As one of the important sources of human nutrition, Brassicaceae vegetables are widely grown worldwide. Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) seriously affects the quality and yield of Brassicaceae vegetables. Therefore, it is important to study control methods of Xcc for Brassicaceae vegetable production. This paper reviews the physical, chemical, and biological control methods of Xcc in Brassicaceae vegetables developed in recent years, and the underlying mechanisms of control methods are also discussed. Based on our current knowledge, future research directions for Xcc control are also proposed. This review also provides a reference basis for the control of Xcc in the field cultivation of Brassicaceae vegetables.

Brassicaceae crops, including Brassica, Camelina and Raphanus species, are among the most economically important crops globally: however, their production is affected by several diseases. To predict cloned disease resistance (R) gene homologs (CDRHs), we used the protein sequences of 49 cloned R genes against fungal and bacterial diseases in Brassicaceae species. In this study, using 20 Brassicaceae genomes (17 wild and 3 domesticated species), 3172 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (2062 nucleotide binding-site leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), 497 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 613 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) were identified. CDRH clusters were also observed in Arabis alpina, Camelina sativa and Cardamine hirsuta with assigned chromosomes, consisting of 62 homogeneous (38 NLR, 17 RLK and 7 RLP clusters) and 10 heterogeneous RGA clusters. This study highlights the prevalence of CDRHs in the wild relatives of the Brassicaceae family, which may lay the foundation for rapid identification of functional genes and genomics-assisted breeding to develop improved disease-resistant Brassicaceae crop cultivars.

Brassicaceae crops, including <i>Brassica</i>, <i>Camelina</i> and <i>Raphanus</i> species, are among the most economically important crops globally; however, their production is affected by several diseases. To predict cloned disease resistance (<i>R</i>) gene homologs (CDRHs), we used the protein sequences of 49 cloned <i>R</i> genes against fungal and bacterial diseases in Brassicaceae species. In this study, using 20 Brassicaceae genomes (17 wild and 3 domesticated species), 3172 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (2062 nucleotide binding-site leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), 497 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 613 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) were identified. CDRH clusters were also observed in <i>Arabis alpina</i>, <i>Camelina sativa</i> and <i>Cardamine hirsuta</i> with assigned chromosomes, consisting of 62 homogeneous (38 NLR, 17 RLK and 7 RLP clusters) and 10 heterogeneous RGA clusters. This study highlights the prevalence of CDRHs in the wild relatives of the Brassicaceae family, which may lay the foundation for rapid identification of functional genes and genomics-assisted breeding to develop improved disease-resistant Brassicaceae crop cultivars.

Sugar plays an important role in regulating the flowering of plants. However, studies of genes related to flowering regulation by the sugar pathway of Brassicaceae plants are scarce. In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparative genomics analysis of the flowering genes in the sugar pathway from seven members of the Brassicaceae, including: Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis lyrata, Astelia pumila, Camelina sativa, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica rapa. We identified 105 flowering genes in the sugar pathway of these plants, and they were categorized into nine groups. Protein domain analysis demonstrated that the IDD8 showed striking structural variations in different Brassicaceae species. Selection pressure analysis revealed that sugar pathway genes related to flowering were subjected to strong purifying selection. Collinearity analysis showed that the identified flowering genes expanded to varying degrees, but SUS4 was absent from the genomes of Astelia pumila, Camelina sativa, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica rapa. Tissue-specific expression of ApADG indicated functional differentiation. To sum up, genome-wide identification revealed the expansion, contraction, and diversity of flowering genes in the sugar pathway during Brassicaceae evolution. This study lays a foundation for further study on the evolutionary characteristics and potential biological functions of flowering genes in the sugar pathway of Brassicaceae.

The Brassicaceae family constitutes some of the most well-studied natural products in the world, due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and pro-regenerative properties as well as their ubiquitous distribution across the world. To evaluate the potential efficacy of the Brassicaceae family in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders and wounds, based on preclinical evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, using a structured search on the PubMed-Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science platforms. The studies included were those that used murine models and in vitro studies to investigate the effect of Brassicaceae on skin disorders. Bias analysis and methodological quality assessments were examined through SYRCLE’s RoB tool. Brassicaceae have shown positive impacts on inflammatory regulation of the skin, accelerating the wound healing process, and inhibiting the development of edema. The studies showed that the Brassicaceae family has antioxidant activity and effects on the modulation of cyclooxygenase 2 and the nuclear factor kappa β (NFκβ) pathway. The secondary metabolites present in Brassicas are polyphenols (68.75%; n = 11), terpenes/carotenoids (31.25%; n = 5), and glycosylates (25%; n = 4), which are responsible for their anti-inflammatory, healing, and antioxidant effects. In addition, the current evidence is reliable because the bias analysis showed a low risk of bias. Our review indicates that compounds derived from Brassicaceae present exceptional potential to treat inflammatory skin diseases and accelerate cutaneous wound healing. We hope that our critical analysis can help to expedite clinical research and to reduce methodological bias, thereby improving the quality of evidence in future research. The registration number on the Prospero platform is CRD42021262953.

<i>Brassica napus</i> is an important oil source. Its narrow gene pool can be widened by interspecific hybridization with the Brassicaceae species. One of the agronomically important traits, that can be transferred through the hybridization, is the resistance to blackleg, a dangerous disease mainly caused by <i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i>. Hybrid individuals can be analyzed with various molecular markers, including Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). We investigated the genetic similarity of 32 Brassicaceae hybrids and 19 parental components using SSR markers to reveal their genetic relationship. Furthermore, we compared the field resistance to blackleg of the interspecific progenies. The tested set of 15 SSR markers proved to be useful in revealing the genetic distances in the Brassicaceae hybrids and species. However, genetic similarity of the studied hybrids could not be correlated with the level of field resistance to <i>L. maculans</i>. Moreover, our studies confirmed the usefulness of the Brassicaceae hybrids in terms of blackleg management.

Soil history operates through time to influence the structure and biodiversity of soil bacterial communities. Examining how different soil histories endure will help clarify the rules of bacterial community assembly. In this study, we established three different soil histories in field trials; the following year these plots were planted with five different Brassicaceae species. We hypothesized that the previously established soil histories would continue to structure the subsequent Brassicaceae bacterial root and rhizosphere communities. We used a MiSeq 16S rRNA metabarcoding strategy to determine the impact of different soil histories on the structure and biodiversity of the bacterial root and rhizosphere communities from the five different Brassicaceae host plants. We found that the Brassicaceae hosts were consistently significant factors in structuring the bacterial communities. Four host plants (Sinapis alba, Brassica napus, B. juncea, B. carinata) formed similar bacterial communities, regardless of different soil histories. Camelina sativa host plants structured phylogenetically distinct bacterial communities compared to the other hosts, particularly in their roots. Soil history established the previous year was only a significant factor for bacterial community structure when the feedback of the Brassicaceae host plants was weakened, potentially due to limited soil moisture during a dry year. Understanding how soil history is involved in the structure and biodiversity of bacterial communities through time is a limitation in microbial ecology and is required for employing microbiome technologies in improving agricultural systems.

Brassicaceae family includes an important group of plants of great scientific interest, e.g., the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and of economic interest, such as crops of the genus Brassica (Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, etc.). This group of plants is characterized by the synthesis and accumulation in their tissues of secondary metabolites called glucosinolates (GSLs), sulfur-containing compounds mainly involved in plant defense against pathogens and pests. Brassicaceae plants are among the 30% of plant species that cannot establish optimal associations with mycorrhizal hosts (together with other plant families such as Proteaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Caryophyllaceae), and GSLs could be involved in this evolutionary process of non-interaction. However, this group of plants can establish beneficial interactions with endophytic fungi, which requires a reduction of defensive responses by the host plant and/or an evasion, tolerance, or suppression of plant defenses by the fungus. Although much remains to be known about the mechanisms involved in the Brassicaceae-endophyte fungal interaction, several cases have been described, in which the fungi need to interfere with the GSL synthesis and hydrolysis in the host plant, or even directly degrade GSLs before they are hydrolyzed to antifungal isothiocyanates. Once the Brassicaceae-endophyte fungus symbiosis is formed, the host plant can obtain important benefits from an agricultural point of view, such as plant growth promotion and increase in yield and quality, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, and direct and indirect control of plant pests and diseases. This review compiles the studies on the interaction between endophytic fungi and Brassicaceae plants, discussing the mechanisms involved in the success of the symbiosis, together with the benefits obtained by these plants. Due to their unique characteristics, the family Brassicaceae can be seen as a fruitful source of novel beneficial endophytes with applications to crops, as well as to generate new models of study that allow us to better understand the interactions of these amazing fungi with plants.

Brassicaceae are known to contain compounds that are biofumigants. This study aimed to determine the effect of Brassicaceae waste application on soil nematode community. Broccoli leaves and stems (Brassica oleracea var. italic), cabbage leaves and stems (B. oleracea var. capitate), kailan stems (B. oleracea var. alboglabra), radish leaves (Raphanus sativus), and leaves of kamanilan weed (Rorippa indica) were tested in this study. The total glucosinolate content of Brassicaceae waste was estimated using the palladium method with a modified spectrophotometer. The experiment was carried out in polybags containing 500 grams of soil-infested nematodes. Brassicaceae waste (15 grams/polybag) was chopped and mixed into the soil, watered, and polybags were tightly closed for 14 days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and five replications. The results of the total glucosinolate analysis showed that broccoli, radish, and kamanilan leaves fall into the high category (144.7-185.2 µmol/g); cabbage leaves, cabbage stems, and kailan stems fall into the medium category (52.0-56.0 µmol/g); and broccoli stems fall into the low category (35.4 µmol/g). There was no correlation between total glucosinolate contents and their effect on suppressing soil nematode communities at the applied effluent dose. The population of bacterivorous nematodes increased in each waste treatment, especially in kamanilan leaf treatment (R. indica) which reached 13,008 individuals. These results indicate that kamanilan weed has good potential to improve soil health. The treatment of Brassicaceae waste against soil nematode communities showed a low diversity index, an uneven evenness index, and a high dominance index.

Doubled haploid (DH) technology based on in vivo haploid induction (HI), which is used to obtain true-breeding lines within a single generation, is a technique that significantly increases modern crop-breeding efficiency. Recently, dicot Arabidopsis thaliana lines containing mutations in DMP8/9 were used as haploid inducer lines, but the use of this new HI mechanism is limited in Brassicaceae species, which include many important vegetable, oil, and fodder crops. Here, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of the DMP8 and DMP9 homologous genes from 26 sequenced Brassicaceae species. We found that DMP8 only exists in the tribe Arabideae, while multiple copies of the DMP9 gene are presenting in all the investigated Brassicaceae species. The syntenic DMP9 genes were divided into two groups derived from the S genomic block and R genomic block, respectively. We further investigated the duplication, structure variations, and expression of the DMP9 genes in Brassica species that had undergone an extra whole-genome triplication. Our results revealed that DMP9 was lost in the most fractionated (MF2) subgenome, and the retained DMP9s in the least fractionated (LF) subgenome and medium fractionated (MF1) subgenome showed diversified expression patterns, indicating their functional diversification. Our results will be useful for obtaining the target DMP genes for the establishing of HI lines in Brassicaceae crops.