This study investigates the application of time series models for forecasting milk production in India. Using secondary data from 2001–02 to 2022–23, we evaluated four forecasting techniques, Exponential Smoothing (ES), Moving Average (MA), Vector Auto Regression (VAR), and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). The ARIMA (1,1,0) model emerged as the best fit for short-term forecasting, while MA demonstrated better performance for long-term projections. The VAR model achieved an adjusted R² of 1.00, indicating a near-perfect fit, although its predictive capacity needs careful interpretation. Forecasting using ARIMA projected India’s milk production to reach approximately 394 million tonnes by 2032–33, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.29%. These findings hold significant relevance for policymakers aiming to devise data-driven strategies to support sustainable dairy sector growth.

In recent years, Qatar’s population has grown quickly, which has led to a rise in camels (Camelus dromedarius, one-humped). This increased the risk of infection. Six species of bacteria of the genus Anaplasma are responsible for the tick- borne disease anaplasmosis, which affects people and livestock. The most significant species for human and veterinary health are Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The study aimed to detect Anaplasma spp in camel blood samples, utilizing RT-PCR analysis with genetic PCR solution kits [GPS]. A total of 800 camel blood samples collected in an aseptic condition from the jugular vein in 5ml EDTA tubes were used for bacterial DNA isolation. The thermal profile was set up with initial denaturation at 95°C for 1 min, denaturation at 95°C for 15 s of 40 cycles, and extension at 60°C for 60 s. The amplification curve shows the absolute quantification. A mean CT value of 28.5 was considered positive, indicating the presence of Anaplasma spp. This demonstrates the widespread occurrence of anaplasmosis in the region and poses a risk to public health as well as the economy. To maximize future strategic control programs and stop expansion to nearby nations, monitoring, species and subspecies identification, and control measure implementation are crucial tools.

A primiparous crossbred Jersey cow was presented with dystocia following prolonged labor and previous faulty manual intervention by untrained personnel, leading to amputation of both fetal forelimbs. Clinical examination revealed vaginal oedema. Per vaginal examination confirmed the presence of a dicephalic fetus. Cesarean section was performed to relieve the obstruction. Post-operatively, the cow exhibited downer cow syndrome due to prior trauma and prolonged recumbency, but recovered with supportive care. Necropsy of the fetus revealed two separate heads and tracheae, converging into a common thoracic cavity with a single set of lungs and one heart. This case highlights the importance of skilled obstetrical management and presents anatomical insights into rare dicephalic conjoined twins in cattle.

A eleven months old male non-descriptive dog was presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu with the history of non–weight bearing lameness in both the hind limbs since birth. Animal was active and alert with all vital parameters were within the normal range. Physical examination revealed grade 4 lateral luxation of left patella and confirmed by radiography.Trochlear wedge recession sulcoplasty with tibial tuberosity repositioning was planned. Surgical site was aseptically prepared and under general anaesthesia, a cranial longitudinal incision on the skin and retinaculum was made to mobilize patella. Using osteotome a wedge-shaped bone was cut from trochlear groove and the sulcus was deepened laterally. The wedge was replaced into the sulcus in inverted manner. The tibial tuberosity was transported medially by partial osteotomy and a 1.2 mm Kwire were placed to fix the tibial tuberosity. The patella was replaced in its normal position. The retinaculum was sutured towards medially using synthetic absorbable suture material polyglycolic acid (2-0) by Ford interlocking suture pattern. Skin was opposed with polyamide (2-0) by cross mattress suture pattern. Crepe bandage was applied. Oral antibiotics, analgesics, and antacid drugs were followed for 7 days. The animal made uneventful recovery and able to walk with both the legs.

A 2-year-old male Kanni dog was presented to the Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu with a history of head tilt, unable to balance while walking and with suspicion of traumatic brain injury.   On clinical examination, neurological signs like compulsive walking, head tilt, circling, nystagmus, staggering gait, decreased proprioception and tactile reflexes were observed.    The blood samples were analyzed for hematological and biochemical profile analysis and all parameters were in normal range except mild leukocytosis.  The cerebro-spinal fluid was collected and neuron specific enolase (NSE), a neural biomarker was estimated.  The CSF was red-tinged and had elevated NSE value (41.42 ng/ml). Based on history, clinical signs and NSE values, the case was diagnosed as central vestibular disease. The animal was treated with polyionic fluids – inj. ringers lactate @ 10ml/kg I/V, inj. hydroxyprogesterone caproate @ 2mg/kg, I/M, inj. cefotaxime @ 25 mg/kg I/V and Inj. B Complex vitamins, I/V.  The animal was prescribed with oral micronized progesterone @ 5 mg/kg.  On day 7, only mild head tilt and nystagmus were noticed. On day 14 post therapy, the clinical signs were resolved and NSE value became normal.

A crossbred Jersey cow was referred with a history of repeat breeding syndrome.  Routine  gynaeco-clinical  examination  revealed  normal  uterine  tract with palpable cyst-like structures near the right ovary and uterine tube. Trans- rectal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of  large, anechoic, cystic structure adjacent to the right ovary, consistent with an ovarian hydrobursitis coupled with hydrosalpinx. Early and accurate ultrasonographic diagnosis is essential for guiding clinical decision-making, particularly in repeat breeding cases, as timely intervention can significantly enhance reproductive outcomes and declare the fertility potential of valuable breeding animals.

Food bait preferences of house flies were evaluated using olfactometry bioassays. A single cage dual port glass olfactometer was used to assess preferences of house flies towards sugar, fish meal and molasses in no choice and choice bioassays. Flies were allowed into olfactometer individually, observed for five minutes. Time spent in bait port and decision chamber, number of entries into test/control port and port selected five minutes post-exposure were recorded. In the second study in a four arm acrylic olfactometer, three food baits viz., high fish meal low molasses cake, low fish meal high molasses cake and mango essence were tested In the glass olfactometer, flies showed positive response towards food baits compared to control in no choice bioassay. In choice bioassay, flies preferred fish meal than both sugar and molasses and molasses was preferred over sugar. In four arm acrylic olfactometer bioassay, 43.87, 30.96 and 25.16 per cent flies were attracted to high fish meal low molasses cake, low fish meal high molasses cake and mango essence, respectively. Results revealed that molasses and fish meal based baits can be used in housefly traps. Olfactometry bioassays were found effective in bait preference studies of house flies.

The present investigation was undertaken to study the occurrence of enterotoxigenic B. cereus from 200 samples including 100 raw milk, 50pasteurized milk and 50 ice cream samples sold in Puducherry. The results revealed that 68 samples (34 %) belonged to B. cereus group which included 36 from raw milk (36%), 9 from pasteurized milk (18%) and 23 from ice cream samples (46 %). On PCR analysis, 64 out of 68 isolates showed the presence of gyrB gene which differentiates B. cereus from B. cereus group isolates. Multiplex PCR revealed the presence of four enterotoxigenic genes hblA, nheA, cytK and entF Min 32.35 %, 77.94 %>, 54.41 % and 94.12% of the 64 isolates. On biofilm production assay, out of 64 enterotoxigenic B. cereus isolates, 60 (93.75 %) isolates showed the ability to form biofilm in which 13 (20.31 %) were strong, 21 (32.81 %) were moderate and26 (40.63 %) were weak biofilm producers. All the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G and sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, vancomycin, streptomycin and norfloxacin. The current study directs the need for proper hygienic measures during collection, production, processing and storage of milk to reduce the contamination level. It also indicates the need for surveillance and action to reduce the contamination of enterotoxigenic B. cereus in milk and milk products in Puducherry.

The optimization of Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) as a healthy alternative to refined wheat flour (RWF) in chicken nuggets was investigated to assess dietary fibre enrichment. Replacement was performed at four levels: 5% (Tl), 6% (T2), 7% (T3), and 10% (T4), while control nuggets were prepared using RWF. Product quality, texture profile, sensory evaluation, and dietary fibre content were assessed. Emulsion stability and product yield remained statistically similar, with improved textural characteristics observed up to 7% replacement with Kodo millet. The product's acceptance was highly significant (P<0.01) at 7% inclusion (7.61±0.32), with dietary fibre enrichment showing a 126.49% increase over the control. The findings concluded that 7% Kodo millet flour inclusion is the optimal level for dietary fibre enhancement in functional chicken meat nuggets.

Ricinoleic acid, a toxic compound found in castor seeds (Ricinus communis L.), can be lethal when inhaled, ingested, or injected at doses of 5-10 pg/kgto human or animals. This study presents a validated, rapid, and precise high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methodfor its quantification. Separation was achieved on silica gel 60 F254plates using a mobile phase oftoluene, ethyl acetate and acetate acid (6:4:0.2 v/v/v). Densitometric scanning at 450 nm detected ricinoleic acid with an Rfvalue of 0.66 (±0.04). Linearity was observed in the range of 20-100 ng/spot with R = 0.998 ± 2.62%.