Bu çalışmada Keban Baraj Gölü'nde ağ kafeslerde yetiştirilen gökkuşağı alabalığının kan protein düzeylerinin aylık değişimi incelendi. Bir yıl boyunca gökkuşağı alabalıklarından aynı yaş gurubundan her ay 10 örnek alınarak toplam boy ve canlı ağırlıkları ölçüldü. Kaudal venadan alınan kan örneklerinin serumu çıkarılarak; total protein, albumin, globulin ve fibrinojen miktarları belirlendi. İncelenen kan protein düzeylerinden; total protein (TP) 4,52 g/dl, albumin 2,37 g/dl, globulin 2,15 g/dl olarak yıl içerisinde en yüksek Mart ayında bulunmuştur. Fibrinojen ise en yüksek Ocak ayında (198,74 mg/dl) bulunmuştur. Toplam protein, albumin ve globulin düzeyleri en düşük kış aylarında bulunurken fibrinojen yaz aylarında en düşük miktarda bulunmuştur. İstatistiki analiz sonuçlarına göre tüm ölçümlerin aylık değişimleri önemli bulunmuştur. Albumin, globulin, fibrinojen değerleri ile toplam boy ve canlı ağırlık ve değerleri arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur ve bu değerlerin aylık değişimleri önemli bulunmuştur.

Begomovirus (DNA viruses with DNAss genome) the main threat to crops growing at subtropical and tropical areas around the world. There are many studies which have shown that begomoviruses evolving by mechanisms of genetic exchange, which occur in alternate hosts such as weeds. Weeds are widely distributed throughout the world and have a high environmental adaptability. The goal of this work was to identify new alternate hosts of begomovirus in weeds associated with pepper crops growing at Valle del Cauca. Weeds with and without viral symptoms around of pepper crops located to the municipalities of Zarzal, Vijes, Toro, Unión, Roldanillo and Guacarí were collected; a taxonomic identification was made at the Herbarium of the Universidad Nacional of Colombia, Josep Cuatrecasas Arumí. The detection of begomovirus was performed by PCR using universal primers that amplify 400 bp, corresponding to a fragment of the AR1 (CP) gene of component A. There were collected 179 weeds and in 13 of them (Sida acuta, Malvastrum sp, Rivina humilis, Acalypha sp, Parthenium hysterophorus, Euphorbia hirta, Rhynchosia minima) the presence of begomovirus was detected. For weeds such as sida acuta and acalypha sp, this is the first report as a host of begomovirus in Colombia, Latin America and also the Caribbean. This result let to know new families as host of begomovirus and also to confirm the begomovirus presence in other weeds where these were previously detected in Valle del Cauca. There is a pressing necessity to obtain additional information related with diversity and distribution of weeds as a host of begomovirus, in order to figure out not only for the virus control but also avoid the begomovirus spreading from weeds to crops with economic interest. | Los begomovirus (virus de plantas de DNA de cadena sencilla) son la principal amenaza para los cultivos que crecen en áreas subtropicales y tropicales de todo el mundo. Hay muchos estudios que han demostrado que los begomovirus evolucionan por mecanismos de intercambio genético, que ocurren en hospedadores alternativos como las malezas. Las malezas están ampliamente distribuidas en todo el mundo y tienen una alta adaptabilidad ambiental. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar nuevos hospederos alternos de begomovirus en malezas asociadas con cultivos de aji que crecen en el Valle del Cauca. Malezas con y sin síntomas virales alrededor de cultivos de aji ubicados en los municipios de Zarzal, Vijes, Toro, Unión, Roldanillo y Guacarí fueron colectadas; Se realizó una identificación taxonómica en el Herbario de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Josep Cuatrecasas Arumí.La detección de begomovirus se realizó mediante PCR utilizando cebadores universales que amplifican 400 pb, correspondientes a un fragmento del gen AR1 (CP) del componente A. Se recolectaron 179 malezas y en 13 de ellas (Sida acuta, Malvastrum sp, Rivina humilis, Acalypha sp, Parthenium hysterophorus, Euphorbia hirta, Rhynchosia minima) se detectó la presencia de begomovirus. Para malezas como Sida acuta y Acalypha sp, este es el primer informe como hospedero alterno de begomovirus en Colombia, América Latina y el Caribe. Este resultado permite conocer nuevas familias como hospederas de begomovirus y también para confirmar la presencia de begomovirus en otras malezas donde se detectaron previamente en el Valle del Cauca. Existe una necesidad apremiante de obtener información adicional relacionada con la diversidad y la distribución de malezas como hospederos de begomovirus, con el fin de descubrir no solo el control del virus, sino también evitar la propagación del begomovirus de las malezas a los cultivos con interés económico.

Resumen La leche es un alimento importante en la dieta de la población humana, principalmente por su contenido en grasas, proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. No obstante, el uso de pesticidas organoclorados (PCO) durante décadas ha contaminado el suelo, el agua y el aire y, por tanto, también ha contaminado la leche. En este sentido, en el presente trabajo se realizó una revisión de los artículos científicos, entre 2000 y 2018, relacionados con la evaluación del grado de contaminación de diferentes tipos de leche por PCO en varias regiones del mundo. Como resultado, se observó que, aunque el uso de los PCO ha sido prohibido en la agricultura desde la década de 1980, estos compuestos o sus metabolitos aún se han detectado en muchas muestras, y en algunos casos los niveles se encontraban por encima del máximo permitido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Además, la mayoría de las muestras presentaron contaminación, lo que las convierte en un gran riesgo para la salud humana debido a su bioacumulación. | Abstract Milk is a very important food for human consumption, mainly due to its content of fat, protein, vitamins and minerals. However, the use of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) for decades has contaminated the soil, water and air, and thus has also contaminated the milk. In this sense, in the present work a review of scientific articles was carried out, between the years 2000 and 2018, related to the evaluation of the degree of contamination of different types of milk by OCPs in different regions of the world. As a result, it was observed that although OCPs have been banned for use in agriculture since the 1980s, these compounds or their metabolites have still been detected in many samples, and in some cases the levels were above the maximum allowed by the World Health Organization. In addition, most of the samples presented contamination, which makes them a great risk to human health due to their bioaccumulation.

In this study, 10 Hasak sheep lungs from Konya Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Unit of Experimental Animals Unit were used. Corrosion casting technique were applied to the materials. The corrosion cured materials were stored in water for one night. It was then incubated at 37 ° C in a 20% KOH solution for 24 hours. Corrosion casting technique and latex injection materials were photographed and presented in the study. The lungs were found to be wrapped with pleura visceralis (pleura pulmonalis) in the cavum thoracis. It was determined that the right lung was consisted of lobe cranialis (pars cranialis and pars caudalis), lobus medius, lobus caudalis and lobus accessorius. The left lung was composed of lobe cranialis (pars cranialis and pars caudalis) and lobe caudal. In the bronchus that shaped these lobes, it was determined that tacheae gave bronchus lobaris cranialis dexter (bronchus trachealis) mean 48.53 mm before the bifurcatio trachea, and later on it was divided into bronchus pirincipalis dexter and sinister. In this study, anatomical features of broncho-pulmonary segmentation and similarities and differences with other species were revealed.

In this study a physical, chemical and physiological characterization of Dominico Hartón plantain grown in the Belalcázar municipality (Department of Caldas, Colombia) during harvest and post-harvest was carried out. The research was performed with fruits of 14, 16 and 18 weeks after flowering. Every two days until senescence changes in weight, firmness, parameters of color L*a*b*, pulp/peel, the relationship pulp/shell, maturity index, pH, humidity, starch, respiration rate and ethylene rate were measured. This study used a longitudinal repeated measures design, balanced, with a three-level factor. The factor evaluated was harvest time and the response variables were the physicochemical parameters. The results showed variation in weight near to 7%, the color parameter tint was between -61.46 and 86.74, chroma between 26.31 and 37.11 and DE of 1.4603 to 8360, the pH ranged from 6.2 to 3.98, pulp/peel of 2.53 to 4.11, the relationship °Brix/acidity of 11.36 to 26.2, humidity content between 60.56% and 56%, starch, 51.7% to 67% DM, the CO2 production rate between 3.4 and 8.9 g / kg. h, ethylene from 24 to 225 µL / kg. h. The maturation parameters showed climacteric behavior and total days of ripening were 9, 14 and 21 for the fruits of 18, 16 and 14 weeks from flowering. | En el departamento de Caldas, Colombia, se realizó la caracterización física, química y fisiológica durante las fases de cosecha y poscosecha del plátano Dominico Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds) cultivado en el municipio de Belalcázar. La investigación se hizo con frutos de 14, 16 y 18 semanas después de la floración. Cada 2 días y hasta senescencia se evaluaron los cambios de peso, firmeza, parámetros de color L*a*b*, relación pulpa/cáscara, índice de madurez, pH, humedad, almidones, índice de respiración y tasa de etileno. En este trabajo se utilizó un diseño longitudinal de medidas repetidas, balanceado, con un factor en tres niveles. El factor evaluado fue el tiempo de cosecha y las variables de respuesta fueron los parámetros fisicoquímicos. Los resultados mostraron variación en peso cercanas a 7%, el parámetro de color tinte varió entre -61.46 y 86.74, el croma entre 26.31 y 37.11 y el DE entre 1.4603 y 8.360, el pH varió entre 6.2 y 3.98, una relación pulpa/cáscara entre 2.53 y 4.11, la relación °brix/ acidez entre 11.36 y 26.2, la humedad entre 60.56% y 56%, el almidón entre 51.7% y 67% de MS, la tasa de producción de CO2 entre 3.4 y 8.9 g/kg por hora, el etileno entre 24 y 225 µlt/kg por hora. Los parámetros de maduración mostraron comportamiento climatérico y los días a maduración total fueron de 9, 14 y 21 para los frutos de 18, 16 y 14 semanas desde floración.