The world population growth has increased demand for traditional protein sources but an alternative protein source was sought due to limited land. Edible insects containing all the essential amino acids in a healthy diet are sustainable and promising alternative protein source. The protein content of insects varies in a wide range depending on the type of insect and the stage of development (13%-77%). Some edible insects are currently consumed by two billion people worldwide. In the literature, more than 2100 insect species have been recorded as edible. The sensory attributes of edible insects are an important factor that can accelerate their acceptance by consumers. Generally, the taste of insects is described as nutty and largely depends on the cooking technique. Potential food safety risks of edible insects can be microbiological, parasitological and allergenic. This review has been shown to be a healthy food source with high protein content, lipids, vitamins, minerals and fiber, the nutritional composition and functionality are compared between different insect species, and information on the sensory quality and risks of insect eating is presented.

This study is aimed to determine the microbiological and chemical quality of Feta cheeses which are consumed in Van city center. In this study, a total of 50 Feta cheese samples were used as material. At the result of microbiological analysis of Feta cheeses, the mean number of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, coliform, Escherichia coli, micrococcus/staphylococcus, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and mold were found as 5.49 log cfu/g, 5.20 log cfu/g, 0.78 log cfu/g, 0.10 log cfu/g, 0.58 log cfu/g, 0.53 log cfu/g, 0.08 log cfu/g, 0.96 log cfu/g, 5.18 log cfu/g, respectively. At the result of chemical analysis, the mean value of pH, titratable acidity, dry matter, fat, fat in dry matter, salt and salt in dry matter were found as 4.38, 1.41% LA, 41.21%, 18.12%, 44.18%, 8.36% and 20.42%, respectively. All of the samples were found conforming to the standards in terms of titratable acidity. On the other hand, 8%, 52% and 100% of samples were found unsuitable in terms of coagulase positive S. aureus, pH and salt in dry matter, respectively. As a result, it was concluded that Feta cheeses examined are inadequate in terms of microbiological and chemical quality and they could pose a risk to producers and consumers. The implementation of the HACCP system based on GMP at all stages of the food chain will play an active role for food safety, public health and the protection of consumer rights.

Before serving the meals, the managements that operate in the production and distribution of table d’hôte meals, the data related to whether it's appropriate for the food hygiene regulation and the other legal requirements are so insufficient. So, an interview study was performed for the present conditions of the manufactures producing and serving meals and the good hygiene practices profile of their working personal in the plants with regard to Law No.5966 on Veterinary Services, Plant health, Food and Feed in the Samsun city. The survey was applied in catering enterprises and face to face interviews with a total of 258 people (employees and managers responsible for the kitchen area) and at the same time observing the operating conditions of 32 companies in 9 different counties. The questions of survey included gender, age, education level, professional experience of workers, real production capacities, the power of engine, number of employees in production, and findings related to good hygiene practice. It was observed that the design and layout of the production area in terms of good hygiene practices were not sufficient in some manufactures and only four manufactures had positive air pressure ventilation. It was stated that tools and equipment were required to take more precautions against the risk of corrosion. It was established that cleaning and disinfection process, personal hygiene rules and dissolving operations for frozen food were inadequate. It was determined that record forms were not sufficient to provide the traceability. Hazard and risk factors will be controlled by establishment of practical food safety management system in catering sector.

This study was conducted in 2013 to determine the biochemical properties of 10 different monofloral honey types produced across Turkey. For the study, honey samples were obtained from beekeepers and the identity and relative percentage of dominant pollen types in samples was determined through microscopic analysis. Pollen analysis revealed that honey types chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) contained high proportions of each respective pollen type. These proportions reached as high as 86%, while other honey types such as Anason had low Anasom pollen content, occurring at 45% in whole honey samples. Biochemical analysis revealed that the average honey sample quality characteristics were as followings: ash 0.37±0.04, electricity conductivity 0.79±0.07 mS/cm, moisture 19.15±0.09%, pH 3.97±0.02, acidity 29.07±0.39 meq/kg, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), 6.17±0.76 mg/kg, diastase 22.05±0.00, invert sugar 69.72±0.49% and sucrose 2.90±0.30%. These analyses confirmed that honey samples met standards outlined by the Turkish Food Codex Honey Standard, European Union Honey Standard and Codex Standards respectively.

The development of food sensitivities began to increase along with societal growth. Consumer awareness is gradually increasing with the expansion of accurate and balanced information. In an increasingly consuming world, the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of individuals during the purchasing of food products are important. Findings from research of this kind positively impact the strategies of companies offering the products on the market. The purpose of this study is to examine the level of knowledge and attitudes of individuals living in the Hatay province and what they consider when buying food items. The data were obtained by face to face interviews of 334 consumers in 2008, and were analysed using a 5-point Likert scale. The average monthly spending of consumers in the survey research is 747.48 USD with food expenses in first place at 32.92% among the total amount of spending. Food product manufacturing, expiration date, storage and conditions were all taken into account for purchasing confidence. Supermarkets were found to be the most trusted shopping places; and of the consumers surveyed, 70.55% are affected positively or negatively by food-related news articles.

This paper focuses mainly on both impacts of the climate change on agriculture and food security, and multidisciplinary scientific assessment and recommendations for sustainable agro ecological solutions including traditional knowledge responding to these impacts. The climate change will very likely affect four key dimensions of the food security including availability, accessibility, utilization and sustainability of the food, due to close linkage between food and water security and climate change. In one of the most comprehensive model studies simulating impacts of global climate change on agriculture to date, it was estimated that by 2080, in a business-as-usual scenario, climate change will reduce the potential output of global agriculture by more than 3.2 per cent. Furthermore, developing countries will suffer the most with a potential 9.1 per cent decline in agricultural output, for example with a considerable decrease of 16.6 per cent in Africa. Some comprehensive studies pointed out also that all regions may experience significant decreases in crop yields as well as significant increases, depending on emission scenarios and the assumptions on effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization. One of the tools that would ensure the food security by making use of local sources and traditional knowledge is agroecology. Agroecology would contribute to mitigation of the anthropogenic climate change and cooling down the Earth’s increasing surface and lower atmospheric air temperatures, because it is mainly labour-intensive and requires little uses of fossil fuels, energy and artificial fertilisers. It is also necessary to understand the ecological mechanisms underlying sustainability of traditional farming systems, and to translate them into ecological principles that make locally available and appropriate approaches and techniques applicable to a large number of farmers.

Karbon noktalar (KN), boyutları 10 nm’den küçük, suda çözünme özelliği yüksek, biyo-uyumluluğu gelişmiş, geniş optik özelliklere ve düşük toksisiteye sahip, karbon nanomateryal sınıfının yeni bir üyesidir. KN, bahsi geçen özelliklerinin yanında; çevre dostu, kolay ve düşük maliyetli sentez yöntemleri, kolay uygulanabilirliği gibi sebeplerden dolayı gıda güvenliğini alanında erken tespit hususunda geleneksel analiz yöntemleri ve diğer floresan karbon nanomateryaller kullanılarak yapılan analizlere göre bir adım öndedir. Yapılan araştırmalar gıda güvenliği kapsamında yapılan analizlerde floresan KN kullanımının, analitlerin hassas ve yüksek seçicilikte tespit edilebildiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu derlemede, KN gıda güvenliği kapsamında kalıntı ve kontaminantların tespitinde ve gıda ambalajında kullanılmasına yönelik araştırmalar incelenmiştir.

Since coliform bacteria are common both in the intestine and in nature (soil, plant, etc.), they are considered as a sanitation indicator in the food industry. It is known that the majority of bacteria defined as fecal coliform in the coliform group are Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria in any sample is an indication that the necessary hygienic measures are not taken during production, storage, and sale. That means the sample is directly or indirectly contaminated with faeces, and/or other intestinal pathogens may also exist. In this study, raw milk, freshly squeezed fruit juices, unpackaged ice cream, shaved ice, and ice-cold samples were purchased from the famous touristic destination Fethiye and analyzed for coliform bacteria. For this purpose, the samples were purchased from local marketplaces, buffets, cafes, patisseries, restaurants, and roadsides at Fethiye. In total 60 samples were analyzed using Violet Red Bile (VRB) Agar. The results of coliform bacteria ranged

Gıda güvenliği her tüketiciyi ilgilendiren önemli bir konudur. Gıda güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından gıda ürünlerinin üretim aşamasında alınacak önlemlerin yanı sıra tüketicilerin bilinç seviyesi de ayrıca önem taşımaktadır. Bugüne kadar yapılan çeşitli araştırmalarda, gıda zehirlenmelerinin veya gıdaya bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan çeşitli hastalıkların önemli bir kısmının evde yapılan yanlış gıda uygulamalarından kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada, gıda mühendisi adaylarının, gıda güvenliği konusunda bilgi seviyelerinin, tutum, yaklaşım ve risk algılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, görüşülen öğrencilerin %74,79’inin alışveriş sırasında ‘’her zaman’’ gıda ürünlerinin son kullanım tarihlerine baktıkları, et ürünleri satış yeri olarak en çok süper marketlere güvendikleri, genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünleri en riskli ürün grubu olarak değerlendirdikleri belirlenmiştir.

Bilinçsiz ve yoğun kullanılan pestisitlerin insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından önemli problemlere yol açtığı pek çok çalışma ile ortaya konulmuştur. Bu anlamda üreticilerin pestisit kullanımındaki bilinç düzeylerinin araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Araştırmanın ana materyalini; Tokat ili merkez ilçede belirlenmiş olan 10 adet köyde meyve-sebze üretimi ile uğraşan üreticiler ile yapılan anket verileri oluşturmaktadır. Köylerin üretim miktarı göz önüne alınarak toplam 110 anket yapılmıştır. Veriler 2017 yılı Ekim-Aralık ayına aittir. Anketlerden elde edilen bilgilere göre, Tokat’ta meyve-sebze- üreticilerinin %97’sinin pestisit kullandığı ancak yaklaşık %50’sinin kullandıkları ilaç içeriği hakkında bilgisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin pestisit seçiminde kendi tecrübeleri (%50) ve ilaç bayilerinin tavsiyelerini (%80) dikkate aldıkları gözlenmiştir. Üreticilerin yaklaşık %55’i pestisit kullanım maliyetlerinin 2 bin TL ile 5 bin TL arasında değiştiğini belirtmişlerdir. Üreticiler ilaçlama yaparken korunma önlemlerini tam olarak almadıklarını daha çok eldiven ve maske kullandıklarını belirtirken pestisitlerin insan ve çevre sağlığına verdiği zararlar boyutunda bilinçsiz olduklarını kabul etmektedirler. Ancak üreticiler, pestisit kullanımının ürünlerde bıraktığı kalıntı oranlarının gıda güvenliği açısından oluşturduğu tehlike hakkında hiçbir fikre sahip değildirler. Bunun yanında köylerinde ya da ortak bir bölgede yapılacak eğitimlere kayıtsız kalmayacaklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda üreticilerin bilinçlendirilmesi konusunda uzman eğitimlerin yapılması ve bu eğitimlerin sürekliliğinin sağlanması, kalıntı analizlerinin yapılarak verilen eğitimlerin geri beslemesinin izlenmesi gerekmektedir.