ambiente y puede afectar adversamente la reputación y la imagen de la empresa. Todas las etapas que encierra la gestión integral de residuos (manipulación, transporte, almacenamiento, tratamiento y disposición final) se producen en cada una de las etapas (explotación, perforación, producción, construcción de instalaciones, montajes, etc.) comprende todas las fases hasta su disposición final de los residuos cubre la identificación, separación y registro de la calidad, composición y/o naturaleza y el destino de los residuos peligrosos, industriales y domésticos e incluye la minimización de residuos, medidas para su recuperación, tratamiento y disposición. La gestión de los residuos sólidos comprende la suma de todas las medidas para prevención y reducción, así como la disposición ordenada y ecológicamente compatible de residuos sólidos de todo tipo, es decir, tanto de residuos urbanos peligrosos como industriales. Con lo anterior se determinan las oportunidades que permitirán mejorar y asegurar un manejo adecuado de los residuos que se generan en la compañía y con esto brindar condiciones de vida más favorables para los empleados. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | Improper solid waste management can cause considerable damage to the environment and can adversely affect the company's reputation and image. All the stages involved in integrated waste management (handling, transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal) occur at each stage (exploitation, drilling, production, construction of facilities, assemblies, etc.), including all phases up to the final disposal of the waste, covering the identification, separation and recording of the quality, composition and/or nature and destination of hazardous, industrial and domestic waste, and including waste minimization, measures for its recovery, treatment and disposal. Solid waste management comprises the sum of all measures for prevention and reduction, as well as the orderly and ecologically compatible disposal of solid waste of all types, i.e., both hazardous and industrial urban waste. This will allow us to identify opportunities to improve and ensure proper management of the waste generated in the company and thus provide more favorable living conditions for our employees.

LCA is used to analyse and evaluate the environmental impact associated with the process of greenhouse cultivation of a tomato crop. Tomato production in kg is selected as a functional unit. Three different tomato production processes were compared: soil cultivation and open and closed hydroponic systems. Three different waste management scenarios were also analysed. The most significant negative environmental impacts were identified, enabling the application of the most suitable technology in order to mitigate their effects. The main negative impact of greenhouse tomato production derives from the waste of biomass and plastics, therefore suitable waste management is the best practicable environmental option to reduce this. The composting of biodegradable matter is the best way of managing this kind of waste. Improving the material composition of structures and auxiliary materials is also advised. Lastly, more rational management criteria for the supply of nutrients to the crop will have to be found.

One of the priorities of plastic waste management is recycling, which involves the separation and collection of waste materials; the preparation of these materials for reuse, reprocessing, and remanufacture; and the resuse, reprocessing, and remanufacture of them. Recycling can help to reduce the demand on resources and the amount of waste requiring disposal by landfilling. One of the aims of our work is exploring those factors that determine the energy demond of the mechanical process-compression, size reduction, separation of plastics recycling. Nowodays this is an actual task within the plastic waste management and engineering. Results of such a scintific research can contribute to improve effectiveness of the processing technology of plastics recycling.