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A possible explanation for "Murphy's Law" 全文
2004
Harris, Paul Leslie | School of Agriculture, Food and Wine : Agricultural and Animal Science | To Bourke & back : an adventure in agricultural engineering (2004 : Dubbo - Bourke, New South Wales)
Most people are familiar with “Murphy’s Law”, which is often quoted in explanation of an unfortunate incident, but why does this Law apply so often? When observing a range of events it appears that the harder you push any “system” the more likely it is to fail and so the more we tend to manage the system to try and avoid the inevitable, so Murphy is referring to the symptoms and consequences rather than the cause of the problem. Many examples confirming Harris’ Law can be given, so it may provide some assistance in improving reliability.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Agricultural research: an endangered species in venezuela? 全文
2004
Requena, Jaime
ICTs for Agricultural Development. An Exercise in interdisciplinarity
2004
Lie, R.
An analysis of competitiveness in the Egyptian agricultural sector
2004
Abdu, K.A.
AGRO-BIODIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT 全文
2004
di Falco, Salvatore | Chavas, Jean-Paul
Recently, financial assistance to farms has been widely under scrutiny. Agricultural assistance has an important impact on farmers' production decisions and those decisions in turn affect resources use or environmental quality. Surprisingly, the impact of agricultural policies on agro-biodiversity has been relatively neglected. This paper purports a novel framework to analyze the role of crop biodiversity on the mean and the variance of farm revenues. Further, the potential use of this framework in studying the impact of farm financial assistance to crop biodiversity loss is investigated.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Assessing participation in agricultural research projects: an analytical framework 全文
2004
Neef, Andreas | Neubert, Dieter
Recent discourse in the field of agricultural research has focused on how to assess and optimize the use of participatory approaches. In this paper, we propose a new Analytical Framework for the Assessment of Participatory Agricultural Research (AFAPAR) that seeks to evaluate participatory research elements along different dimensions and over several research phases and thus takes into account the complexity and dynamics of agricultural research projects. Empirical data from a long-term collaborative research program on ?Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia? (The Uplands Program ? SFB 564) are used to explore the potential and shortcomings of AFAPAR. Findings suggest that while there is a need for further refinement, the analytical framework provides a sound basis for a differentiated assessment of participatory approaches in agricultural research that goes beyond the existing one-dimensional typologies of participatory research with their inherent claim of ?the more participation, the better?.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]On diversity effects of alternative agricultural policy reforms in Finland: an agricultural sector modelling approach 全文
2008 | 2004
Miettinen, Antti | Lehtonen, Heikki | Hietala-Koivu, Reija | Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus (MTT) / MTTL Taloustutkimus (MTTL) / Taloustutkimus (MTTL) MTTL | Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus (MTT) / MTTL Taloustutkimus (MTTL) / Taloustutkimus (MTTL) MTTL | Helsingin yliopisto
On diversity effects of alternative agricultural policy reforms in Finland: an agricultural sector modelling approach 全文
2008 | 2004
Miettinen, Antti | Lehtonen, Heikki | Hietala-Koivu, Reija | Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus (MTT) / MTTL Taloustutkimus (MTTL) / Taloustutkimus (MTTL) MTTL | Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus (MTT) / MTTL Taloustutkimus (MTTL) / Taloustutkimus (MTTL) MTTL | Helsingin yliopisto
Euroopan unioni uudistaa yhteistä maatalouspolitiikkaansa. Valtaosa EU:n kokonaan rahoittamista maataloustuista irrotetaan tuotannosta ja maksetaan viljelijöille tulotukena. Tutkimuksessa ennustettiin maatalouden sektorimallin avulla kuinka CAP-tukien irrottaminen tuotannosta vaikuttaa maatalousmaan käyttöön, tuotannon intensiteettiin sekä maiseman ja lajien monimuotoisuuteen Suomessa. Tarkasteltavia skenaarioita oli kaksi: yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan uudistusehdotusten mukainen skenaario ja vapaakauppaskenaario. Politiikkavaihtoehtojen tuloksena saatuja ennusteita maatalousmaan käytöstä, maiseman monimuotoisuudesta, torjunta-aineilla käsitellystä peltoalasta, eläintiheyksistä ja ravinnetaseista vuonna 2015 verrattiin perusskenaarion ennusteisiin vastaavana ajankohtana. Perusskenaariossa oletettiin, että myös tulevaisuudessa jatketaan Agenda 2000:n mukaista politiikkaa, jossa CAP-tuet on sidottu tuotantoon. Yhteisen maatalouspolitiikan uudistusehdotusten mukainen CAP-tukien irrottaminen tuotannosta vähentää viljelymaiseman monimuotoisuutta useilla alueilla Suomessa ja johtaa lähes neljä kertaa suurempaan viherkesantojen pinta-alaan vuonna 2015 kuin Agenda 2000:n mukainen politiikka. Vapaakauppaskenaarion seurauksena pellonkäyttö muuttuu samansuuntaisesti, mutta voimakkaammin kuin CAP-uudistuksen perusteella. Maankäytön muutoksesta johtuvat vaikutukset maatalousluonnon monimuotoisuuteen eivät kuitenkaan todennäköisesti ole kokonaisuudessaan haitallisia, sillä viherkesantojen on todettu vaikuttavan myönteisesti etenkin peltolinnustoon. Sen sijaan kotieläintuotannon muutokset vaikuttavat todennäköisesti haitallisesti luonnon monimuotoisuuteen, sillä erityisesti nautakarjan määrä vähenee, mikäli viljelijän tuotantopäätös ei vaikuta tuen suuruuteen. Tällöin ravinneylijäämät pienenevät, mutta samalla karjasta luopuneiden tilojen viljelykierto yksipuolistuu, ja laiduntamisen hyödyt luonnon monimuotoisuudelle vähentyvät. | The European Union has decided to reform its agricultural policy and decouple Common Agricultural Policy support partially from production. The aim of this study is to predict the diversity effects of agricultural policy reforms in which direct aid payments are disconnected from production, and compare the outcomes with the effects of a policy in which Common Agricultural Policy support is coupled to production. The study employs a dynamic regional sector model of Finnish agriculture. The sector model predicts regional agricultural land use, numbers of livestock, stocking densities, pesticide application areas, and nutrient balances. Diversity of agricultural land use is measured by Shannon s diversity index. The results indicate that if agricultural support is independent from production, the amount of fallow land will increase considerably in the future. This will decrease the diversity of agricultural land use at landscape level, but may not be harmful at species level since green fallow has some positive effects, especially on the densities and abundance of farmland birds. Instead, the decrease in bovine animals is likely to run down biological diversity, since it simplifies crop rotation and diminishes grazing. | v | 2004 | ok | Maatalouspolitiikkauudistusten vaikutuksista pellonkäytön diversiteettiin
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]On diversity effects of alternative agricultural policy reforms in Finland: an agricultural sector modelling approach 全文
2008
A. MIETTINEN | H. LEHTONEN | R. HIETALA-KOIVU
The European Union has decided to reform its agricultural policy and decouple Common Agricultural Policy support partially from production. The aim of this study is to predict the diversity effects of agricultural policy reforms in which direct aid payments are disconnected from production, and compare the outcomes with the effects of a policy in which Common Agricultural Policy support is coupled to production. The study employs a dynamic regional sector model of Finnish agriculture. The sector model predicts regional agricultural land use, numbers of livestock, stocking densities, pesticide application areas, and nutrient balances. Diversity of agricultural land use is measured by Shannons diversity index. The results indicate that if agricultural support is independent from production, the amount of fallow land will increase considerably in the future. This will decrease the diversity of agricultural land use at landscape level, but may not be harmful at species level since green fallow has some positive effects, especially on the densities and abundance of farmland birds. Instead, the decrease in bovine animals is likely to run down biological diversity, since it simplifies crop rotation and diminishes grazing.;
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]On diversity effects of alternative agricultural policy reforms in Finland / an agricultural sector modelling approach
2004
Miettinen, Antti | Lehtonen, Heikki | Hietala-Koivu, Reija
Spatial evaluation of LISEM in an agricultural catchment on Fiji
2004
Lippe, E. van der
Chlorothalonil Degradation under Anaerobic Conditions in an Agricultural Tropical Soil 全文
2004
Carlo-Rojas, Zarhelia | Bello Mendoza, Ricardo | Salvador Figueroa, Miguel | Sokolov, Mikhail Y.
Chlorothalonil, a halogenated benzonitrile compound, is one of the most widely used fungicides in the world. Anaerobic microcosm assays were established to evaluate the combined effect of the initial content of carbon (6.3, 9.45 and 12.6 mg g⁻¹), nitrogen (0.6, 1.8 and 3 mg g⁻¹)and chlorothalonil (432, 865 and 1298 ηg g⁻¹) on the biodegradation of this fungicide by microbiota from an agricultural tropical soil. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used and chlorothalonil depletion was followed by HPLC with UV detection. The initial carbon content and fungicide dose were found to have a significant effect on removal efficiency. After 25 days of incubation, a high chlorothalonil depletion was observed in all biologically active microcosms (56–95%) although abiotic loss in a sterile blank was also notable (37%). The results suggest a high potential for chlorothalonil biodegradation under anaerobic conditions by indigenous microbial communities from soil that has been continuously exposed to high doses of the fungicide.
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