Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were tested for their effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Among the test microorganisms, the growth of three yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kloeckera apiculata, Cryptococcus hungaricus), three bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei, Escherichia coli) and two molds (Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium sp.) was progressively decreased as concentrations of BHA were increased. A. oryzae was completely inhibited with 100ppm of BHA and a majority of the test microorganisms (S. cerevisiae, K. apiculata, C. hungaricus, B. subtilis, A. oryzae) were completely inhibited by 150 ppm of BHA. The growths of L. casei, E. coli and Penicillium sp. were not affected as much as those of other microorganisms by BHA. Final cell yields were becoming lower as the concentration of BHA increased. The growth of C. hungaricus and L. cas0743ei was slightly inhibited by BHT. Other microorganisms were not affected by the test concentrations of

A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to find out the distribution, enumeration and identification of soil microorganisms and antibiotic producing soil microorganisms on the different soil parent materials. The total number of bacteria and actionomycetes were high in dorite soil and fungi was predominant in the red-shale soil. Among the different parent material, the highest population of antibiotic producing microorganisms were obtained in lime-stone soil

The purpose of this study was to research the microbiological quality of the raw cow's milk, that is produced in the farm of the Agricultural College of Athens. From June 1984 until May 1985, 20 samples were examined. The results are the following: (1). 15% of the samples, were of a high standard (category A), 45% were of a low standard (category C) and the rest of the samples was of an intermediate standard (category B). Consequently this raw cow's milk was regarded to be of an intermediate quality. Also, positive correlation was found between total count of microorganisms and the test of Methylene blue. (2). The percentage of the lactic acid microorganisms was at least 45% of the total count. The microorganisms of this group that were identified were the following: Leuconostoc lactis, Leuc. dextranicum, Streptococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lact. acidophilus, Lact. casei subsp. rhamnosus and Lact. delbrueckii. (3). The coliform count was quite significant. About half of the samples contained more than 10.000 coliforms per ml. This fact shows that the milk was contaminated from faeces, water, mud e.t.c. The microorganisms that were identified were the following: Klebsiella sp. Serratia sp. Enterobacter sp and Shigella. (4). The percentage of the non-lactic acid streptococci was about 5% of the total count. The microorganisms of this group that were identified were Streptococcus faecium and Str. faecalis, which occur along with starter organisms. (5). The following psychrotrophic microorganisms were also identifield: Pseudomonas vesicularis, Chromobacterium violaceum, Flavobacterium sp. Alcaligenes faecalis. (6). A very small number of yeast was found and no spore forming microorganisms were found.

Two ruminally cannulated cows were fed a diet containing 65% alfalfa haylage and 35% concentrate every 12 h. During two collection periods, whole ruminal contents were sampled before feeding, when feed not eaten was removed (1 h after initiation of feeding) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after removal. At each sampling, fluid-associated microorganisms were obtained by straining whole ruminal contents through eight layers of cheesecloth. A portion of the particle-associated population was obtained by chilling squeezed particles before seven successive extractions with saline solution. Microbial ash concentrations ranged from 9.9 to 16.6% of dry matter, with differences due to population (P less than .01) and to time after feeding for both fluid- (P less than .05) and particle-associated (P less than .01) microorganisms. Within 1 h after initiation of feeding, N decreased (P less than .05) from a pre-feeding concentration of 9.5% of organic matter to 7.7% for fluid-associated microorganisms, and from 9.2 to 6.7% for particle-associated microorganisms. Both populations did not return to pre-feeding concentrations until 6 h after feed removal. Nucleic acid concentrations decreased (P less than .05) in both populations after feeding, and did not return to pre-feeding concentrations until 6 h for fluid-associated and 4 h for particle-associated microorganisms. Nucleic acid-to-N ratios were higher (P less than .01) in the fluid- than particle-associated organisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

An authoritative technical review summarizes and discusss current knowledge and perceptions of how various ecological factors affect microbial strains colonizing gastrointestinal (GI) habitats relative to the biocontrol of intestinal pathogens in animals. Three aspects of the microbial ecology of the GI tract are discussed (viz.: potential microbial habitats in the GI tract; indigenous microorganisms colonizing given a given GI habitat ("climax communities"); and the succession of microbial climax communities. Allogenic environmental factors and autogenic factors believed to influence indigenous GI tract microorganisms are discussed in detail. Major factors functioning in the biocontrol of bacterial enteropathogens in the GI canal also are outlined.(wz)