The nutrient content in dry matter of red clover depended first of all on time of harvest. The compared varieties, both di- and tetra-ploid, differed insignificantly as far as the contents of dry matter, total protein and crude fibre are concerned. The highest total protein yiels was obtained for tetraploid varieties

Nutrient and amino acid content was determined in nine wheat varieties, two triticale varieties, seven pea varieties and two horse bean varieties. The ratio of crude protein average content in the crops was as follows: wheat:triticale:pea:horse bean = 100:107:178:213. Crude protein digestibility was determined in vivo. In the cereals, the digestibility by pepsin and HCl was five times higher than in the legumes. The intestinal digestibility of crude cereal protein was ten times lower than that of legume protein. This is caused by the different "availability" of cereal proteins and leguminous proteins for digestion by pepsin and trypsin resulting mainly from differing amino acid contents in these feeds

Analysis performed on more than 60 samples of 10 different paddy varieties showed 21.33% of the rough rice comprised rice husk, while 13% of the husk constituted rice husk ash. The nutrient content of rice husk ash was 80.26% silica, 0.38% phosphorus, 1.28% potassium, 0.21% magnesium and 0.56% calcium. Statistically, nutrient composition is significantly influenced by varietal differences. As a potential material for fertilizer use, the estimates of total nutrient supplementation available from rice husk ash per annum are discussed.

Work carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute is briefly reviewed. The work concerned varieties, fertilizing, irrigation (including the use of sewage effluent), cutting stage and cutting height, production costing, and the nutrient content of the hay.

Work carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute is briefly reviewed. The work concerned varieties, fertilizing, irrigation (including the use of sewage effluent), cutting stage and cutting height, production costing, and the nutrient content of the hay.

Cotton plants have been developed that control the major lepidopteran insect pests of cotton by the stable introduction of a gene encoding an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. These plants provide season-long protection against cotton bollworm, tobacco budworm, and pink bollworm. An important component of the safety and product assessment of these lines was the comparison of the nutrient and antinutrient levels in the seed both to the parental variety and to published values for other commercial cotton varieties. Compositional equivalence confirms the appropriateness of these cotton lines for use in food and feed products. The insect-protected lines and the parental control were shown to contain levels of nutrients comparable to those of other commercial varieties. Nutrients included protein, fat, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, amino acids, and fatty acids. The levels of the antinutrients gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, and aflatoxin in the seed from the insect-protected lines were similar to or lower than the levels present in the parental variety and reported for other commercial varieties. These analyses demonstrate that seed from the insect-protected cotton lines is compositionally equivalent to and as nutritious as seed from the parental and other commercial cotton varieties.

Trinta e oito variedades de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva, pH 5,2, com concentrações normal e excessiva de Mn (6,0 mg/L). Com base no aspecto visual da parte aérea, as plantas submetidas ao excesso de Mn receberam nota. Avaliou-se também a redução, causada pelo Mn, da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Por meio de análise de agrupamento entre as variáveis redução relativa da produção da matéria seca total" e "nota atribuída", as variedades foram alocadas em quatro grupos quanto a tolerância ao Mn. Em 11 variedades representativas dos referidos grupos, determinaram-se os teores e os conteúdos de Mn na parte aérea e nas raízes. As variedades estudadas mostraram certo grau de sensibilidade e comportaram-se distintamente quanto à tolerância ao Mn em solução nutritiva, sendo assim distribuídas nos quatro grupos: tolerante (10,8%), medianamente tolerante (24,3%), mediamente sensível (27,0%) e sensível (37,9%). O sistema radicular das plantas foi afetado pelo Mn de maneira semelhante à parte aérea. O conteúdo de Mn na parte aérea das plantas submetidas ao excesso desse elemento apresentou correlação significativa com as variáveis utilizadas para avaliar seu efeito tóxico, evidenciando que as variedades de maior tolerância acumularam mais Mn na parte aérea. | Thirty-eight bean varietíes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were cultivated in nutrient solution, pH 5.2, with normal and excessive (6,0 mg/L) concentrations of manganese (Mn). Plants treated with excess Mn were graded according to the visual aspect of the shoot. The reduction of root and shoot production was also evaluated. Through cluster analysis of the variables "relative reduction of total dry matter weight" and "attributed grade", the varieties were alloted in four groups, according to their Mn tolerance. The content and absorbed quantity of Mn in the roots and shoot of 11 varietics were determined. The varieties showed different sensibility and behavior to Mn tolerance in nutrient solution, being classified in 4 groups: tolerant (10.8%), partially tolerant (24.3%), partially sensitive (27.0%), and sensitive (37.9%). The root and the shoot were similarly affected by Mn. The absorbed quantity of Mn in the shoot treated with excess of this element presented significant correlation with the variables used to evaluate its toxic effect, indicating that the varieties showing more tolerance accumulated more Mn in their shoot.

The response of pepper varieties to Egyptian broomrape and nodding broomrape was characterized in comparison with tomatoes grown in pots and in aqueous solution, according to two criteria: 1. germination of the parasite's seeds in the presence of the host roots; and 2. the number of parasites per host plant. More than 50% of Egyptian broomrape seeds germinated in the presence of all pepper variety roots except the sweet pepper Maor. However, only a few attached and developed. The two paprika varieties Lehava and Shani were hosts to more parasites than the sweet pepper varieties, and showed as many as 15 parasites per host plant. In contrast, tomato roots induced less then 10% seed germination but were highly susceptible to the parasite (30 parasites per host plant). Damage caused to pepper foliage and fruit was not significant, compared to the heavy damage caused to tomato. Pepper roots stimulated germination of 22 to 26% of nodding broomrape seeds but without the formation of parasitic attachments, whereas tomato roots stimulated germination of less than 10% of the seeds but the plants were then heavily damaged by the parasite. Interplanting of tomato with pepper in nutrient solution did not change the amount of Egyptian broomrape parasites on pepper, but a fourfold increase in the number of nodding broomrape was observed on tomato roots, compared to the number of parasites on tomato roots when planted without pepper.

Fertilizers have played an important role in increased crop production, especially in cereal yields, and will continue to be a cornerstone of the science-based agriculture required to feed the expanding world population. Fertilizers replenish the nutrients removed from soils by harvested crops, encourage adoption of high-yielding varieties, and increase biomass in the nutrient-poor soils of the tropics. Bumb and Baanante trace fertilizer use until the 1990s as well as production and price trends. Finally they propose projected trends in use, requirements, and production. The authors conclude that, overall, a conducive and stable policy environment, including macroeconomic stability, price incentives, credit availability, efficient organizational arrangements, research and extension support, regulatory frameworks, and environmental monitoring, will be essential to promote environmentally friendly growth in fertilizer use and supply to 2020. | Non-PR | IFPRI1; 2020 | DGO

A study was undertaken to investigate the variability among lowland rice cultivars and the mode of gene action of aluminum (Al) toxicity tolerance in rice. Pregerminated seeds were grown in a nutrient solution containing 30 ppm Al and in normal nutrient solution, and relative root length (RRL) was determined at the 14-day-old stage to characterize genotypes for tolerance. Sixty-two traditional rice cultivars grown on lowland acid sulfate soil areas of Asia and West Africa were tested. Tolerant varieties 'Azucena', 'IRAT104', and 'Moroberekan', moderately sensitive 'IR29' and 'IR43', and sensitive 'IR45' and 'IR1552' were used to investigate the genetics of tolerance by diallel analysis. Of the 62 cultivars tested, only 3 were found to be sensitive to Al toxicity. Among the tolerant cultivars identified, 11 ('Siyam Kuning', 'Gudabang Putih', 'Siyam', 'Lemo', 'Khao Daeng', 'Siyamhalus', 'Bjm-12', 'Ketan', 'Seribu Gantang', 'Bayer Raden Rati', and 'Padi Kanji') were found to possess higher levels of tolerance than the improved tolerant upland cultivar 'IRAT104'. Diallel analysis revealed that high RRL is governed by both additive and dominance effects with a preponderance of additive effects. The trait exhibited partial dominance, and one group of genes was detected. Heritability was high, and environmental effects were low. Findings suggest that when breeding for Al toxicity tolerance, selection can be made in early generations. The pedigree method of breeding would be suitable. Combining ability analysis revealed the importance of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the genetics of Al toxicity tolerance in rice. GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parens 'Azucena', 'IRAT104', and 'Moroberekan' were the best general combiners. The presence of reciprocal effects among crosses suggested the proper choice of parents in hybridization programs. Results indicated that 'Azucena', 'IRAT 104', and 'Moroberekan' should be used as the female in crosses for Al toxicity tolerance.