This study aimed to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional composition of cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and hazelnut kernel meal (HKM). In this study, each feedstuff was divided into two treatment groups (unfermented and fermented) with five replicates. Nutritional changes in the feedstuffs were determined by analyzing crude protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber contents. Solid-state fermentation had effects on the nutritional composition in all feedstuffs. The best improvement in nutritional quality was obtained from the HKM with increasing the crude protein and decreasing the structural carbohydrates content. Fermented HKM can be considered as an alternative protein feed for soybean meal considering the nutritional composition.

Bu çalışmada, Tarm-92 iki sıralı arpa çeşidi tohumlarına uygulanan farklı dozlarda gama ışınının (200, 300, 400 ve 500 Gy) M2 bitkilerinde bazı tarımsal özellikler üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma Isparta’da 2016-2017 vejetasyon döneminde yürütülmüştür. M1 generasyonunda, her dozda başak ve bitki görünümüne göre normal ve anormal bitkiler ayrı hasat edilerek 9 farklı [200, 200 A, 300, 300 A, 400, 400 A, 400 A (çift başak oluşumu ve başakta dallanma eğilimi gösteren bitkiler Ç.B.) 500 ve 500 A gray] grup oluşturulmuştur. M2 generasyonunda kontrol (ışın uygulanmamış) ile toplam 10 parsel yer almıştır. Araştırma sonucunda gama ışını uygulaması bin tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, kavuz oranı ve protein içeriği üzerine istatistiksel olarak önemli etkisi belirlenmiştir. Gama ışını uygulaması bin tane ve hektolitre ağırlığını önemli seviyede azaltmış, kavuz oranı ve protein oranını arttırmıştır. Araştırmada her gruptaki tüm bitkilerde bitki boyu, başak uzunluğu, başakta tane sayısı ve başakta tane ağırlığı özellikleri tek bitki üzerinde incelenmiş diskriminant analizi yapılmış ve gruplar arasındaki uzaklık sonuçları belirlenmiştir. M2 generasyonuda incelenen özellikler yönünden kontrole benzeyen bitki oranı 400 Gy %7,83, 200 Gy %10, 300 Gy %19,60 ve 500 Gy %22,22 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Doğrusal ayırma fonksiyonlarını içeren katsayılar incelendiğinde en etkin özelliğin başak uzunluğu olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that provide beneficial effects when consumed in sufficient quantities. Currently available probiotics are bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus. In recent years, yeast has presented great potential for the development of new probiotics. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii is the only yeast that has been recognized and characterized as probiotic until today. This raises the question of whether other yeast species have probiotic properties. Recent investigations show that some species with probiotic evidence are Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzeii, except S. cerevisiae. Most of the enzymes produced by the preserved yeast are involved in the metabolism of complex compounds in foods, thus forming the nutritional value and organoleptic properties of fermented foods. EFSA has given the QPS statue, the "food additive," only a few yeasts. In order to verify interesting properties, probiotic working of yeasts needs to be examined in more detail.

A total of 48 randomly selected fish farms from the coasts of Izmir and Muğla, Aegean Sea were visited face-to-face interviewing with fish farmers and a total of 329 coastal fishermen, catches around the sea-cage fish farms between July 2015 and July 2017. We asked them the reasons for fish escapes from sea-cage fish farms. Answers were concerning with the predator attacks, storms, biting of cage-nets by reared fish and seabirds, slits of the nets, drop during transfer, etc.

In this study, socio economic structure of beekeeping enterprises in Çanakkale province was revealed and beekeeping activities were evaluated. The data were obtained from total of 87 beekeeping enterprises. The average age, education period, experience period in beekeeping activities, family size and family labor of the producers were found as 54.71, 9.28 years, 19.37 years, 3 persons and 2.21, respectively. The number of the places which the producers visited for migratory beekeeping, average number of the frames, age of the queen, average honey amount per colony and honeycomb changing frequency were found as 2.83, 10.62, 2.23, 12.65 kg and 2.68 years, respectively. When the honey products production was examined, it was determined that 1895.14 kg honey, 64.07 kg pollen, 0.10 kg royal jelly, 2.14 kg propolis and 46.03 kg beeswax were produced according to the average of the enterprises. The first five problems which the producers encountered in beekeeping activities were determined to be respectively as marketing of the crops, struggle with the illnesses, accommodation place, shipping and organizing. According to the factor analysis results, the first factor which included the external factors such as environment pollution, technical equipment level, robbery, climate and natural conditions was named as “External Factors”, the second factor which included the variables such as getting credit, variation in honey prices and input costs was named as “Financial Factors” and the third factor which included the variables such as illness and wintering losses, struggle deficiency and nutrition deficiency was named as “Inefficient Application”. According to the cluster analysis results, it was determined that “Inefficient Application” factor was emphasized in the first cluster and “External Factors” and “Financial Factors” were emphasized in the second cluster.

Bu çalışma ile Niğde ve Karaman illerindeki çiftçilerin tarımsal kredi kullanım kararlarını etkileyen faktörler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri, 67 çiftçiden yüz yüze anket yöntemi ile elde edilerek, Probit yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen araştırma sonuçlarına göre, araştırma bölgesinde kredi kullanımı üzerine çiftçilerin eğitim düzeyi, hane genişliği ve ikamet durumu değişkenleri negatif, traktör varlığı değişkeni ise pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Elde edilen modelin uyum iyiliği hakkında bilgi veren R2 değeri 0,209 olup, Akaike bilgi kriteri ise 1,321 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bölgede krediye erişimde uygun koşullarda kredi kullanımında düzenlemelere ihtiyaç olduğu ve bu konuda yapılacak düzenlemelerin bölgedeki tarımsal üretimin devamlılığında katkı sağlayacağı açıktır.

Bu araştırma, fındık üretiminin yoğun olarak yapıldığı Düzce iline bağlı tüm ilçelerde, fındık üreticilerinin tarım sigortası yaptırmaya karar verme sürecinde etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Düzce il merkezi ve 7 ilçede fındık üretimi ile iştigal eden 96’sı tarım sigortası yaptıran, 223’ü ise tarım sigortası yaptırmayan olmak üzere basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen toplam 319 üretici ile 2016 yılında sahada yüz yüze görüşmek suretiyle anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket sonucu elde edilen verilerle ilgili yapılan istatistiksel analizde lojistik regresyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlayabilmek için mümkün olduğunca en az değişken kullanılarak en yüksek uyum gösterebilecek model kurulmuştur. Kurulan modelde bağımlı değişken olarak tarım sigortası yaptırma/yaptırmama, bağımsız değişkenler olarak da üreticilerin bireysel özellikleri, işletme özellikleri ve bilgi kaynaklarına olan yaklaşımları ele alınmıştır. Her grup için ayrı ayrı analizler yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda istatistiksel olarak 15 değişken anlamlı çıkmıştır. Lojistik regresyon analizi sonucu hane halkı sayısı, aylık gelir, fındık arazisi miktarı, ortakçılık/yarıcılık, afet zararı, devlet yardımından faydalanma, sigorta bilgisi ve sigorta eğitim isteğinin üreticilerin tarım sigortası yaptırmaya karar vermelerinde etkili olan en önemli faktörler olduğu belirlenmiştir.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 600 million people fall ill after eating contaminated food and 420 000 die every year. Although various foods can serve as sources of foodborne illness, meat has been at the forefront of societal concerns in recent years. Meat is source of some foodborne pathogens which have an important role on human health. In this study, it was aimed to examine the microbiological quality of raw bovine meat samples sold in Tokat province and to evaluate the results in the context of food safety. For this purpose, 18 raw meat samples purchased from butchers and markets were analyzed for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts-molds, lactic acid bacteria, B. cereus, S. aureus, C. perfringens, total coliform, and fecal coliform. The presence of E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were also investigated in these samples. The lowest and highest values determined for the parameters were as follows: total mesophilic aerobic bacteria 1.46×104-1.26×107 CFU/g, total psychrotrofic aerobic bacteria 1.01×104-2.65×106 CFU/g, yeasts-molds 3.00×103-1.70×104 CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria 2.70×103-3.60×104 CFU/g, B. cereus ˂102-7.20×104 CFU/g, S. aureus 2.60×103-2.57×105 CFU/g, C. perfringens ˂102-9.20×103 CFU/g, total coliform 3.80×101-2.90×104 MPN/g, and fecal coliform

Global warming, which has been increasing in recent years, is due to the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The agricultural sector, which has a 25% share in greenhouse gas formation, plays an important role in global warming. CO2, which has a share of 82% among greenhouse gases, is shown as the most important greenhouse gas. It is estimated that 10% of the CO2 in the atmosphere is missioned from the soil. When soil organic carbon, which is an indicator of soil fertility, is released into the atmosphere as CO2, N and S compound gases return to the earth and it causes inefficient soil as well as global warming. Organic carbon is a source of CO2 emissions when the soil is mismanaged. The organic carbon in the soil is transformed into CO2 with loosening of the soil and accumulates in the atmosphere, after it exposure to temperature and oxygen. Unconscious tillage and irrigations increase the physical and biological activity of the soil and cause CO2 emissions from the soil. CO2 emission, which is the main cause of drought, needs to be reduced with low cost, easy and practical applications. At the beginning of these applications, can be listed reduced tillage, deficit irrigation, reduction of fertilizer usage, reuse of agricultural wastes and agricultural management of wastewater. In this review, it is aimed to investigate CO2 emission effect of soil tillage depth and tools, exhaust gases of the vehicles used in soil tillage, the amount of irrigation water and irrigation methods, deficit irrigation, irrigation with wastewater, precipitation, plant factor, fertilization, properties and temperature of soil. In addition, approaches that can be applied to reduce CO2 emission are mentioned.

The study was carried out to examine the effect of varied levels of dietary monosodium glutamate on acetylcholinesterase, specific acetylcholinesterase and total protein concentrations in the brain regions of broiler chickens. Three hundred (300) day – old unsexed Abor – acre chickens were randomly assigned to diets: A, B, C, D, E and F containing 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 g/kg MSG respectively. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed ad – libitum and provided with clean water for 8 weeks (56 days) after which 2 birds per replicates were slaughtered. The brains were removed, dissected into different regions comprising of the olfactory lobe, pineal body, optic lobe, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. The different parts of the brain were homogenized to determine the acetylcholinesterase and total protein which were also used in the assessment of the specific acetylcholinesterase of the brain. No significant differences were observed in the acetylcholinesterase activity of the olfactory lobe, pineal body, optic lobe, cerebellum except for the medulla. Likewise, the dietary monosodium glutamate did not influence the activities of the total protein and specific acetylcholinesterase of the olfactory lobe portion of the brain. The dietary monosodium glutamate exerted significant effects on the total protein of other brain parts studied and which invariably resulted in significant changes in the specific acetylcholinesterase of the optic lobe, cerebellum and medulla except for the optic lobe. This study revealed that monosodium glutamate added to broilers diet above 0.75 g/kg significantly altered the concentration of the brain acetylcholinesterase, total protein and specific acetylcholinesterase thereby impaired brain functions.