This review examined the use of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in the diets of poultry. Research findings were obtained from various recent studies, where much attention was focused on the role of green tea in the promotion of both animal and human health. The review involved some of the currently available information about green tea, pertaining to its chemical composition, anticoccidial and antimicrobial effect, effect on broiler and layer performance and on blood and egg yolk constituents. To the author's knowledge this is the first review paper on this topic. It will be helpful for poultry nutritionists and the poultry industry, although more detailed studies are still needed to elucidate the effects of green tea in poultry nutrition under various circumstances.

'One health' is particularly suited to serve mobile pastoralists. Dinka pastoralists in Sudan inspired Calvin Schwabe to coin the term 'one medicine', indicating that there is no difference in paradigm between human and veterinary medicine. Our contemporary definition of 'one health' is any added value in terms of improved health of humans and animals or financial savings or environmental services resulting from a closer cooperation of human and animal health sectors. Here we present a summary of 'one health' studies with mobile pastoralists in Africa which were done in research partnership, demonstrating such an added value. Initial joint human and animal health studies revealed higher livestock vaccination coverage than in the pastoralist community, leading to joint animal and human vaccination intervention studies which demonstrated a better access to primary health care services for pastoralists in Chad. Further simultaneous animal and human serological studies showed that camel breeding was associated with human Q-fever seropositivity. In Borana communities in Ethiopia, human cases of Mycobacterium bovis infection could be related to strains isolated from cattle. A challenge remained with regard to how to assess vaccination coverage in mobile populations. With the advent of mobile phones, health and demographic surveillance could be established for mobile pastoralists and their animals. This presents vast possibilities for surveillance and control of human and animal diseases. Pastoralists prefer a 'one health' approach and therefore contribute toward the validation of this concept by showing real added value of the cooperation between human and animal health services.

Phylogeography data are of paramount importance in studying the molecular epidemiology dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). In this study, epithelial samples and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluids were collected from 361 convalescent animals (cattle and buffaloes) in the field throughout Tanzania between 2009 and 2013. The single plex real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay for rapid and accurate diagnosis of FMDV employing the Callahan 3DF-2, 3DF-R primers and Callahan 3DP-1 probe were used. Preparation of the samples was performed according to the OIE manual, with a Kenya O serotype obtained from the attenuated vaccine serving as a positive control and samples collected from healthy animals serving as true negatives. The results indicated that 53.49% of samples (n = 176) were positive for FMDV genome by qRT-PCR, with Ct values ranging from 14 to 32. In addition, molecular typing of the FMDV genome positive samples using serotype specific primers revealed the existence of several serotypes: serotype South Africa Territory 1 (SAT1) (34.25%, n = 60), serotype A (68.92%, n = 98), serotype O (59.20%, n = 98) and SAT2 (54.54%, n = 96). The virus protein 1 sequences analysis for 35 samples was performed and the collective results indicated: 54.28% serotype O, 25.71% serotype A, 14.28% serotype SAT1 and 2.85% serotype SAT2. Therefore in this study, both the phylogenetic trees and spatial distribution of serotypes elucidated the phylodynamics of multiple FMDV field strains in Tanzania and neighbouring countries.

decision makers and empowering stakeholders at local, regional, and international levels towards a coordinated fight against NZDs. ADVANZ is establishing an African platform to share experiences in the prevention and control of NZDs. The platform will compile and package existing knowledge or data on NZDs and generate evidence-based algorithms for improving surveillance and control with the ultimate aim of eliminating and eradicating these diseases. The platform will serve as a forum for African and international stakeholders, as well as existing One Health and NZD networks and harness and consolidate their efforts in the control and prevention of NZDs. The platform had its first meeting in Johannesburg, South Africa in March 2013.

All Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) strains of Pasteurella multocida, fell into Roberts type I, P. multocida Roberts I: Carter B, the serotype is responsible for Asian HS. This study conducted to evaluate the validity of the mouse as model for HS in cattle, buffaloes, goats. A total of thirty six Swiss mice of both sexes divided into two main groups (infective and control) and each group subdivided into three groups (1st, 2nd, 3rd), each group subdivided into 2 subgroups (A, B). Each infective subgroups infected with different route (I.P and S.C) and different dose of the (Robert I :carter group B) strain as 104 cfu, 102 cfu and 50 cfu respectively for both routes. Many criteria (clinical sings, mortality, bacterial isolation from different organs, and gross pathological changes ) were used to describe infection in mice as a tool for further investigation in some large animals. The study showed that mice displayed fever, depression, anorexia, and other clinical signs 24hrs. before death which occurred between 24-72 hrs. P. multocida: Robert I: carter : B was isolated from most organs of 1st and 2nd group infected with (104 and 102 cfu) but not isolated from the brain of third group infected with 50 cfu (I.P and S.C ) also from kidney and lung of S.C B3 of the infected mice, and from all organs of the third mouse of this subgroup. Mice showed different gross pathological changes of internal organs and brain , these characterized by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, petechial haemorrhage similar to that observed in cattle, buffaloes. These results suggest that the mouse would seem to provide an ideal tool to study HS in cattle, buffalo.

This work is important for the demonstration the orbital region as far as the fine anatomical description site of view which have a great important for veterinarian surgeon who work s in the field of eye surgery. In this study we use six skulls of adult camels ofeachsex and by mean of fine topographical and gross anatomical description of the orbital bone and foraminae, they revealed that, the supraorbital foramina was absent at the skull of one humped camel, with the presence of super facial fissure which engaged with semi foramina for transmission of supra orbital nerve.

The current study was accomplished to investigate the toxicity of naproxen sodium (NAP) in white rats, and then to detect the pathogenesis of NSAIDs-induced gastro-intestinal injury. The study included the usage of main effective(naproxen) on (48) male and female white rats, They were divided into four groups, and each group contained(12) rats, divided as follows. group-C, which treated with normal saline, group(L) was low dose which received (5mg/kg) of naproxen sodium, group(I) was given intermediate dose ,which received (10mg/kg) and group(H) represented high dose, which received (20mg/kg). The drug administrated by oral gavage for three months. Results of the study included the macroscopic changes such as minimal changes of the gastric mucosa or lining epithelium in the wall of stomach, also included ulceration of the small intestine, in addition there was increase length of the villi and presence of inflammatory cells in lamina properia, and also there was degeneration of mucosal epithelium and mucosal glands in the lamina propria of the stomach, There was vacuolation of mucous lining cells of the stomach, and there was inflammatory cells in the serosa, presence of prominant ganglionic cells in the distal part of muscularis externa of the stomach. The pathological changes of high dose of naproxen was more severe than intermediate dose(group-I) and low dose(group- L).

This study was conducted on serum from 6 different regions covering all parts of the Basrah province during the period from October 2012 to June 2013 in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease in bovine species. From the serology results, the overall prevalence of this disease was(72.7%.) . Of the 165 samples subjected to Nonstructural protein (NSP) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening test, 120 were interpreted as positive representing (72.7%.) while the other 45 samples were negative representing 27.3%. The seropositivity significantly associated with age groups (p0.05) while the difference among age groups was significant (P < 0.05)

Seventy five samples were collected from human teeth of ages about (25-65)years from both sex . Several type of bacteria were diagnosed namely Staphylococcus .aurous (33.33%), E. coli (13.33%) , and Staphylococcus epidermis (22.66%) . Syzygium aromaticum crud extract were used as two type grinding and non-grinding .The minimum concentration of grinding type was( 0.6-2.6) mg/ml and the minimum concentration of non-grinding type was (0.533-2.1) mg/ml that inhibit bacterial growth of S .aurous and E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test was applied using discs diffusion method , the sensitivity was (92%) for Staph. aurous toward Kanamycin (K), and (80%) for E.coli toward Ciprofloxacin(Cip).The results showed that the resistance of Staph. aurous was 18(72)% toward Metromidazol(MET) , 22(88)% toward Bacitracin (B), E. coli was 8(80%) toward Streptomycin(S). The phagocytosis test or phagocytosis activity also included in this study.