通过供试的18种药剂对铁皮石斛黑斑病菌体外抑制作用测试结果表明，除克菌特外，所有药剂对其孢子萌发都有显著的抑制作用，其中代森锰锌、易保、代森锌和炭疽福美可完全抑制孢子萌发，霉克特、扑海英、使百克、新太生、甲基托布津和世高对孢子萌发有较强烈的抑制作用。与对照比较，克菌特促进孢子萌发率高于对照_23.34%，_克菌特和庄园乐都能促进芽管生长。18种药剂对石斛黑斑病菌菌丝体的抑制作用测定结果显示，所有药剂对菌丝生长都有显著的抑制作用，其中使百克和世高对菌丝体抑制效果最好，抑菌率都达91.28%，其次是施佳乐、福星和扑海英. | Eighteen fungicides were tested in vitro for efficacy against the black spot disease of Dendrobium candidium._Tests on conidial germination showed that all fungicides except bitertannol were effective, while mancozeb、mancozeb-famoxadone、zineb and thiram-ziram were the most effective inhibitors which completely inhibited conidial germination, followed by dimethomorph_macozeb、iprodone、prochloraz、xintaisheng、thiophanatemethyl and difenoconazoie. However, bitertannol promoted the percentage of conidial germination by 23.34% more than control, whereas both of them and zhuangleyuan (mixed amino acids-Cu-Zn-Mn-Mg)　promoted mycelial growth.The tests on mycelial inhibition demonstrated that all eighteen fungicides could significantly inhibit mycelial growth, while prochloraz and difenoconazoie proved to be the most effective fungicides, with their inhibitory rates up to 91.28%，followed by primethanil、flusilazoie and iprodone.The results revealed that the efficacy of different fungicides on _A .tenussima_ at different stages is different in the laboratory.

The aim of this study was to evaluate an efficacy about activation on macrophage, using model that measured cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on Raw 264.7 cells following treatment of Germanium-fortified Yeast in 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 ㎍/ml and the same concentration of dried yeast without germanium. Cell viability (%) and NO produced in activated-macrophage were dose-dependant, a significant increase of the cell viability (132.5%) and NO in 10 ㎍/ml (p less than 0.05).

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Malathion 50, quinalphos 1.50, methl parathion 20 and fenvalerate 0.40 each at 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 g/kg seed proved better than endosulfan 40 and carbaryl 50 in protecting the seed from natural infestation of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) (Oermestidae : Coleoptera) during storage. Carbaryl 50 was found to be least effective against T.granarium (Everts) during wheat seed storage. However, all the treatments of insecticidal dusts were significantly superior as compared to control.

Greenhouse experiments were performed to determine the effect of dew period temperature and duration, plant growth stage, conidial concentration, and the addition of adjuvants on the bioherbicidal efficacy of Phomopsis amaranthicola on Amaranthus spp., using Amaranthus hybridus as test plant. P. amaranthicola infected A. hybridus at 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C but the disease level achieved at 20 degrees C may not be sufficient to cause high plant mortality. Plant mortality was also significantly lower in plants that were exposed to 4 h of dew. Plants at less than two- to two- to four-leaf stage were more easily killed than older plants, and increasing conidial concentration from 10(5) to 10(6) or 10(7) conidia ml(-1) did not result in higher mortality levels. Among the adjuvants tested, polyalkyleneoxide-modified heptamethyltrisiloxane, algal polysaccharide, hyrdroxyethyl cellulose, and octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol reduced conidial germination. Conidia applied with invert emulsion caused the highest plant mortality (74%) but invert emulsion alone caused 33% plant death due to phytotoxicity. Results indicate that P. amaranthicola can infect and kill Amaranthus spp. under a range of temperature, dew period, and inoculum levels and, therefore, has good potential as a bioherbicide agent.

The studies on efficacy of pesticides and bio-pesticides in controlling jassid and cutworm on sugarbeet crop were conducted Lorsban, Bio-Neem oil and Neem powder were sprayed twice. The pretreatment counts of the pest were recorded one day before spray. The post-treatment observations were taken after 24, 72 hours, one week and two weeks. In first spray against jassid, Lorsban was most effective insecticide and showed highest mortality (93.42) followed by Bio-Neem oil (79.16) and Neem powder (78.56). In the first spray against cutworm Lorsban has showed highest reduction percentage (86.00) and followed by Neem powder (66.35) and Bio-Neem oil (56.56). In second spray again Lorsban has showed good knockdown of jassid (92.72) followed by Neem powder (54.90) and Bio-Neem oil (50.95). In Second spray against cutworm, the highest reduction percentage was observed in Lorsban (98.69) followed by Bio-Neem oil (81.4) and Neem powder (70.84). It was concluded that jassid and cutworm were the most serious insect pests on sugarbeet crop. The chemical Lorsban 40 EC was the most effective pesticide on sugarbeet jassid and cutworm by showing reduction percentage 93.07 and 92. 345 respectively. After Lorsban 40EC, Bio-Neem oil was more effective on cutworm followed by jassid; but Neem powder was more effective on jassid followed by cutworm.

This experiment was carried out during winter seasons (2003-04 and 2004-05) at Shambat Research Station Farm to evaluate the efficacy of five insecticides viz. Marchal (carobsulfan) 25% EC, Deltatof (deltamethrin) 2.5% EC, Evisect (thiacyclam) 50% SP, Pegasus (difenthiuron) 50% SC and Actara (thiamethoxam) 25% WG against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Marshal at 75 g a.i./fed, 100 g a.i. /fed. and 125 g a.i./fed. effectively controlled aphid compared to Deltatof and Evisect in the first season and Pegasus in the second season. Moreover, the performance of Marchal at 100 and 125 g a.i./fed. was comparable to Actara (Standard) against aphids and significantly increased marketable yield of potato compared with other tested insecticides and the untreated check. In the untreated control marketable yield was significantly reduced and the percentage of unmarketable yield was increased

Twenty-eight potential biocontrol organisms were tested for efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani on potato in a series of greenhouse trials. Organisms tested consisted of field isolates of Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., and Rhizoctonia zeae; known biocontrol isolates including Laetisaria arvalis, Verticillium biguttatum, Cladorrhinum foecundissimum, and Stilbella aciculosa; and commercial products of Bacillus subtilis (Kodiak), Trichoderma virens (SoilGard), and T. harzianum (RootShield). Different formulations and rates of several fungal isolates and the efficacy of combinations of effective antagonists were also investigated. None of the treatments, including a chemical control (azoxystrobin), effectively controlled stem canker and black scurf in all trials. However, B. subtilis GB03, R. zeae LRNE17E, S. aciculosa 112-B, and the chemical control were most effective in reducing stem canker severity (40-49% reduction) relative to the infested controls over all trials. L. arvalis ZH-1, R. zeae LRNE17E, and the chemical control reduced black scurf severity 54-60% relative to the infested control. Other treatments also significantly reduced stem canker and black scurf, however they were slightly less effective. Biocontrol amendment rate was not correlated with disease control, although the higher rates usually provided the best control. One combination of biocontrol organisms, B. subtilis and T. virens, demonstrated somewhat better control of stem canker than each organism alone, suggesting that this approach may provide improved biocontrol efficacy.

To determine the bioefficacy of cotton seed oil and neem oil to control cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii a trial was conducted during 2002-2003 in Cotton Research Station of Hashemabad (Gorgan) in Golestan province. The design was as Rondomized Complet Block . The treatments were: cotton seed oil 3% , neem oil 2.5 %, cotton seed oil 3% + detergent 1%, cotton seed oil 3% + detergent 1%, detergent 1% alone, pimetrozin 1kg/ha ( chemical insecticide) and check( without any aphid control),4 replications were considered for the expriment. In 2002 samplings were done 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after treatments with selecting 10 plants randomly from each plots and counting the number of aphids on leaves of 3, 5 and 7 from top . The check was used only for correcting of mortality in other treatments. The results indicated that the efficacy 0f cotton seed oil, neem oil, pimetrozin and detergent were 22.85-47.75 ,18.48-47.22 ,21.75- 67.65 and 21.10-51.25 percent respectively . The result of this year is not reliable because a drastically reduction on aphid number was observed in check after treatments due to the repplency effect of oils from neighboring plots. In 2003 an improvement was taken place in the trial, so in addition to samplings after treatment a sampling was done one day before treatment and the rate of mortality of A.gossypii determined by comparison of aphids number before and after treatment. The results of this year showed that, cotton seed oil 3%, neem oil 2.5 %, pimetrozin 1 kg/ha and detergent 1% had efficacy as 80.05-95.02, 75.43-92.67, 70.75-93.32 and 77.17-90.67 percent respectively. This result is recommendable. Overall it is concluded that if there is not any limiting factor for providing botanical oils neem or cotton seed oils could be implemented in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of insect pests including A.gossypii.