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Effects of Neospora caninum on reproductive performance and the efficacy of treatment with a combination of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim and toltrazuril: a longitudinal field study 全文
2014
H.E. Canatan | I.M. Polat | R. Bayramoglu | S. Kuplulu | M.R. Vural | E. Aktug
This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Neospora caninum, the effect of infection on abortion and fertility parameters and the efficacy and outcomes with combination treatment in a dairy farm with high abortion rates and low fertility parameters. Four hundred and eighty-six cows were tested using the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The seroprevalence of N. caninum was 19%. Sulphadiazine-trimethoprim and toltrazuril were administered to the seropositive animals. The risk of abortion increased 19-fold in animals infected with N. caninum (P < 0.05), and N. caninum-induced abortions occurred more often between the fourth and the sixth months of gestation. N. caninum infection also had an adverse influence on the number of inseminations to conception (P < 0.05) and calving to conception interval (P < 0.05). The treatment protocol improved the fertility parameters. Although, it is not a radical approach, this combination therapy may be recommended as the primary treatment in neosporosis.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Effects of application terms of three soil active herbicides on herbicide efficacy and reproductive ability for weeds in maize 全文
2014
J. Andr | V. Hejnák | M. Jursík | V. Fendrychová
The aim of this work was to compare herbicide efficacy and reduction of weed reproduction after the application of three frequently used soil residual herbicides during pre-emergent (PRE) and early post-emergent (EPOST) application in maize. Plot field trials were carried out in Central Bohemia during two growing seasons (2010 and 2011). Good efficacy (88%, resp. 83%) was found in isoxaflutole + thiencarbazone (ISF + THC) and terbuthylazin + S-metolachlor (TBA + SMC) on Echinochloa crus-galli, especially in PRE application use. Efficacy on Amaranthus retroflexus was 91% at both tested application periods and there were no significant differences between experimental years. Significant differences in A. retroflexus control were recorded among all tested herbicides (ISF + THC > TBA + SMC > pendimethalin (PEM) + dimethenamid (DMA)). No significant differences between PRE and EPOST were recorded in efficacy on Chenopodium album. Significant differences in efficacy on C. album were recorded among all tested herbicides (ISF + THC > TBA + SMC > PEM + DMA). Mercurialis annua was the most tolerant tested weed, which was significantly better controlled at EPOST herbicide application (73%) compared to PRE application (32%). TBA + SMC showed a significantly higher efficacy on M. annua compared with other tested herbicides. Seed production of all tested weeds was strongly effected by weather conditions, which were significant during 2011, when there was higher than average precipitation during May and June. The most seeds were produced by A. retroflexus > C. album > E. crus-galli > M. annua. ISF + THC best reduced seed production of E. crus-galli, A. retroflexus and C. album, especially when applied at PRE. TBA + SMC best reduced seed production of M. annua. Weed competition on untreated control plots caused yield loss by 90%and 47% in 2011 and 2012, respectively, compared to treatments with the highest yield (ISF + THC).
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Requirements on efficacy of herbal medicinal products 全文
2014
Claeson, Per
Based on the regulatory requirements on efficacy documentation in the European Union, the herbal medicinal products have been grouped into the following sections:(i)Herbal medicinal products for which the efficacy is demonstrated by results of a ‘full’ set of clinical trials that are in conformity with the relevant guidelines of the therapeutic area in question. This regulatory pathway to obtain a marketing authorisation for a new medicinal product (new chemical entity) is open to herbal medicinal products, but the examples are in reality few.(ii)Herbal medicinal products which have a ‘well-established medicinal use with a recognised efficacy and an acceptable level of safety’ in the European Union. Results of new and product specific clinical trials are not required to obtain a marketing authorisation for products that fulfil these criteria, but a substantial clinical experience must be documented and sufficient scientific data on efficacy must be publicly available.(iii)‘Traditional’ herbal medicinal products, that do not fulfil the efficacy requirements for a marketing authorisation, but for which a medicinal use of at least 30 years including 15 years in the European Union can be documented. Traditional herbal medicinal products can only be registered with therapeutic indications that are considered safe for use without the supervision of a physician.After briefly reviewing the regulatory requirements on efficacy documentation of herbal medicinal products in the European Union, some concluding remarks on the past and future developments in the area are made.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Efficacy of cyazypyr on plant hoppers infesting rice
2014
Rath, L.K.
Efficacy of various lactobacillus strains on broiler production 全文
2014
SENANI, S | SAHA, S K | PADHI, M K | RAI, R B
Efficacy of various lactobacillus strains on broiler production 全文
2014
SENANI, S | SAHA, S K | PADHI, M K | RAI, R B
EFFICACY OF BIODYNAMIC COMPOST APPLICATION ON PRODUCTION OF RICE 全文
2014
Singh, FATEH | KUMAR, RAVINDRA | PAL, SAMIR | KUMAR, PRAMOD
A field experiment was conducted for six crop seasons in same layout beginning with wheat (Rabi 2001-02) at Research Station, Kalai, Aligarh of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The experiment was conducted in RBD with four replications having nine treatments. It may be concluded that use chemical fertilizers along with biodynamic compost and biofertilizer are more beneficial in improving soil fertility and productivity of rice- and biofertilizers is more beneficial in improving soil fertility and productivity of rice-wheat cropping system. In view of the information generated on the system there appears to be a vast potential of augmenting production in alluvial soil. If renewable resources are scientifically and judiciously managed, the long-term sustainability of production can inevitably be ensured.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Pathway to Political Participation 全文
2014
Moeller, Judith | de Vreese, Claes | Esser, Frank | Kunz, Ruth
News media play a key role in informing young citizens about politics and cultivating a sense of political efficacy. Online news media, in particular, are expected to have a positive impact due to their interactivity and new opportunities to share and discuss information. This study analyzes the impact of online and offline news media use on the growth in internal efficacy among adolescents, based on data we collected in a three-wave panel survey in the Netherlands (N = 729). Additionally, we test the impact of internal efficacy on turnout using a fourth wave of the same sample (N = 612). The results show that while newspaper reading has the strongest effects among traditional news sources, actively participating in the communication process of political information online has the strongest impact on internal efficacy. Internal efficacy in turn is found to be a significant predictor of first-time voters. The article concludes with a discussion of media use as a pathway to political participation through internal political efficacy.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]The Influence of Delivery Vectors on HIV Vaccine Efficacy 全文
2014
Beatrice Omusiro Ondondo
Development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine remains a big challenge, largely due to the enormous HIV diversity which propels immune escape. Thus novel vaccine strategies are targeting multiple variants of conserved antibody and T cell epitopic regions which would incur a huge fitness cost to the virus in the event of mutational escape. Besides immunogen design, the delivery modality is critical for vaccine potency and efficacy, and should be carefully selected in order to not only maximise transgene expression, but to also enhance the immuno-stimulatory potential to activate innate and adaptive immune systems. To date, five HIV vaccine candidates have been evaluated for efficacy and protection from acquisition was only achieved in a small proportion of vaccinees in the RV144 study which used a canarypox vector for delivery. Conversely, in the STEP study (HVTN 502) where human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) was used, strong immune responses were induced but vaccination was more associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition than protection in vaccinees with pre-existing Ad5 immunity. The possibility that pre-existing immunity to a highly promising delivery vector may alter the natural course of HIV to increase acquisition risk is quite worrisome and a huge setback for HIV vaccine development. Thus, HIV vaccine development efforts are now geared towards delivery platforms which attain superior immunogenicity while concurrently limiting potential catastrophic effects likely to arise from pre-existing immunity or vector-related immuno-modulation. However, it still remains unclear whether it is poor immunogenicity of HIV antigens or substandard immunological potency of the safer delivery vectors that has limited the success of HIV vaccines. This article discusses some of the promising delivery vectors to be harnessed for improved HIV vaccine efficacy.
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