The paper presents lysimeter tests, which have been conducted since 1974 on the amount of water runoff from sodded soil profile under conditions of its diversified use and watering. On the tested area a major portion of the total yearly runoff from grasslands occurs during the growing season due to the amount and distribution of precipitation in this region (c.a. 68 of the total yearly precipitation falls during the growing season). Runoff values from grasslands recorded during the study period varied from 113.7 to 247.1 mm. A significant relationship has been found betwen the amount of water draining away from grassland soil profile and the amount of yield, which was caused either by a method of use (meadow, pasture or 8-15 cm high sward) or by the amount of applied nitrogen fertilization

The purpose of the anthropological assignment was ul; li To review the existing Clan maps and the relevant literature on the Somali communities inhabiting the project area from available sources in Nairobi and Addis-Ababa and develop contacts and information networking /li li To do joint field work with WATSAN and health teams to current proposed Dhagax Buur project locations, jointly review programme objectives, field methodology and acculturated principles of participatory development. During this time to define social constraints to sustainable development and list potential areas conflict. Initiate field based training for two Somali community workers who, it is hoped, will be have been recruited in advance/li; li Carry out specialist survey within the wider zone, map the area travelled and build up sketched clan boundaries concentrating on locations currently proposed, valuation judgement regarding those locations not yet assessed/visited based on global view of clan boundaries and recommend additional new locations or removal of old. The long term aim is to create Clans balance and elevate potential jealousy based on clan difference. Avoid conflict over scarce resources. Finalise output and deliverables, report back to field based programme teams, coordination in Addis Ababa and finally WATSAN dept in Brussels /li; /ul.

En la represa de Hidroprado (Tolima), durante 91 días, se evaluaron dos alimentos balanceados extrudizados con diferente contenido proteico en la alimentación del híbrido tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp) cultivada en jaulas flotantes de bajo volumen a altas densidades. Cada tratamiento (T I: 30% de proteína y T II: 24% de proteína) se replicó 10 veces; las unidades experimentales, conformadas por 650 peces y con un peso promedio inicial de 60 gramos cada una, fueron ubicadas al azar en los tratamientos. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar. Mediante muestreos diarios y en diferentes zonas del cultivo, se estimó la calidad de agua presente en la explotación para oxígeno disuelto, temperatura, pH, turbidez, nitritos y amonio. Como parámetros de producción se evaluaron supervivencia, crecimiento, aumento de biomasa por jaula y por m 3 , índice de conversión alimenticia, eficiencia del alimento y tasa de crecimiento específico en peso; con el costo de cada dieta, mediante un análisis económico se estableció cual de las dos proporciona mayores beneficios a la explotación. Se determinó que los parámetros de calidad de agua presente en la zona de cultivo son óptimos para la explotación de tilapia roja, con valores promedio para oxígeno disuelto de 6.04 ppm, temperatura 29.88°C, pH 8.14, turbidez 94.91 cm, nitritos < 0.1 ppm y amonio < 1 ppm todos dentro de la jaula. Para el tratamiento I se obtuvieron los mejores resultados, con diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas en cuanto a supervivencia (82.32%), peso final (350.35 gr), aumento de peso (290.17 gr), ganancia de peso (3.19 gr/día), biomasa final (187.45 Kg/jaula y 64.63 Kg/m3 ), aumento de biomasa (148.33 Kg/jaula y 51.14 Kg/m3 ), índice de conversión alimenticia (2.21) y eficiencia del alimento (45.37%), frente al tratamiento II con supervivencia de (77.71%), peso final (328.65 gr), aumento de peso (268.40 gr), ganancia de peso (2.95 gr/día), biomasa final (165.90 Kg/jaula y 57.20 Kg/m3 ), aumento de biomasa (126.73 Kg/jaula y 43.70 Kg/m3 ), índice de conversión alimenticia (2.48) y eficiencia alimenticia (40.41%). La Tasa de Crecimiento Específico en peso para el tratamiento I fue superior a la del tratamiento II, con 2.08% y 1.93% respectivamente. Aunque los costos de producción por concepto de la alimentación son menos afectados por la dieta del tratamiento II, resulta favorable para la explotación el suministro del alimento concentrado con 30% de proteína (tratamiento I), ya que con este se consigue un menor costo por kilogramo producido, mayores rendimientos por jaula y por m 3 , ganancia (gr/día), peso al sacrificio, mejor índice de conversión alimenticia y mayor eficiencia del alimento. | In the Hidroprado dam (Tolima), for 91 days, two nutritionally complete extruded feeds were evaluated with different protein content for the feeding of red tilapia hibrid (Oreochromis sp) cultured in floating cages of low volume to high density. Each treatment (T I protein 30% and T II protein 24%) was replicated 10 times, the experimental units were formed with 650 fish each an initial average weight of 60g these, were put at random in the treatments. By daily measuring of different culture zones, the quality of water present in the farm was estimated for dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, turbid, nitrites and ammonia. Production parameters survival, growth, production per cage and m3 of cage, food conversion ratio, feed efficiencie and specific growth rate in weight were evaluated, and the cost of both treatments through a economical analysis was established, to supply the best benefits for the farm. The parameters of quality of water were optimum for the culture of red tilapia, with an average amount to dissolved oxygen of 6.04 ppm, temperature 29.88°C, pH 8.14, Turbid 94.91 cm, nitrites | Zootecnia

Tendo em vista ser a água limitante e haver poucos estudos sobre o balanço hídrico em cultivos do semi-árido nordestino, instalou-se um experimento em Coxixola, PB, com quatro tratamentos (plantios de milho e de feijão, solo nu e com cobertura morta), parcelas de 7,7 x 10 m e espaçamento de plantio de 1,1 x 1,0 m. Foram medidos chuva, evaporação (Tanque "classe A") e armazenamento de água no solo (sonda de nêutrons). A chuva pouca (212 mm) e mal distribuída causou restrição hídrica na parte final do experimento e foi responsável pelas baixas eficiências de uso de água e baixas produtividades do milho (grãos e biomassa total, 282 e 1141 kg ha-1) e do feijão (166 e 558 kg ha-1). Solo nu e com cobertura morta tiveram comportamento semelhante, com grandes perdas de água (1,57 e 1,48 mm dia-1, respectivamente) e apenas pequenos aumentos nas lâminas armazenadas no perfil do solo, ao final do experimento (28 e 35 mm, respectivamente). O pequeno aumento e a dificuldade de obtenção de resíduos vegetais fazem com que esta cobertura morta não seja prática promissora na região.<br>Considering that water is a limiting factor and there are few studies on water balance in the semi-arid Northeastern Brazil, an experiment was established at Coxixola, PB, Brazil, with four treatments (corn and beans crops, bare soil and soil covered with mulch), in plots of 7.7 x 10 m and plant spacing of 1.1 x 1.0 m. Rainfall, evaporation (Class A tank) and soil water (neutron probe) were monitored. Low (212 mm) and irregular rainfall resulted in water deficit towards the final period of the experiment and was responsible for the low water use efficiencies and low productivity of corn (grain and total biomass, 282 and 1141 kg ha-1) and beans (166 and 558 kg ha-1). Bare soil and mulch had similar results, with high water losses, 1.57 and 1.48 mm day-1, respectively, and only small increases in stored soil water (28 and 35 mm, respectively) were observed at the end of experiment. Mulching does not seem to be a promising practice in the area due to this small increase and the difficulty in obtaining plant residues.

Summaries (En) | Gift