Today, the use of components obtained from plant extracts is rapidly increasing, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Eight different plants, which are used as winter tea and are frequently consumed among herbal teas, were selected in the study. The aim of study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of teas obtained from medicinal and aromatic plants such as Linden, Ginger, Cinnamon, Sage, Daisy, Turmeric, Clove and Rosehip. Five different pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were selected from common disease-causing pathogens. A total of 21 combinations were made for each plant. Disc diffusion and Minimum inhibition concentration methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity. DPPH (2,2 Difenil-1Pikrohidrozil) method was used to determine antioxidant activity. The amount of total phenolic and tannins contents contained of herbal teas were also determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method.The highest value among the antimicrobial activities of herbal teas (triple combination) was measured against E. faecalis (25.11 mm). The herbal combination with the highest value measured was found in the ginger+cinnamon+clove group. The highest antioxidant value was measured in this mixture (36.8 mg/mL).Because some plants have more bioavailability, these benefits can be suppressed in a mixture. When determining these mixtures, the consumption will be more beneficial for public health, given the recommendations of researchers and experts.

The purpose of the study reported here, to investigate the effect of atropine on cardio-respiratory parameters and body temperature in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy with the combination of medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia. Twenty-six adult female intact domestic cats were admitted to Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for routine elective ovariohysterectomy. The animals were divided into two groups by the randomized grouping method before the operation. Trial animals (n=14) received atropine together with medetomidine and ketamine anesthesia. In control animals (n=12) received the same anesthesia without atropine injection. At the end of the operation, animals were moved to the critical care unit and the measurements of vital parameters were performed. Heart, respiration rates, deep rectal temperature and status of anesthesia recovery were recorded after the operation every 10 minutes for 1 hour.There was a group, time, and group x time interaction noted for heart rate. Treatment cats showed greater heart rate during measurement. The mean respiratory rate and deep rectal temperature were in reference ranges for cats and similar for both groups. In both groups significant sedation induced, however, the scores were not statistically significant among groups.In conclusion, atropine is an effective drug preventing decrease of heart rate and patients have shown less undesirable side effects when it is used before the administration of medetomidine in cats that operated for ovariohysterectomy.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease, affecting birds, human beings and most warm-blooded animals throughout the world. On the following case report Toxoplasma gondii infection was detected in two cats. Primary clinical findings were defined as involuntary and continuous contraction of the hind limb muscles, incoordination and pain. Toxoplasma gondii generally progresses asymptomatically however when clinical signs do appear, T. gondii shows itself with neurological symptoms. In these cases, the diagnosis of the disease was made by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) method. In both of the cases Clindamycin was given at a dose of 25mg/kg/24h for the first week and the dosage was rearranged to 12,5mg/kg/q12h. Clinical improvement was observed after one week and treatment was discontinued at the third week.

The aim of this case presentation is to report ectoparasites detected in one red fox. The adaptation of red foxes to urban environments and their increasing number result in an increased risk of transmission of some ectoparasites and pathogens originating from ectoparasites to humans and domestic animals. In this study, one red fox (Vulpes vulpes) which was after a traffic accident was examined for ectoparasites in the Clinic of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary. A total 14 flies, 13 ticks and 4 fleas were collected from the red fox. As a result of the microscopic examinations of ectoparasites, Hippobosca longipennis (9 ♀, 5 ♂), Rhipicephalus turanicus (8 ♀, 5 ♂), Ctenocephalides felis (1 ♀) and Pulex irritans (2 ♀, 1 ♂) were identified. With this study, Hippobosca longipennis was recorded from foxes for the first time in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE To identify the degree of left arytenoid cartilage (LAC) abduction that allows laryngeal airflow similar to that in galloping horses, assess 2-D and 3-D biomechanical effects of prosthetic laryngoplasty on LAC movement and airflow, and determine the influence of suture position through the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage (MPA) on these variables. SAMPLE 7 equine cadaver larynges. PROCEDURES With the right arytenoid cartilage maximally abducted and inspiratory airflow simulated by vacuum, laryngeal airflow and translaryngeal pressure and impedance were measured at 12 incremental LAC abduction forces (0% to 100% [maximum abduction]) applied through laryngoplasty sutures passed caudocranially or mediolaterally through the left MPA. Cross-sectional area of the rima glottis and left-to-right angle quotient were determined from photographs at each abduction force; CT images were obtained at alternate forces. Arytenoid and cricoid cartilage markers allowed calculation of LAC roll, pitch, and yaw through use of Euler angles on 3-D reconstructed CT images. RESULTS Translaryngeal pressure and impedance decreased, and airflow increased rapidly at low abduction forces, then slowed until a plateau was reached at approximately 50% of maximum abduction force. The greatest LAC motion was rocking (pitch). Suture position through the left MPA did not significantly affect airflow data. Approximately 50% of maximum abduction force, corresponding to a left arytenoid angle of approximately 30° and left-to-right angle quotient of 0.79 to 0.84, allowed airflow of approximately 61 ± 6.5 L/s. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ex vivo modeling results suggested little benefit to LAC abduction forces > 50%, which allowed airflow similar to that reported elsewhere for galloping horses.

OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of tidal volume (VT) delivery among 5 different models of large-animal ventilators when tested at various settings for VT delivery, peak inspiratory flow (PIF) rate, and fresh gas flow (FGF) rate. SAMPLE 4 different models of pneumatically powered ventilators and 1 electrically powered piston-driven ventilator. PROCEDURES After a leak flow check, each ventilator was tested 10 times for each experimental setting combination of 5 levels of preset VT, 3 PIF rates, and 4 FGF rates. A thermal mass flow and volume meter was used as the gold-standard method to measure delivered VT. In addition, circuit systems of rubber versus polyvinyl chloride breathing hoses were evaluated with the piston-driven ventilator. Differences between preset and delivered VT (volume error [ΔVT]) were calculated as a percentage of preset VT, and ANOVA was used to compare results across devices. Pearson correlation coefficient analyses and the coefficient of determination (r2) were used to assess potential associations between the ΔVT and the preset VT, PIF rate, and FGF rate. RESULTS For each combination of experimental settings, ventilators had ΔVT values that ranged from 1.2% to 22.2%. Mean ± SD ΔVT was 4.8 ± 2.5% for the piston-driven ventilator, compared with 6.6 ± 3.2%, 10.6 ± 2.9%, 13.8 ± 2.97%, and 15.2 ± 2.6% for the 4 pneumatic ventilators. The ΔVT increased with higher PIF rates (r2 = 0.69), decreased with higher FGF rates (r2 = 0.62), and decreased with higher preset VT (r2 = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the tested ventilators all had ΔVT but that the extent of each of ΔVT varied among ventilators. Close monitoring of delivered VT with external flow and volume meters is warranted, particularly when pneumatic ventilators are used or when very precise VT delivery is required.

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of sodium iodide (NaI) following oral administration to preweaned dairy calves, and to assess the efficacy of NaI for prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves at a commercial calf-raising facility. ANIMALS 434 healthy preweaned dairy calves. PROCEDURES In the first of 2 experimental trials, each of 7 calves received NaI (20 mg/kg, PO) once. Blood and nasal fluid samples were collected at predetermined times before (baseline) and for 72 hours after NaI administration for determination of iodine concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. In the second trial, 427 calves at a calf-raising facility were randomly assigned to receive NaI (20 mg/kg, PO, 2 doses 72 hours apart; n = 211) or serve as untreated controls (216). Health outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS For all 7 calves in the pharmacokinetic trial, the iodine concentration in both serum and nasal fluid samples was significantly increased from the baseline concentration and exceeded the presumed therapeutic iodine concentration (6.35 μg/mL) throughout the sampling period. In the on-farm trial, the odds of being treated for BRD before weaning for NaI-treated calves were twice those for control calves (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.00). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that, although oral administration of NaI (20 mg/kg) to preweaned dairy calves achieved iodine concentrations presumed to be effective in both serum and nasal fluid, it was not effective for prevention of BRD in preweaned calves at a commercial calf-raising facility.

The quantification of serum proteins is a useful tool for diagnosing and monitoring various diseases that involve changes in the concentrations of these proteins. As canine acute pancreatitis (AP) accompanies the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, serum proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) have been used as inflammatory markers for dogs with AP. The goal of this study was to investigate the overall profiles of serum proteins by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and to determine the concentration of acute phase proteins (APPs) in dogs with AP in order to better understand serum protein profiles as diagnostic markers in these dogs. Decreased levels of albumin and increased levels of alpha-2 globulin were observed in dogs with AP by SPE. Among APPs, elevated concentrations of CRP, serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin were detected. The concentration of SAA was positively correlated with that of CRP, which suggests that SAA could be a sensitive marker of inflammation in dogs with AP, similar to CRP.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of intervertebral distraction screw (IDS) fixation of the lumbosacral joint (LSJ) on the intervertebral foraminal area (IFA) and intervertebral stabilization of the LSJ and adjacent lumbar segments in dogs. ANIMALS 7 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Dorsal laminectomy was performed at the LSJ in each dog to expose the intervertebral disk. The IDS was then inserted into the L7-S1 disk. Computed tomography was performed before and after laminectomy and after IDS insertion (intact, laminectomy, and IDS conditions, respectively) to measure the intervertebral range of motion (ROM) and intervertebral distance (ID) at L7-S1, L6-7, and L5-6 with the LSJ in a flexed and extended position. The intervertebral foramina stenosis rate was calculated from the intervertebral foramina area in entrance, middle, and exit zones. Results were compared among conditions. RESULTS The ROM at L7-S1 after IDS insertion was lower than that observed before and after laminectomy; no other differences were identified among conditions. With the LSJ in the flexed position, the ID at L7-S1 was larger after IDS insertion than before and after laminectomy; no other differences in ID were identified. In all evaluated zones, the stenosis rate was lower after IDS insertion than before and after laminectomy. No differences in ROM, ID, and stenosis rate were identified among conditions at L6-7 or L5-6. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that IDS fixation of the LSJ restricted lumbosacral ROM and prevented decreases in lumbosacral ID and IFA in healthy dogs. There were no changes at L6-7 and L5-6.

OBJECTIVE To develop methods to identify and characterize activity monitor (AM) data signatures for jumps performed by cats. ANIMALS 13 healthy, client-owned cats without evidence of osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease. PROCEDURES Each cat was fitted with the same AM, individually placed in an observation room, then simultaneously recorded by 3 video cameras during the observation period (5 to 8 hours). Each cat was encouraged to jump up (JU), jump down (JD), and jump across (JA) during the observation period. Output from the AM was manually annotated for jumping events, each of which was characterized by functional data analysis yielding relevant coefficients. The coefficients were then used in linear discriminant analysis to differentiate recorded jumps as JUs, JDs, or JAs. To assess the model's ability to distinguish among the 3 jump types, a leave-one-out cross-validation method was used, and the misclassification error rate of the overall categorization of the model was calculated. RESULTS Of 731 jumping events, 29 were misclassified. Overall, the mean misclassification error rate per cat was 5.4% (range, 0% to 12.5%), conversely indicating a correct classification rate per cat of 94.6%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the model was successful in correctly identifying JUs, JDs, and JAs in healthy cats. With advancements in AM technology and data processing, there is potential for the model to be applied in clinical settings as a means to obtain objective outcome measures.