In this experiment the effects of different root weights (50-99, 100-149, 150-199, 200-250 g) and increasing doses of boron application to soil (0, 100, 200, 300 g/da) on plant, siliqua, characteristics, and seed yield, germination and emergence in radish were investigated. In this research ‘‘Ç.Ü. Seleksiyon No:2’ radish genotype was used as plant material which developed by selection breeding method at Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. The experiment was carried out in open field and greenhouse conditions in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Radish roots were grown in an open field. Roots harvested for seed production were classified according to their weight and transferred to pots in the greenhouse. In this study, plant length (cm) plant diameter (mm), number of leaves (number/plant), number of siliquas (number/plant), siliqua length and width (mm), number of seeds (number/siliqua), 1000 seed weight (g), seed yield (g/plant), seed germination (%) and seed emergency (%) were analysed. According to the results of the two-year research, positive effects of increasing root weight were observed on the parameters measured in the plants, while the application of boron at different doses was found to be significant only in terms of the number of leaves. In terms of siliqua and seed characteristics, it was revealed that the increase in the root weight and applied boron dose was not effective except the increase in seed yield. Although seed germination was not affected by the applications, the best results were obtained from the application of 200 g/da boron at seedling emergence.

The objective of the present study is to determine the microbiological quality of Merguez-type sausages prepared and sold locally from meat offal and to study the antibacterial activity of fresh garlic (Allium sativum) during conservation at 4 °C. Thus, fifteen representative samples of sausages are taken randomly from several butcher's shops in the commune of BBA, Algeria, then subjected to a bacteriological examination with reference to the standards established by the Algerian Ministry of Public Health. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of 6.88 105 CFU.g-1 of total aerobic bacteria, 5.39 105 CFU.g-1 of total coliforms, 2.23 105 CFU.g-1 of fecal coliforms, 2.43 103 CFU.g-1 of Escherichia coli and 1.8 105 CFU.g-1 of coagulase positive staphylococci, values higher than Algerian standards. The Addition of fresh garlic as an antibacterial preservative at concentrations of 0.06, 0.12, 0.18 and 0.24g.g-1 to ground beef samples and stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C for 15 days. The addition of garlic to Merguez reduced significantly the presence of different bacterial groups during their refrigerated storage, compared to untreated meat by bringing it below the standards defined in the material. Thus, the use of garlic as a food additive at a concentration of 0.12 g.g-1 was sufficient to obtain levels under Algerian standards equal to 1.8 104 CFU.g-1 of total aerobic bacteria, 9.48 103 CFU.g-1 of Total Coliforms, 3.68 103 CFU.g-1 Fecal Coliforms, 4.56 102 CFU.g-1 of E.coli 2.39 104 CFU.g-1 of coagulase positive Staphylococci. Through this study, we can conclude that adding garlic to Merguez reduces the aerobic bacterial load and thus increases the shelf life in a refrigerated at 4 °C.

This study investigated the reproductive performance, lamb survivability, and growing performance of Morkaraman ewes, the estrus of which was induced by natural and synthetic progesterone and which were inseminated by laparoscopic technique at the end of the mating season (December). In the study, 5 different estrus synchronization methods (CIDR, Crestar, Natural progesterone, Cronolone and MAP), 100 Morkaraman ewes, and lambs born to them were used. After the completion of the estrus synchronization methods, the first sign of estrus was detected earliest in the natural progesterone group (39.53±1.87 hours), and there was a significant difference between the natural progesterone and vaginal sponges containing MAP and Cronolone concerning the time to the first hour of estrus. Estrus rates were found significantly different across the study groups, with the shortest time to estrus having been achieved by MAP. The lambing rates for CIDR, Cronolone, Natural progesterone, MAP, and Crestar groups were 74%, 61%, 56%, 33%, and 10%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups concerning birth weight, weight at various periods, and survivability of lambs although a significant difference was found in their weaning weight.

Beekeeping; It is a branch of agriculture that provides cheap and easy employment opportunities, is not dependent on land, is a sole source of livelihood for families with landless or little land and has no harmful effects on the environment and nature. Our current geographical location is among the countries suitable for beekeeping in our country with the coexistence of four seasons. Beekeeping has become widespread in our country with the increasing interest in natural life and natural products, with developing technologies day by day. When the data from the 2000s to the present are examined, it is noteworthy that the number of hives has increased every year. In the last twenty (2000-2020) years, there has been an increase of 11.29% in the number of old hives, and an increase of 95.62% in the number of new hives. At the same time, it was determined that there was an increase of 70.36% in honey production and a decrease of 16.83% in bee wax production. In this review article, the current situation of beekeeping, which is the branch of animal husbandry in Turkey, together with 20 years of data has been examined.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships of udder surface temperature (UST) with milk components, and somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows during the hot season. The study was carried out with 115 lactating dairy cows (Holstein, Simmental, and Holstein × Simmental) at a private dairy farm in Samsun, Turkey, with monthly visits. The UST was measured from the udder surface before cleaning and milking. At the same time, a portable cell counter and an automatic milk analyzer were used to determine the components and the SCC of the raw milk. The UST values of the cows changed significantly. Increased UST had an adverse effect on milk solids-non-fat (SNF), protein, lactose, and density levels. LogSCC values of cow groups with UST ≤35.0°C, 35.1-36.0°C, >36.0°C were found to be 4.475±0.0803, 4.774±0.1244, and 4.981±0.1491 respectively. The UST negatively correlated with SNF, protein, lactose, density, and freezing point, but positively correlated with LogSCC. As a result, performing UST measurements before milking may be beneficial to monitor udder health and to obtain high quality milk.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Trichoderma harzianum on seedling growth and quality as two consecutive experiments during the spring months of 2018. In the first experiment, four different T. harzianum strains and a commercial preparate were used by adding into seed sowing substrate and compared with control group which had no treatment. The most promising strain (strain2), was used with and without foliar fertilizer (20:20:20) and foliar fertilizer itself was considered as control. Emergence period and rate were determined to observe the effects of treatments of germination of seeds. Regarding the seedling growth and quality, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl diameter, leaf thickness, fresh and dry weights of root and shoots, dry matter content, color, chlorophyll index, leaf macro and micro plant nutrient contents and seedling quality index were determined at the planting stage. Data obtained from the first experiment showed that the effects of T. harzianum strains on seedling morphology, physiology and nutrient content were different. Among the tested strains, strain2 showed better performance on seedling length, root and shoot dry matter contents, total fresh weight, chlorophyll, a color value and P, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of leaves and improved seedling quality. The second experiment result showed that the foliar fertilizer application increased the efficiency of T. harzianum strain2. T. harzianum strain2 without foliar fertilizer remained below the control treament in all measured parameters. When all the data were evaluated together, it was concluded that T. harzianum could be used to increase seedling quality due to its positive effects on seedling biomass, plant nutrition uptake and quality index. Moreover, it can be used in organic seedling production as alternative biostimulant.

In order to assess the potential, farmers satisfaction, and operation and maintenance issues of selected small scale irrigation schemes in Salale Zone Ethiopia, the study was designed with key objectives of evaluating the current status of irrigation water productivity of the schemes; irrigation water users satisfaction, and structures, function, and power of water users association in sustainable operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes. Structured questionnaires focus group discussion, and key informant interview was employed to collect data for each considered irrigation schemes and the data was analyzed by using SPSS and descriptive statistics. The result overall revealed that there was low water productivity of the schemes when it was compared with acceptable limit values. In each considered irrigation scheme, irrigation water users were not satisfied in operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes and less satisfied in fair distribution of water and timeline of water distribution; but fairly satisfied in fee policy. From the perspectives of roles of irrigation water users in leadership, resource mobilization, infrastructure management, equity in water distribution, and conflict management; there was a gap in effectively performing all such activities so that the overall productivity of schemes becomes very low. In general, the research indicated that there was a problem in improving water productivity, farmers’ satisfaction, role of irrigation water users in management, operation, and maintenance of schemes which need due consideration to sustain small scale irrigation schemes so that it will play the intended roles in attaining food security

In this study, it was aimed to reveal some viruses that are a problem in Dahlia plants grown for ornamental plants in parks and home gardens in Selçuklu, Karatay and Meram districts of Konya. For this reason, in the 2019 summer, leaf samples were taken from 152 Dahlia plants showing symptoms similar to virus disease symptoms such as mosaic, deformations, yellowing, blight on the leaves and stunted plants. Possible infections of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted-wilt virus (TSWV) and Impatiens necrotic spot virus, (INSV) on these leaves were tested by serological-based DAS-ELISA (Double Antibody Sandwich- Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) method. According to DAS-ELISA results, it was determined that 46.71% of the samples were infected with at least one of these three viruses. In addition, TSWV was detected as the most common virus with a 38.82% relative incidence in the samples, followed by CMV (27.63%). Mixed infections of the viruses were also detected in the leaf samples tested. As a result of the tests, only CMV + TSWV double infection was detected in a total of 30 samples. On the other hand, INSV infection was not detected in any of the leaf samples tested. As a result of survey studies, the average of prevalence rate of virus diseases in Dahlia plants grown in Konya was calculated as 69.56%. Moreover, it was determined that virus diseases were most common in Selçuklu district (75.47%). This is the first report of CMV and TSWV on Dahlia spp. in Türkiye.

Türkiye’nin su kaynakları her geçen gün giderek kirlenmekte ve kişi başına düşen su miktarı ihtiyacı nüfus artışı ile yıldan yıla hızla artmaktadır. Artan nüfusla beraber gıdaya duyulan ihtiyacın artması buna bağlı olarak su tüketiminin artması, atık suların uygun yöntemlerle arıtılarak çeşitli alanlarda özellikle sulama suyu olarak yeniden kullanımının sağlanması günümüzde ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Kırklareli il merkezinin kanalizasyon suları mevcut evsel ve endüstriyel arıtma tesislerinde arıtılarak Kırklareli deresine deşarj edilmektedir. Bu çalışma derenin suları ve arıtma tesislerinden salınan suların, sulama suyu kalitesi ve kirlilik durumunun belirlenerek tarımsal amaçlı kullanıma uygunluğunu ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kırklareli Deresi üzerinde belirlenen istasyonlardan alınan atık su örnekleri mevsimsel olarak alınmıştır. Örnekler üzerinde fiziksel ve inorganik-kimyasal parametreler incelenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçları değerlendirmek için, Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliğinde yer alan Kıta İçi Yerüstü Su Kaynaklarının Sınıfları (KYSKK) kullanılmıştır. Buna göre; Kırklareli deresi su örneklerinin fiziksel ve inorganik-kimyasal parametreleri açısından mevsimsel olarak kalite sınıfının IV. sınıf olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) ve sodyum adsorpsiyon oranı (SAR) değerlerini temel alan ABD tuzluluk laboratuvarı sınıflandırma sistemine göre C3S1 sınıfına girdiği, fazla tuzlu olmasından dolayı dikkatle kullanılması gerektiği tespit edilmiştir. Su örnekleri ölçüm değerleri üzerinde yapılan tekrarlanan ölçümlü deneme düzeninde varyans analizi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. İstatiksel açıdan parametreler arasındaki belirgin farklar ve ilişkiler belirlenmiştir.

The study’s main purpose is to to determine the price levels in the market and their willingness to accept higher prices of organic farming enterprises. For this purpose, enterprises engaged in organic farming activities in Konya were interviewed. A total of 883 organic farming enterprises in Konya grow 123 kinds of organic products, and as the products change, the organic structures of agricultural products change and their marketing channels, strategies and price formations also differ. In this context, 219 surveys were conducted in 13 product groups classified by TURKSTAT. In line with the data obtained as a result of the survey, the social, economic, production and marketing characteristics of the organic farming enterprises and the effects of the marketing structures of organic products on their willingness to accept prices were investigated using the Willingness to Accept (WTA) method, which is one of the conditional valuation methods. Furthermore, the marginal effects of each factor were determined by constructing the equation of the ordinal probit regression to be used to estimate the function of the WTA curve. As a result, suggestions have been developed for optimal price formation in the organic agriculture sector, where the marginal benefit is at the forefront, due to the high level of healthy life and environmental awareness, as well as marginal income, unlike traditional agricultural enterprises.