خيارات البحث
النتائج 31 - 40 من 280
The water-land-food nexus of natural rubber production النص الكامل
2018
Chiarelli, Davide Danilo | Rosa, Lorenzo | Rulli, Maria Cristina | D'Odorico, Paolo
The increasing global demand for natural rubber (100% increase in the last 15 years) is for most part met by Malaysia and Indonesia, and – to a lesser extent – other countries in South-East Asia and Africa. The consequent expansion of rubber plantation has often occurred at the expenses of agricultural land for staple crops, particularly in South-East Asia, where 90% of the land suitable for agriculture is already under cultivation. Here we investigate the extent to which the ongoing increase in rubber production is competing with the food system and affecting the livelihoods of rural communities living in the production areas and their appropriation of natural resources, such as water. We also investigate to what extent the expansion of rubber plantations is taking place through large scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) and evaluate the impacts on rural communities. Our results show how rubber production needs more than 10 million ha of fertile land and up to 136–149 × 10⁹ m³ y⁻¹ of freshwater (125 × 10⁹ m³ y⁻¹ of green water and 11–24 × 10⁹ m³ y⁻¹ of blue water). These resources would be sufficient to produce enough food to significantly reduce malnourishment in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam if replaced by rice production. Overall, natural rubber production has important environmental, social, and economic impacts. Indeed, despite their ability to bring employment and increase the average income of economically disadvantaged areas, rubber plantations may threaten the local water and food security and induce a loss of rural livelihoods – particularly when the new plantations result from LSLAs that displace semi-subsistence forms of production – thereby forcing the local populations to depend on global food markets.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Improving Water Productivity in Irrigated Agri-food Production Systems النص الكامل
2018
vinay nangia | charles kleinermann | masafumi tamura
Fifteen professionally-trained national agricultural research trainees: 9 from Iraq, 2 from Jordan and 4 from a range of other countries (1 from Egypt, 2 from China and 1 from Japan) trained on improving water productivity in irrigated agro ecosystems in the dry land agriculture. While 9 Iraqi, 2 Jordanian, 1 Egyptian were funded by JICA, the remaining were supported by Tottori University for Japanese and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) for Chinese participants | Vinay Nangia, Charles Kleinermann, Masafumi Tamura. (1/3/2018). Improving Water Productivity in Irrigated Agri-food Production Systems. Beirut, Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Describing and Visualizing a Water–Energy–Food Nexus System النص الكامل
2018
Endo, Aiko | Kumazawa, Terukazu | Kimura, Michinori | Yamada, Makoto | Kato, Takaaki | Kozaki, Kouji
Describing and Visualizing a Water–Energy–Food Nexus System النص الكامل
2018
Endo, Aiko | Kumazawa, Terukazu | Kimura, Michinori | Yamada, Makoto | Kato, Takaaki | Kozaki, Kouji
The objective of this study is to describe a target water–energy–food (WEF) nexus domain world including causal linkages and trade-off relationships between WEF resources and their stakeholders, and to develop a WEF nexus system map as an interdisciplinary tool used for understanding the subsequent complexity of WEF nexus systems. An ontology engineering method, which is a qualitative method, was applied for the replicability of the WEF nexus domain ontology and the map, because ontology engineering is a method of semantic web development for enhancing the compatibility of qualitative descriptions logically or objectively. The WEF nexus system map has three underlying concepts: (1) systems thinking, (2) holistic thinking, and (3) an integrated approach at an operational level, according to the hypothesis that the chains of changes in linkages between water, energy, and food resources holistically and systemically affect the WEF nexus system, including natural and social systems, both temporally and spatially. This study is significant because it allows us to (1) develop the WEF nexus domain ontology database, including defining the concepts and sub-concepts of trade-offs relating to WEF for the replicability of this study; (2) integrate the qualitative ontology method and quantitative network analysis method to identify key concepts serving as linkage hubs in the WEF nexus domain ontology; and (3) visualize human–nature interactions such as linkages between water, energy, and food resources and their stakeholders in social and natural systems. This paper also discusses future challenges in the application of the map for a science–policy–society interface.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Describing and Visualizing a Water–Energy–Food Nexus System النص الكامل
2018
Aiko Endo | Terukazu Kumazawa | Michinori Kimura | Makoto Yamada | Takaaki Kato | Kouji Kozaki
The objective of this study is to describe a target water&ndash:energy&ndash:food (WEF) nexus domain world including causal linkages and trade-off relationships between WEF resources and their stakeholders, and to develop a WEF nexus system map as an interdisciplinary tool used for understanding the subsequent complexity of WEF nexus systems. An ontology engineering method, which is a qualitative method, was applied for the replicability of the WEF nexus domain ontology and the map, because ontology engineering is a method of semantic web development for enhancing the compatibility of qualitative descriptions logically or objectively. The WEF nexus system map has three underlying concepts: (1) systems thinking, (2) holistic thinking, and (3) an integrated approach at an operational level, according to the hypothesis that the chains of changes in linkages between water, energy, and food resources holistically and systemically affect the WEF nexus system, including natural and social systems, both temporally and spatially. This study is significant because it allows us to (1) develop the WEF nexus domain ontology database, including defining the concepts and sub-concepts of trade-offs relating to WEF for the replicability of this study: (2) integrate the qualitative ontology method and quantitative network analysis method to identify key concepts serving as linkage hubs in the WEF nexus domain ontology: and (3) visualize human&ndash:nature interactions such as linkages between water, energy, and food resources and their stakeholders in social and natural systems. This paper also discusses future challenges in the application of the map for a science&ndash:policy&ndash:society interface.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Describing and Visualizing a Water–Energy–Food Nexus System النص الكامل
2018
Aiko Endo | Terukazu Kumazawa | Michinori Kimura | Makoto Yamada | Takaaki Kato | Kouji Kozaki
The objective of this study is to describe a target water–energy–food (WEF) nexus domain world including causal linkages and trade-off relationships between WEF resources and their stakeholders, and to develop a WEF nexus system map as an interdisciplinary tool used for understanding the subsequent complexity of WEF nexus systems. An ontology engineering method, which is a qualitative method, was applied for the replicability of the WEF nexus domain ontology and the map, because ontology engineering is a method of semantic web development for enhancing the compatibility of qualitative descriptions logically or objectively. The WEF nexus system map has three underlying concepts: (1) systems thinking, (2) holistic thinking, and (3) an integrated approach at an operational level, according to the hypothesis that the chains of changes in linkages between water, energy, and food resources holistically and systemically affect the WEF nexus system, including natural and social systems, both temporally and spatially. This study is significant because it allows us to (1) develop the WEF nexus domain ontology database, including defining the concepts and sub-concepts of trade-offs relating to WEF for the replicability of this study; (2) integrate the qualitative ontology method and quantitative network analysis method to identify key concepts serving as linkage hubs in the WEF nexus domain ontology; and (3) visualize human–nature interactions such as linkages between water, energy, and food resources and their stakeholders in social and natural systems. This paper also discusses future challenges in the application of the map for a science–policy–society interface.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Characteristics and use of electrolyzed water in food industries النص الكامل
2018
Campagnol, P. C. B. | Menezes, C. R. | Cichoski, A. J. | Genro, A. L. G. | Silva, M. S. | Flores, D. R. M. | Athayde, D. R. | Silva, J. S. | Wagner, R.
Electrolyzed water (EW) is a new technology that emerged in the last years with potential application in foods, mainly in microbiological aspects, with variation in application modes, dipping the food in solution, where variation of time can be changed and be apply in the form of spray. Because EW characteristics, its action in microorganisms are still been studied for mechanism elucidation and possible damages, as well its influence in the intrinsic characteristics of food, like color and oxidation. This unconventional or ‘green’ technology has the purpose to prove microbiological quality of food and decrease the use of natural resources like water with minimal generation of chemical/toxic residues. More studies are necessary in relation to this technology and its possible applications in food industry, as well characteristics and mechanisms.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Role of water in food powders: process/product interactions النص الكامل
2018
Desobry, Stéphane | Schuck, Pierre | Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires (ENSAIA) ; Université de Lorraine (UL) | Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST
International audience
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Measurement of free water in foods by secondary derivative thermogravimetry | Medición del agua libre en alimentos mediante termogravimetría de segunda derivada النص الكامل
2018
Wang, Yubin | Zheng, Qingyun | Li, Wu | Ma, Yue | Zhao, Xiaoyan | Zhang, Chao
Measurement of free water in foods by secondary derivative thermogravimetry | Medición del agua libre en alimentos mediante termogravimetría de segunda derivada النص الكامل
2018
Wang, Yubin | Zheng, Qingyun | Li, Wu | Ma, Yue | Zhao, Xiaoyan | Zhang, Chao
The thermogravimetry (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) methods have been used to measure the free water in low-moisture foods. In this study, the 2nd derivative thermogravimetry (2nd DTG) method distinguished the free and bound water based on the speed of moisture evaporation, which could be used for both low-moisture and high-moisture foods. First, the key factors related to moisture evaporation were optimized. Isothermal temperature of 30 ~ 50°C, dynamic temperature of 0.033 ~ 0.133°C/min, and flow rate of nitrogen of 20 ~ 40 mL/min were the optimal parameters for the 2nd DTG method. Under these conditions, the repeatability and reproducibility of the 2nd DTG method were enhanced, its applicability was expanded to high-moisture foods, and the accuracy was ± 4.0% of the nuclear magnetic resonance results. Hence, the 2nd DTG method is better suited for the measurement of free water in foods.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Measurement of free water in foods by secondary derivative thermogravimetry النص الكامل
2018
Yubin Wang | Qingyun Zheng | Wu Li | Yue Ma | Xiaoyan Zhao | Chao Zhang
The thermogravimetry (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) methods have been used to measure the free water in low-moisture foods. In this study, the 2nd derivative thermogravimetry (2nd DTG) method distinguished the free and bound water based on the speed of moisture evaporation, which could be used for both low-moisture and high-moisture foods. First, the key factors related to moisture evaporation were optimized. Isothermal temperature of 30 ~ 50°C, dynamic temperature of 0.033 ~ 0.133°C/min, and flow rate of nitrogen of 20 ~ 40 mL/min were the optimal parameters for the 2nd DTG method. Under these conditions, the repeatability and reproducibility of the 2nd DTG method were enhanced, its applicability was expanded to high-moisture foods, and the accuracy was ± 4.0% of the nuclear magnetic resonance results. Hence, the 2nd DTG method is better suited for the measurement of free water in foods.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Managing the water-energy-food nexus: Opportunities in Central Asia النص الكامل
2018
Jalilov, Shokhrukh-Mirzo | Amer, Saud A. | Ward, Frank A.
This article examines impacts of infrastructure development and climate variability on economic outcomes for the Amu Darya Basin in Central Asia. It aims to identify the most economically productive mix of expanded reservoir storage for economic benefit sharing to occur, in which economic welfare of all riparians is improved. Policies examined include four combinations of storage infrastructure for each of two climate futures. An empirical optimization model is developed and applied to identify opportunities for improving the welfare of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan. The analysis 1) characterizes politically constrained and economically optimized water-use patterns for these combinations of expanded reservoir storage capacity, 2) describes Pareto-Improving packages of expanded storage capacity that could raise economic welfare for all four riparians, and accounts for impacts for each of two climate scenarios. Results indicate that a combination of targeted water storage infrastructure and efficient water allocation could produce outcomes for which the discounted net present value of benefits are favorable for each riparian. Results identify a framework to provide economic motivation for all riparians to cooperate through development of water storage infrastructure. Our findings illustrate the principle that development of water infrastructure can expand the negotiation space by which all communities can gain economic benefits in the face of limited water supply. Still, despite our optimistic findings, patient and deliberate negotiation will be required to transform potential improvements into actual gains.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]The impact of water scarcity on food, bioenergy and deforestation النص الكامل
2018
Winchester, N. (Niven) | Ledvina, Kirby | Strzepek, Kenneth | Reilly, John M.
We evaluate the impact of explicitly representing irrigated land and water scarcity in an economy‐wide model with and without a global carbon policy. The analysis develops supply functions of irrigable land from a water resource model for 282 river basins and applies them within a global economy‐wide model. The analysis reveals two key findings. First, explicitly representing irrigated land has a small impact on global food, bioenergy and deforestation outcomes. This is because this modification allows irrigated and rainfed land to expand in different proportions, which counters the effect of rising marginal costs for the expansion of irrigated land. Second, changes in water availability have small impacts on global food prices, bioenergy production, land use change and the overall economy, even with large‐scale (c. 150 exajoules) bioenergy production, due in part to endogenous irrigation and storage responses. However, representing water scarcity and changes in water availability can be important regionally, with relatively arid areas and/or areas with rapidly growing populations fully exhausting our estimated maximum irrigation capacity that allows for improved irrigation efficiency, lining of canals to limit water loss, and expanding storage to fully capture average annual water flows.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]