The objective of the research was to study the nutrition uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,) and the grain production of five rice varieties representing modern, new plant type and local varieties under application of inorganic, organic and combined inorganic-organic fertilization. Five rice varieties were Way Apoburu and IR-64 (modern varieties), Midun and Sarinah (local varieties from Sukabumi and Garut, respectively), and Fatmawati (new plant type variety). Five fertilizer treatments were (1) full recommendation dosage of inorganic fertilizer (250 kg urea/ha, 100 kg SP-36/ha, and 100 kg KCl/ha), (2) ¼ recommendation dose of inorganic fertilizer + rice straw, (3) ½ recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + rice straw, (4) rice straw, and (5) green manure from Crotalaria juncea biomass. The results showed that there was no specific response of rice varieties to the fertilization treatments, even though there was specific nutrient uptake pattern and yield of each variety, and there was significant effect of fertilizer treatment to nutrient uptake and rice yield. Nutrient uptake and grain yield indicated that nutrient imobilisation occurred at 1stseason, however the availability of N, P, K nutrients increased at 2nd and 3rdseason on rice straw and green manure treatments. Rice straw application caused lower nutrient uptake and grain yield than full dosage inorganic fertilizer at 1st season but both were not significantly different at 2nd and 3rdseason. Application of rice straw with ½ dosage of inorganic fertilizers was not significantly different from full dosage of inorganic fertilizers in nutrient uptake and grain yield. Modern varieties showed higher level of N absorption than that of new type variety although it was not significantly different with that of local varieties, whereas the P and K uptake of modern varieties was lower than that of local and new plant type varieties. The modern varieties also showed higher level of dry grain per hill than that of local and new plant type varieties. However yield per ha of all varieties tended to be similar.

The objective of the research was to study the nutrition uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,) and the grain production of five rice varieties representing modern, new plant type and local varieties under application of inorganic, organic and combined inorganic-organic fertilization. Five rice varieties were Way Apoburu and IR-64 (modern varieties), Midun and Sarinah (local varieties from Sukabumi and Garut, respectively), and Fatmawati (new plant type variety). Five fertilizer treatments were (1) full recommendation dosage of inorganic fertilizer (250 kg urea/ha, 100 kg SP-36/ha, and 100 kg KCl/ha), (2) ¼ recommendation dose of inorganic fertilizer + rice straw, (3) ½ recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + rice straw, (4) rice straw, and (5) green manure from Crotalaria juncea biomass. The results showed that there was no specific response of rice varieties to the fertilization treatments, even though there was specific nutrient uptake pattern and yield of each variety, and there was significant effect of fertilizer treatment to nutrient uptake and rice yield. Nutrient uptake and grain yield indicated that nutrient imobilisation occurred at 1stseason, however the availability of N, P, K nutrients increased at 2nd and 3rdseason on rice straw and green manure treatments. Rice straw application caused lower nutrient uptake and grain yield than full dosage inorganic fertilizer at 1st season but both were not significantly different at 2nd and 3rdseason. Application of rice straw with ½ dosage of inorganic fertilizers was not significantly different from full dosage of inorganic fertilizers in nutrient uptake and grain yield. Modern varieties showed higher level of N absorption than that of new type variety although it was not significantly different with that of local varieties, whereas the P and K uptake of modern varieties was lower than that of local and new plant type varieties. The modern varieties also showed higher level of dry grain per hill than that of local and new plant type varieties. However yield per ha of all varieties tended to be similar.

Purpose The aim of the investigation was to analyse physico-chemical characteristics, nutrient composition and consumer acceptability of wheat varieties grown under organic and inorganic farming conditions. Methods The seeds of five varieties of wheat (C-306, WH-283, WH-711, WH-896 and WH-912) grown under organic and inorganic farming conditions were ground in a Junior Mill to pass through 60-mesh sieves and were stored in air-tight containers until use. Standard methods were used to estimate the physico-chemical characteristics and nutrient composition. Consumer acceptability was studied by carrying out the organoleptic evaluation of wheat chapatis, a common item in diets of the Indian population. Findings The results of study revealed that inorganically grown wheat varieties had significantly higher 1,000-grain weight and more grain hardness as compared with organically grown wheat varieties, and a non-significant difference was observed in their gluten content, water absorption capacity and hydration capacity. On average, wheat varieties grown under inorganic conditions contained significantly higher protein and crude fibre content as compared with varieties grown under organic conditions. WH-711 variety had maximum protein content. Protein fractions (i.e. albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin) were significantly higher in varieties grown under inorganic conditions than those of varieties grown under organic conditions. The variety WH-711 had the highest total soluble sugars and variety WH-912 had the highest starch content. Phytic acid and polyphenol contents were significantly higher in inorganically grown wheat varieties as compared with organically grown wheat varieties. The wheat varieties grown under organic conditions had significantly higher protein and starch digestibility than the wheat grown under inorganic conditions. The data revealed that there were significant differences in total calcium and phosphorus contents of wheat varieties grown under organic and inorganic conditions. The extractability of phosphorus and magnesium was significantly higher in wheat varieties grown under inorganic conditions as compared with grown under organic conditions. A significant difference was observed for the total zinc content of wheat varieties grown under organic and inorganic conditions. The total copper and manganese contents were significantly higher in inorganically grown wheat varieties as compared with organically grown wheat varieties. The organoleptic evaluation of chapatti prepared from varieties WH-711 and WH-912 both grown under organic and inorganic conditions showed no significant difference in their sensory attributes for colour, appearance, flavour, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Research implications The nutrient composition of both organic and inorganic wheat varieties is comparable and protein digestibility is higher in wheat varieties grown under organic conditions. The people of North India, where wheat is a staple cereal, can therefore be encouraged to use organically grown wheat varieties as they are free from hazardous effects of synthetic pesticides/fertilizers.

Non-Peer Reviewed | Barley grains are as a main source of feed for ruminants in Canada. Although barley varieties have similar chemical composition, they exhibit different rumen degradation characteristics and nutrient availability. The objective of this study was to estimate nutrient availability of the six barley varieties using nylon bags incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in the rumen of dairy cow and determine the rumen degradation parameters of DM, CP and starch according to the first order degradation kinetics equation. The results indicated that the barley varieties showed different degradation rate (Kd) of DM, CP and starch during incubation period. CDC Trey was the highest (P<0.05) in effective degradability of DM (498.04g/kg) while AC Metcalfe showed the highest (P<0.05) effective degradability of CP (63.06g/kg) and starch (344.82g/kg) compared with other barley varieties. CDC Helgason had the largest size of rumen undegradable fraction of DM (640.21g/kg), CP (83.85g/kg, NRC 2001 model) and starch (321.85g/kg). Feeds degradation features from this study involved nutrients utilization in ruminant digestive systems. Further study to investigate and compare the structural/chemical make-up characteristics between barley varieties may provide more information as to why barley varieties exhibit different biodegradation behaviors.

This study examined the influence of different resistant starch (RS) varieties and conventional fibres on the efficiency of nutrient utilisation and intestinal fermentation in pigs. Thirty-six pigs (30 kg) were fed poultry meal-based diets supplemented with 10 % granular resistant corn starch (GCS), granular resistant potato starch (GPS), retrograded resistant corn starch (RCS), guar gum (GG) or cellulose for 36 d according to a completely randomised block design. Distal ileal and total tract recoveries were similar (P>0·05) among the RS varieties. Distal ileal starch recovery was higher (P < 0·05) in pigs consuming the RS diets (27-42 %) as compared with the control group (0·64 %). Consumption of GCS reduced (P < 0·05) apparent total tract digestibility and whole-body retention of crude protein in comparison with the control group. Consumption of GPS reduced (P < 0·05) total tract Ca digestibility and whole-body retention of Ca and P compared with the control group. However, consumption of RCS increased (P < 0·05) total tract Ca digestibility compared with the control group. Caecal butyrate concentration was increased (P < 0·05) following consumption of RCS and GG in comparison with the control group. Consumption of all the RS varieties reduced (P < 0·05) caecal indole concentrations compared with the control. Caecal butyrate concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0·05; r 0·63-0·83) with thermal properties among the RS varieties. We conclude that nutrient utilisation and intestinal fermentation are differentially affected by the consumption of different RS varieties and types of fibres. Thermal properties associated with different RS varieties may be useful markers for developing RS varieties with specific functionality.

The pattern is investigated of accumulating biologically active substances in apple fruit of the varieties under study during the vegetation and in the course of storing. The varieties, which did not lose fruit taste and nutrient qualities while storing thereof are isolated. | Вивчено характер нагромадження біологічно активних речовин у плодах яблуні досліджуваних сортів у процесі вегетації та протягом періоду зберігання. Виділені сорти, які під час зберігання не втратили смакові та поживні якості плодів.

Processing and cooking methods can greatly affect the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables including potatoes. In human nutrition potatoes before consumption are always prepared by several cooking methods and are one of the central components of warm meals. During treatment processes considerable changes in nutritional composition and nutritional quality of the product are induced. Hence the aim of the study was to determine the amount of basic nutrients (carbohydrate, fat and protein) as well as essential amino acids in five Latvian potato varieties prepared by the following heat treatment methods: baking in oven, shallow frying and deep fat frying and to compare the obtained results with recommended daily intake (RDI). Achieved results show significant differences in total carbohydrate amount within potato varieties (p=0.007) while within the type of heat treatments were no significance (p=0.065). Changes in fat content between heat treatment processes were considerable (p=0.000) whereas significance were discovered between control – pan fried, control – deep fat fried, baked in oven – pan fried, baked in oven – deep fat fried as well as pan fried – deep fat fried samples while no significance found among potato varieties (p=0.391). In protein amount neither within potato varieties nor between heat treatment processes significance was discovered, but the amount of essential amino acids significantly differs per each potato variety and type of heat treatment processes. Results on RDI per each nutrient group (fat, carbohydrates and protein) show significance on % RDI per each basic nutrient.

The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly in organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack of varieties adapted to organic conditions. Here, the needs for breeding are reviewed in the context of three major marketing types, global, regional, local, in European OA. Currently, the effort is determined, partly, by the outcomes from trials that compare varieties under OA and CA (conventional agriculture) conditions. The differences are sufficiently large and important to warrant an increase in appropriate breeding. The wide range of environments within OA and between years, underlines the need to try to select for specific adaptation in target environments. The difficulty of doing so can be helped by decentralised breeding with farmer participation and the use of crops buffered by variety mixtures or populations. Varieties for OA need efficient nutrient uptake and use and weed competition. These and other characters need to be considered in relation to the OA cropping system over the whole rotation. Positive interactions are needed, such as early crop vigour for nutrient uptake, weed competition and disease resistance. Incorporation of all characteristics into the crop can be helped by diversification within the crop, allowing complementation and compensation among plants. Although the problems of breeding cereals for organic farming systems are large, there is encouraging progress. This lies in applications of ecology to organic crop production, innovations in plant sciences, and the realisation that such progress is central to both OA and CA, because of climate change and the increasing costs of fossil fuels.

The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly in organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack of varieties adapted to organic conditions. Here, the needs for breeding are reviewed in the context of three major marketing types, global, regional, local, in European OA. Currently, the effort is determined, partly, by the outcomes from trials that compare varieties under OA and CA (conventional agriculture) conditions. The differences are sufficiently large and important to warrant an increase in appropriate breeding. The wide range of environments within OA and between years, underlines the need to try to select for specific adaptation in target environments. The difficulty of doing so can be helped by decentralised breeding with farmer participation and the use of crops buffered by variety mixtures or populations. Varieties for OA need efficient nutrient uptake and use and weed competition. These and other characters need to be considered in relation to the OA cropping system over the whole rotation. Positive interactions are needed, such as early crop vigour for nutrient uptake, weed competition and disease resistance. Incorporation of all characteristics into the crop can be helped by diversification within the crop, allowing complementation and compensation among plants. Although the problems of breeding cereals for organic farming systems are large, there is encouraging progress. This lies in applications of ecology to organic crop production, innovations in plant sciences, and the realisation that such progress is central to both OA and CA, because of climate change and the increasing costs of fossil fuels

The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly in organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack of varieties adapted to organic conditions. Here, the needs for breeding are reviewed in the context of three major marketing types, global, regional, local, in European OA. Currently, the effort is determined, partly, by the outcomes from trials that compare varieties under OA and CA (conventional agriculture) conditions. The differences are sufficiently large and important to warrant an increase in appropriate breeding. The wide range of environments within OA and between years, underlines the need to try to select for specific adaptation in target environments. The difficulty of doing so can be helped by decentralised breeding with farmer participation and the use of crops buffered by variety mixtures or populations. Varieties for OA need efficient nutrient uptake and use and weed competition. These and other characters need to be considered in relation to the OA cropping system over the whole rotation. Positive interactions are needed, such as early crop vigour for nutrient uptake, weedcompetition and disease resistance. Incorporation of all characteristics into the crop can be helped by diversification within the crop, allowing complementation and compensation among plants. Although the problems of breeding cereals for organic farming systems are large, there is encouraging progress. This lies in applications of ecology to organic crop production, innovations in plant sciences, and the realisation that such progress is central to both OA and CA, because of climate change and the increasing costs of fossil fuels.