The aim of this study was to find potential PGPR from sub-forest soil located different region soils of Turkey. Previous research indicated that the existing bacteria in arable soil are not capable to represent their individual performance most probably due to the competition. To overcome this phenomenon, soils are collected from sub-forest soil of Adana (Ad), Antalya (An), Hatay (Ha), Isparta (Is), Ordu (Or) and Sivas (Si) provinces. Experiment was carried out on the soil existing in Isparta in a greenhouse condition. Four fast growing bacteria colonies in tryptic soy (CASO) agar medium from each province were isolated and then, each isolate cultivated at liquid CASO broth until they reach 106 cfu ml-1. Experiments were carried out with a total of 24 bacteria including 6 province and 4 bacteria cultures from each region. The effects of those bacteria on biomass development and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays) were investigated. Sterile broth was applied treatment defined as control. The results revealed that 23 isolates out of 24 stimulated plants shoot dry weight. The highest value observed in the Or1 and Is4 isolates as 12.8 and 12.7 g plant-1 which around 77% higher than control whereas the lowest was in Or2 as 6.45 g plant-1. Plant nutrient concentrations were also influenced from inoculates where An1, Ad1, Or1, Is1 and Is3 significantly increased macro nutrients uptake where total N, available P, K, Ca and Mg were higher by 19%, 14%, 14%, 59% and 41% over the control, respectively. The Fe concentration was found 48% higher in Ad3 isolate. The Cu, Mn and Zn were the highest in Si3 as 43%, 30% and 31%, respectively. In general 4 out of 24 isolates were selected as promising PGPR for both plant development and nutrient uptake of maize.

Los estudios de expresión transitoria de genes heterólogos de interés biotecnológico son un paso previo a su expresión estable en plantas transgénicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue optimizar las condiciones de biobalística para realizar ensayos de expresión transitoria de genes heterólogos en Nicotiana tabacum variedad Xanthi (tabaco) utilizando la pistola de genes de baja presión Helios® Gene Gun (BioRad®). Como gen heterólogo se utilizó al promotor 35S de CaMV fusionado al gen uidA (GUS) clonado en el vector pBI121. Las condiciones evaluadas fueron: presión de disparo, número de disparos y distancia de disparo sobre discos de hojas u hojas completas de tabaco cultivadas in vitro. La expresión de GUS se evaluó como el promedio del número de puntos azules observados en los tejidos bombardeados. únicamente se consideraron puntos azules cuando se utilizaron hojas completas de tabaco. Se observó un mayor número de puntos azules cuando se empleó una presión de 160 psi, cuatro disparos y un bombardeo directo sobre hojas completas. Para confirmar las condiciones obtenidas se utilizó el vector pCAMBIA 1305.2, observándose un alto número de puntos azules en los tejidos bombardeados, indicativo de la eficiencia de las condiciones optimizadas en el presente trabajo. | Transient expression studies of heterologous genes with biotechnological interest are a prerequisite to its stable expression in transgenic plants. The aim of this research was to optimized the biobalistic conditions for testing transient expression of heterologous genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum - Xanthi) using the low pressure Helios® Gene Gun System (Biorad ®). As heterologous gene construction was used CaMV 35S promoter fused to the uidA (GUS) gene cloned into the vector pBI121. The optimized conditions were: shot pressure, number of shots and shooting distance of leaf fragments or full sheets of tobacco. GUS expression was evaluated by average number of the blue dots observed on plant tissues already bombarded. Only blue dots were observed when whole leaves tobacco were used. A great deal of blue spots was observed using the following conditions: a pressure of 160 psi, 4 shots and 0 cm on whole sheets. In order to confirm the conditions earlier obtained, the pCAMBIA 1305.2 vector was employed in this experiment. Higher numbers of blue points were observed in tissues previously bombarded; those were as an indicative of the efficiency experimental conditions earlier optimized.

Transient expression studies of heterologous genes with biotechnological interest are a prerequisite to its stable expression in transgenic plants. The aim of this research was to optimized the biobalistic conditions for testing transient expression of heterologous genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum -Xanthi) using the low pressure Helios® Gene Gun System (Biorad ®). As heterologous gene construction was used CaMV 35S promoter fused to the uidA (GUS) gene cloned into the vector pBI121. The optimized conditions were: shot pressure, number of shots and shooting distance of leaf fragments or full sheets of tobacco. GUS expression was evaluated by average number of the blue dots observed on plant tissues already bombarded. Only blue dots were observed when whole leaves tobacco were used. A great deal of blue spots was observed using the following conditions: a pressure of 160 psi, 4 shots and 0 cm on whole sheets. In order to confirm the conditions earlier obtained, the pCAMBIA 1305.2 vector was employed in this experiment. Higher numbers of blue points were observed in tissues previously bombarded; those were as an indicative of the efficiency experimental conditions earlier optimized. | Los estudios de expresión transitoria de genes heterólogos de interés biotecnológico son un paso previo a su expresión estable en plantas transgénicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue optimizar las condiciones de biobalística para realizar ensayos de expresión transitoria de genes heterólogos en Nicotiana tabacum va-riedad Xanthi (tabaco) utilizando la pistola de genes de baja presión Helios® Gene Gun (BioRad®). Como gen heterólogo se utilizó al promotor 35S de CaMV fusionado al gen uidA (GUS) clonado en el vector pBI121. Las condiciones evaluadas fueron: presión de disparo, número de disparos y distancia de disparo sobre discos de hojas u hojas completas de tabaco cultivadas in vitro. La expresión de GUS se evalúo como el promedio del número de puntos azules observados en los tejidos bombardeados. Únicamente se observaron puntos azules cuando se utilizaron hojas completas de tabaco. Se observó un mayor número de puntos azules cuando se utilizó una presión de 160 psi, cuatro disparos y un bombardeo directo sobre hojas completas. Para confirmar las condiciones obtenidas se utilizó el vector pCAMBIA 1305.2, obser-vándose un alto número de puntos azules en los tejidos bombardeados, indicativo de la eficiencia de las condiciones optimizadas en el presente trabajo.

Clearing of natural ecosystems and land degradation due to unsustainable agricultural practices are becoming threats to the sustainability and productivity of agricultural systems in Burie town administrative, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The aim of this paper is therefore to assess the fruit tree species diversity in home garden agro-forestry and their role for supporting local people’s livelihoods in Burie town administration. Cultivated plants of 72 home gardens were surveyed and critical information were collected through questioner and focus group discussion from 12 households. Fruit tree species diversity (expressed in species richness and evenness) in home gardens in the study sites was determined using the Shannon-Weiner Index. The study basically considers the human consumption fruit trees species. A total of 18 fruit tree species represented by 9-genera and 7-families were recorded in home garden agro-forestry within the three wealth status (poor, medium, and rich) of the selected respondents commonly. From all wealth categories, the highest Shannon diversity index was recorded in rich and the lowest was in poor class category. Similarly, the highest species evenness was recorded in rich wealth category. However, there was no significant difference among rich and medium wealth categories for species richness. The study also revealed that age, land hold size, education status is the cause for species diversity in addition to the wealth status in the study area. Older respondents had significantly higher species richness and diversity than youngsters. It has been also found that almost all (100%) of the sampled households harvest and use at least four types of home garden products for various purposes. Lacks of management practices were the factors which puts the species diversity in question in the study area.

A trial on tour farms, located in the municipalities of Palmira and Candelaria, from february to July in 1993 was carried out in order to: Identify machinery systems which cause the most losses; and - evaluate the causes and quantify the losses given rise to by the use of machinery in the mechanized harvest of four sorghum cultivars. Using the methology proposed by CHAPARRO (1986), which was partially modified, it was achieved detection of losses in cutting systems, in the threshing, parting and cleaning, in addition to grain lost in other parts. The threshing system was seen to produce the greatest losses due to the excessive wearing of parts in this system, also as a result of poor calibration in a technical sense. The total losses calculated show values of up to 215 kg/ha and more than 10% of the total harvest. Given the representative nature of these farms, considered typical for the Cauca Valley, due to their size and their level of mechanization and technology, it can be inferred that similar high losses are being produced across the board, in this area. | En el período comprendido entre febrero y julio de 1993, se realizó un ensayo en cuatro fincas localizadas en los Municipios de Palmira y Candelaria, Departamento del Valle del Cauca, con el fin de identificar las pérdidas y los sistemas de las máquinas que presentan los valores más elevados, evaluar sus causas y cuantificar las pérdidas totales debidas a las máquinas, en la cosecha mecanizada de cuatro cultivares de sorgo. Utilizando la metodología propuesta, por CHAPARRO (1986), parcialmente modificada en este estudio, se lograron detectar pérdidas en los sistemas de corte, trilla, separación y limpieza, además de fugas de grano en otros componentes, siendo el sistema de trilla el que presentó las mayores pérdidas debido al desgaste excesivo de las piezas de este sistema o a una calibración poco técnica del mismo; las pérdidas totales debidas a máquinas presentaron valores hasta de 215 kg/ha y niveles superiores al 10%. Dado el tamaño y el alto grado de tecnificación de las tincas de este estudio, que las hace representativas del sistema de producción local, se infiere que en la zona se pueden estar presentando pérdidas elevadas por este concepto, al cual no se le está dedicando la atención debida.