The beneficial effects of boron, zinc and active dry yeast on yield and fruit quality of Zaghloul date palm grown at the Experimental Orchard, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt was studied during 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons. The experiment was set up in a complete randomized block design with ten replicates each of one bunch. All treatments were sprayed two times after fruit set and one month later. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: -       Boron, zinc and active dry yeast sprays significantly increased the fruit retention percentage and bunch weight compared to the untreated ones. Yeast application was more effective compared with boron or zinc application. -       Spraying either yeast, boron or zinc at any studied concentration was accompanied with improving fruit quality in terms of significant increase in fruit weight, total soluble solids and sugar contents. No significant differences were detected between spraying with yeast at 250 or 500 ppm, 500 or 1000 ppm zinc, as well as, boron at 1000 or 2000 ppm. Moreover, active dry yeast spraying revealed the highest improvement in palm yield and fruit quality. However, it can be concluded that spraying either boric acid, zinc sulphate or active dry yeast twice after fruit set and one month later increased the palm yield and improved the fruit quality of Zaghloul date palm. Meanwhile, using dry yeast as more effective than both boric acid and zinc sulphate.

The experiments were conducted at the farm of Al-Alamia located at Nubaria- Egypt, in plastic houses (6m x 45m) where solanaceous crops have been grown as monoculture, and aimed to evaluate the soil solarization in combination with benefit microorganisms for controlling the pepper soil borne pathogens and weeds under plastic-house condition. Supplementation of organic matter in plastic-houses resulted in noticeable increase in fungal, bacterial and nematode counts. However, the population densities of total fungi,Fusaria, total bacteria, spore former bacteria, actinomycetes and nematodes after 15 and 30 days in the solarized plastic-houses were drastically reduced as compared tonon solarized control soil. This reduction was gradually increased depended on the time of sampling (after 15 days of transparent polyethylene mulching or after 30 days). Soil solarization reduced sharply free nitrogen fixers, 30 days after treatment the elimination of the Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. from soil was recorded. However, the free nitrogen fixers were found to be recolonized after one month from transplanting the seedling pepper plants in non solarized and solarized soil, so artificial inoculation of pepper seedlings with strains of Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp., were resulted great root colonization of plants than in non-solarized soil. Also, all annual weeds have been controlled with soil solarization which gave the best weed control treatment. On the other hand, solarization had pronounced effect on seedling establishment occurred in solarized plastic-houses. Increasing more than 30% in establishment of pepper seedling were recorded between the solarized and non-solarized plastic-houses which mulched with black sheets after three weeks of pepper transplanting.  The percentage of Phytophthora spp. isolated from the infected pepper seedlings were very high compared with other fungi, it was 49% of total isolated fungi after one week of transplanting. However, soil solarization increased pepper plant height and number of branches per plant as compared with non-solarized soil without black mulching or with black mulching. The pepper yield per plastic house up to 7 months increased with soil solarization by about 216 Kg, 18.3% over non solarized with black mulching, and 155 Kg, 12.4% over non solarized without mulching.

The study aimed at studying economic effects of global energy and food on the most important Egyptian imports. Descriptive and analytical statistical methods were used to achieve study objectives. Mathematical averages percentages and annual growth rates of variables under study were estimated. Expected values of imported food commodities using double exponential smoothing method was used. The study reached to some important conclusions, namely Global price and production of oil, coal, natural gas, ethanol and biodiesel have risen during the period 1996-2011. There were also a significant relationship between world prices and production of the above products. The price elasticities were about 0.089, 0.32, 0.174, 0.062, and 2.5 for these products respectively. The increase of oil price has an impact on food imports showing an increase of about 3.46% as a result of 10%of oil price increase. The study revealed that world oil price will be about $133.2/ a barrel in the year 2015 compared with $112.9/ barrel in the year 2011. It is therefore expected that value of food imports will increase to about $ 12.9 billion in the year 2015 compared to $ 10.6 billion in 2011.

Sugar beet is an important crop that helps in establishing integrated agricultural-industrial societies, especially in the new reclaimed areas, it contributes in many industries such as sugar industry, and highly-value animal feed resulting from processing waste. Sahl El Tina had been chosen as it is one of the most important of the recent reclamation and aquaculture region depending on water of Al Salam Canal. To achieve the target of increasing Production of sugar beet it became necessary to increase the efficient use of economic resources ,and to achieve this objective study Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach had been used in order to estimate the technical and economic efficiencies allowing to reduce production costs and increase revenue, and thus support the expansion in the cultivation of the crop. The sample have 3 categories according to the area of the farm, the first category consists of 3 feddans or less, second category is more than 3 feddans and less than 7 feddans, the third category is more than 7 feddans to 10 feddans. The goal of the sample was to compare the efficiency of these categories, and recommended the optimum size of the farm.

The potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) vs. valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (60, 100, 140, 180 kg N/feddan (4200 m2)) and in-row plant spacing (12.5, 25 and 50 cm) for maximizing the yield production to match food security needs under climate change impacts on Delta region,  Egypt. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in split plot design at El-Bossily Farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. The vegetative growth characteristics and yield parameters were measured. The result of this study verified that increasing nitrogen level up to 180 kg N/feddan significantly increased the vegetative growth, total and marketable yields than the other N treatments. The in-row plant spacing 50 cm was significantly increased vegetative growth and yield (kg/plant), but the total yield (kg/m2) had different trend. The highest total yield /m2 was obtained by 12.5 cm treatment. The interaction effect of 180 kg/feddan of N and 12.5cm in-row plant spacing were increased the total tuber yield (kg/m2) significantly. In contrary, the best marketable yield (tubers > 35 mm) /m2 was obtained by 25 and 50 cm in-row plants.  This study was concluded that the best agronomic practices for potato production obtained by application 180 kg N/feddan of with in-row plant spacing 25 cm treatment. The economical consideration of the different treatments showed that the best total net income was obtained by 180 kg/feddan N with 50 cm in-row plant spacing.

Resulted in the opening of the Egyptian society to the outside world, and the work of many Egyptians in  the Petroleum States to increase the level of their income on the one hand and increasing population growth rates of  Egypt on the other hand which is reflected to increase the amounts and rates of food commodities consumption in general, and Edible Oil and fats, in particular, where The per capita consumption of Edible Oil about 15 kg/year, which gives an indication of the increased size of the food gap of Edible Oil where the problem was in that Edible Oil become one of the most important sources of the increase in the cost of Egyptian agricultural imports as a result of the application of the GATT as the cost of the Edible Oil imports by about 47 % of the increase in the total value of Egyptian agricultural imports posing a heavy burden on the balance of payments, and then the research aimed to analyze the impact of different variables to determine the most important determinants of consumption of Edible Oil and fats.           To be included in the Egyptian agricultural policy to help the decision-maker to take the necessary corrective actions about it. Where the study found several factors affecting the consumption of Edible Oil and fats can be limited to the most important are as follows: The per capita consumption of Edible Oil (of Human unit).  The per capita expenditure on Edible Oil, the effect of the price / income  ratio of group of Edible Oil and fats, the frequency of frying in the same oil, the function of the head of household, the average price of a kilogram of vegetable ghee, the volume of containers of Edible Oil, Types of pot keeping the oil after use, the use of oil in a frying more than one type of food, rising per capita income (Human Unit), increase the rate of  per capita consumption (of Human unit), the proliferation of fast food shops, as well as shops , beans and falafel, increasing individual consumption of fast food, especially after the revolution due length of waiting of individuals in the Egyptian street . The study pointed out many of the expectations and proposals could limit the most important are as follows: Increasing the area of ​​land cultivated oily crops, need to focus on projects in Toshka and the Qattara Depression and the cultivation of parts of the northern coast, the return to agricultural rotation system of enter including the Oileeds, restart Edible Oil factories with full capacity both in the stages of refining of raw Oil imported or Edible Oil extraction from locally grown Oileeds, rationalizing the use of Edible Oil in domestic consumption.

Gross national product (GNP) is considered as one of the important indicators that reflect the ability of national economy to achieve the main objectives of the state including creation of employment opportunities, development of export potentials, and positive contribution in reduction of the deficits in the balance of payments and the balance of trade. Analysis of the most important components of the gross national income is of considerable importance that enables the identification of changing values of individual components of the gross national product.  The study aimed at identifying causes of imbalance in the national economy through the following determination of the relative importance of Egyptian GNP and development of important economic indicators in the Egyptian national economy. Analysis and identification of the most important economic factors affecting expenditure on consumption, investment, exports and imports are mode through building single and multiple equation models aiming at identifying the most important economic factors affecting variables of the study. Moreover, forecasting the most are also mode important variables until.2020. Results obtained indicated that  the household consumer expenditure in 2012 was equal to 158.5 billion Dollars  representing  58% of the GNP, followed by Investment expenditure, representing 18% of GNP, followed by government expenditure, total exports and  total imports representing 9%, 8% and 7%, respectively. Results obtained proved that the most important economic indicators increased annually with different rates during the study period. Studying of the mutual impact between GNP and the study variables through building an econometric model and applying two stage least square method. The model contains six equations for GNP, total investments, total imports, total exports, government expenditure, and household expenditure. In addition, an identification equation for the (GNP= household expenditure + Investment expenditure + Government expenditure + net international trade). The study proved that while the most important determinants of the Egyptian GNPare total investments, total exports and imports factors, mostly affect total investment are total GNP, total Egyptian exports and exchange rate Egyptian Pound. In addition, factors determining total Egyptian Imports are total exports and the exchange rate of the Egyptian Pound. Moreover, factors determining government expenditure are total exports and households consumption. Furthermore, the household consumption is highly affected by GNP and total indirect taxes. Forecasted values of the study variables are obtained by estimating single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model.  Results obtained indicated that the forecasted value of the Egyptian GNP in 2020 will be equal to 334$ and 335 billion Dollars using single trend equation and simultaneous equation models, respectively. The forecasted total investment in 2020 is expected to be equal 64 billion dollars. The forecasted Total Egyptian imports and exports using single trend equation are 33.2, and 29.2, billion dollars, respectively. The forecasted values of total exports and imports in 2020 using simultaneous equation model are 32.8, and 830.1, respectively. Regarding Government expenditure results obtained indicated that the forecasted government expenditure is expected to take values of 31.9 and 51.4 billion dollars using single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model, respectively. Results related to the forecasted household expenditure in 2020 is expected to take values of $206.5 billion and $334 billion using single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model, respectively. Based on the research results, best forecasted values the study variables are obtained by using simultaneous equation models. This may be attributed to the fact that simultaneous equation mod- els takes into account all variables as well as the interactions between variables. Based on results the study recommend that the state would give the highest priority to economic policy that would lead to rationalization of household expenditure. In addition, aiming at reducing the Egyptian trade balance, policies that would lead to reduction of the gap between imports and exports by limiting imports and encouraging exports are highly recommended. Moreover, policies that increase and encourage investment, limit inflation, and control of prices of goods and services are expected to have positive impact on the Egyptian economy.

The study showed the the importance of the effect of seasonality in determining the amounts received for the transit market of vegetable crops in Egypt. As it turned out great linkage between the quantities and prices of vegetables in the transit market, which reflects the importance of reconsidering the random cropping and where there is no minimum or organizing thread. Where it should be to regulate the use of agricultural resources limited to Egypt and so achieve the maximum return for producers and consumers and the marketer and reduces wastage of resources in making a glitch between supply and demand, resulting in higher prices hurt consumer Login or drop in prices hurt farmers' incomes. It is worth noting that the changes in the agricultural sector, which is the main activity in the Egyptian countryside, especially in the light of economic liberalization policies such as the abolition of support for agricultural inputs, and the liberalization of prices of agricultural and left are determined by market forces, with the demolition of Tzawar marketing system for Khaddrady to irregular or balance of supply with the demand after the policy of economic liberalization in the agriculture sector, which increased from large fluctuations in prices as a result of increasing the gap between supply and  demand for agricultural commodities, and all of these reasons have led to an increase in poverty in the countryside and in Egypt in particular. This reflects the importance of Tzawar marketing system and return to the installation Almsola Central, which balances the needs of the consumer growing and limited agricultural resources by reducing the size of the gap between supply and demand, which reduces the price differences during the months of the year and which is reflected in the increase in income and welfare of the consumer and the producer together. The return of the agricultural cycle of the most important requirements for achieving balance in the prices of vegetables in Egypt and reduces loss in the limited agricultural resources and achieve the protection of soil fertility and reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides. This regulation of the market productive agricultural reduce the imbalance between supply and demand, which increases the efficiency of the distribution of the use of agricultural resources among the wider use of alternative optimal resource allocation and reduce the waste of limited agricultural resources. Decreases as well as huge losses for producers and consumers at the micro level as well to reduce the negative effects on the macro level by reducing imports and increasing exports, where there is improved efficiency performance in the Egyptian agricultural sector at the micro level and kidneys.

Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons of 2011/2012 at the Experimental Farm, Kaha station, Qulubia Governorate to study the effect of using four levels of water regime ,i.e. 60%, 80%, 100 and 120% from class A pan evaporation and five safety materials, i.e. water (as control),amino-z, lithovit (a natural intensified CO2 foliar fertilizer ) as foliar spray on snap bean plants as well as the biofertilize mycorrhizal as a seed treatment before sowing and sap material as a absorbent polymer to increase with holding water capacity before sowing and the effect of that on growth, green snap bean yield Poulista cv ., physical and chemical characters as well as water use efficiency. The results indicated that, mycorrhizal seed treatment, lithovit foliar spray and soil treatment with sap material gave the highest values of green pod characters as well as the vegetative growth, in addition all the safety material used led to significant increment on pod yield and the favorable treatments were obtained by using sap material and foliar spray with amino -z. Concerning to using safety materials with water regime levels, it was found that, spraying snap bean plants with amino- z and irrigation with 120% levels from class A pan evaporation was the superior treatment on green pod yield followed by soil treatment with sap material with 60% of water level. Regarding to the mean of green pod weight, the results showed that treating seed with mycorrhizal and 120% level of water regime gave the highest values during the two seasons, then the treatment of foliar spray with lithovite with 80% level of water regime and the treatment by sap soil treatments with supplied by 60% of water irrigation. Concerning to water use efficiency, the data showed that supplied the plants with the highest amount of water 120% and 100% from water irrigation decreased the values of water use efficiency, on the contrary , it can obtained the highest values of water use efficiency from water supplied with 60% then 80% calculated by class A pan evaporation method. Regarding to the effect of safety material on water use efficiency, it was found that, sap treatment or foliar spray with amino-z then, mycorrhizal treatments gave the highest value of water use efficiency. Generally, it can recommend by using sap material of soil addition before sowing and foliar spray by amino- z followed by treating the seeds with mycorrhizal with irrigation level 60% or 80%to obtained the favorable green pod yield and the favorable water use efficiency.

This study was conducted to revise the taxonomic identity and clarify specific relationships among the studied Triticum species in Egypt. The studied species included; T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schubl.; T. dicoccoides (Koren ex Asch. & Graebn.) Aaron Sohn. T. tugidum L.; T. durum Desf.; T. pyramidale (Delile ex Schult.) Percival and T. aestivum L. Moreover, the wild Emmer Wheat T. dicoccoides (Koren ex Asch. & Graebn.) Aaron Sohn was recently found in Egypt as a new record. The genus Triticum L. includes 14 species, all of them are cultivated for food except the wild Emmer.