The exponential growth of the world population makes it necessary to look for alternatives to increase food production. Amino acids are widely used to improve crop productivity, however, in table beet cultivation they are not widespread. Therefore, the objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of an amino acid solution on the physiological indices and production of red beet. A randomized block experiment was designed with five treatments and six replications. Four concentrations of the amino acid solution VA1 (0.3 ml L-1), VA2 (0.6 ml L-1), VA3 (0.9 ml L-1), VA4 (1.2 ml L-1) were evaluated. 1) and a control treatment VA0 (0). The dry biomass of the plants, leaf area, growth rates, total chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, relative water content and agricultural yield were evaluated. The results showed lower growth and production when the amino acid solution was not used and a significant increase in the dry biomass of the plants when the solution was used in all its variants. Growth rates, chlorophyll content, as well as leaf temperature, were also benefited by amino acids. The highest productive efficiency was obtained with 0.6; 0.9- and 1.2-ml L-1 and the best performance response was at the 1.2 ml L-1 dose. Therefore, the foliar application of amino acids is an alternative to increase the growth and production of red beets.

This article is related to phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms - MSF, emphasizing on bacteria - BSF, and compiles information based on research results, which proposes the availability of phosphorus in the plant rhizosphere due to the activity of the associated microbiome, taking as a case study BSF in coffee crops worldwide. Scientific articles published until December 2023 on MSF and BSF, their isolation and their use in phytonutrition and phytosanitary were searched. The databases of Scopus, ScienceDirect, Jstore, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library were consulted using access licensed by the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ). Also, the free access search portals ResearchGate, Scielo, Mendeley and Google Scholar. It is evident that there are few articles published in the last five years specifically on P availability due to microbial activity in coffee, which is why this type of publication is important. In relation to the use of BSF, there are biotechnological advances that allow them to be considered as alternatives for phosphorus biofertilization; however, there is a lack of research for coffee cultivation mainly in Colombia, and above all, the implementation of this technology by farmers and technicians.

The use of adequate plant density in combination with the amino acid application can play a decisive role in achieving optimal yields in sesame crops. In order to evaluate the effects of the influence of plant densities and the application of amino acids on the growth and yield of sesame seeds in the rainy season, an experiment was carried out between June and October 2023. Three doses of amino acids (AV) were examined: without VA, 0.25 and 0.50 L ha-1 and two plant densities (25,000 and 29,000 plants/ha), distributed in Split-plots, in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that plant densities influence the growth and yield of the sesame crop, the density of 25,000 plants ha-1 influenced the number of plant leaves, leaf area and the AF/NH ratio, while the density of 29,000 plants ha-1 showed greater plant height and yield. Additionally, the dose of 0.25 L ha-1 promoted the growth of sesame plants at the density of 25,000 plants/ha and a higher yield at the density of 29,000 plants/ha, while the dose of 0 .50 L ha-1 of amino acids showed greater productivity at the density of 25,000 plants/ha. The results of this study suggest that the use of high plant densities in combination with the foliar application of amino acids is an viable strategy to increase sesame productivity in the rainy season.

Research on toxic plants must be communicated on a larger scale as much as possible to associations and communities of livestock farmers that promote the existence of this economic sector. The objective was to provide the community with a practical knowledge and identification tool on plants toxic to livestock and other domestic mammals, where based on basic research information from bibliographic review, experience of primary field data, provided by ranchers, butlers and farm managers such as ranchers from high Andean life zones, Andean as well as sub-Andean and low tropical zones, which includes the diversity of species registered with, common names, identification, taxonomic classification, distribution and habitat, and poisonings generated by the plants, among others. It also describes the plants in their function and the principles of toxicity, or type, of toxic according to parts of the plant or species. It is important to note that the solo presence of the toxic plant does not lead to poisoning. The conclusion is that toxicological and pathological effects produced by toxic plants in animals generate economic losses for farmers, due to the impact on low production of meat and milk.

Cocoa cultivation plays an important role in Colombian rural development. In addition to being identified as a potential substitute for illicit crops, cocoa provides a livelihood for some 65,000 families in Colombia. However, the low productivity of the crop indicates that its potential is still limited. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cocoa cultivar CNCh12, previously selected by Compañía Nacional de Chocolates’ breeding program, and to compare its traits with a commercial cultivar, the CCN51 clon. For both cacao cultivars the next variables were measured: productivity (Kg/Ha/year), sexual compatibility, resistance to M. roreri, beans characteristics (physical, chemical and functional), morphological traits, and the flavor of cocoa liquor. The results indicate that the cultivar CNCh12 is highly productive, self-compatible, and with moderate resistance to Frosty Pod. This genotype also has fine and flavor attributes and functional traits that satisfy the chocolate industry needs. In this way, Compañía Nacional de Chocolates consolidates its position as the first private company to develop plant materials endorsed by the National Registry of Commercial Crops of the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA, thus strengthening the genetic diversity that the country possesses.

Hevea brasiliensis is the greatest source of natural rubber and raw material in several industrial products manufacture. In Colombia, it has been commercially established in five productive units; however, the genetic basis is limited and foliar diseases have influenced the development and the production. In La Libertad Research Center (Villavicencio) and Taluma Experimental Field (Puerto López) of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria – AGROSAVIA, clonal trials, at small-scale and large-scale, were established to evaluate the performance assessment, associated with growth, of seven clones from CIRAD-Michelin. Selection Collection series CDC, FDR, MDF y PMB, and FX 3864 and RRIM 600 as well. In juvenile stage, the trunk circumference (CIRC) was measured every six months, and the annual increase average (IMA-CIRC) was calculated. Variance analysis and means comparison were carried out. At eight years of age, the FDR 5788 clone showed IMA-CIRC of 8.20 cm year-1 and 6.87 cm year-1 in La Libertad and Taluma, respectively; differences in growth between clones were observed. In the Piedemonte llanero (La Libertad), the FDR 5788 and RRIM 600 clones were notable for their growth, whereas in the Altilllanura (Puerto López) PMB 1 and FDR 5788 were remarkable. In La Libertad, the FDR 5788, RRIM 600 and CDC 312 clones exceeded the CIRC of 50 cm at sixth year, in contrast to Taluma, where it occurred at seventh year for PMB1 and DFR 5788.

Arrabidaea chica belongs to the Bignoniaceae family, popularly known as Bija or “Tooth cleaner”. It is one of the most used dyeing plants in the artisanal industry of the Colombian Caribbean region. In the department of Sucre, it is used by artisans for dyeing arrow cane; however, it has been affected by a high risk of genetic erosion, therefore it is necessary to establish methods for massive propagation and conservation. The objective of this research was to implement a protocol for the in vitro establishment and oxidation control of nodal segments of A. chica using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (0%, 2.5% and 5.0%) and immersed during 5, 10, and 15 minutes during explants disinfection. The explants were then planted in Murashige & Skoog medium. To control oxidation, the MS culture media were supplemented with ascorbic acid (0.15 g L-1) and citric acid (0.1 g L-1), alone and/or in combination. The different treatments were incubated at 28 °C, photoperiod of 12/12 hours day/night and illumination of 45 µmol m-2 S-1. The results indicated that sodium hypochlorite was effective for disinfection at 2.5% in 5 minutes. The combination of ascorbic acid with citric acid in the medium influenced the oxidation of the explants. Therefore, disinfection with sodium hypochlorite and the incorporation of ascorbic acid (0.15 mg L-1) and citric acid (0.1 mg L-1) in the culture medium provide good conditions for the control of in vitro oxidation of explants of Bija.

During the last decades, Caspian forests have been attacked by human interference. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products have led to the increase in population density, the creation of new residential areas and the activity of deforestation. Revealing the changes is one of the basic methods in the management and evaluation of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to estimate the forest area using support vector machine classification model in Landsat 8 satellite images in Shafarood forests of Gilan province. The results of the image classification in the support vector machine method showed that the area of the forest in 2010 was equal to 12104.64 hectares, which has reached 9478.69 hectares in 2020, that is, its area has decreased by 2625.95 hectares due to changes in its use and its conversion to residential use and poor rangeland. With its growth in the years 2010 to 2020, residential use has changed from 1385.1 to 2542.35, that is, the area has increased by 1157.25 hectares. The changes in pasture use have also changed from 2707.74 to 4478.17 hectares, i.e. 1770.43. The reason for the increase in this could be that many parts of forest use have turned into poor rangeland. According to the Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy obtained by the support vector machine classification in 2010 and 2020, for 2010, 95.76 and 91.75% and 99.72 and 99.62% were obtained in 2020. The results showed that the support vector machine method had a higher accuracy in the separation of uses.

Arrabidaea chica pertenece a la familia Bignoniaceae, popularmente conocida como Bija o Limpiadientes. Es una de las plantas tintóreas más utilizadas en la industria artesanal de la región caribe colombiana, En el departamento de Sucre, es utilizada por artesanos para la tinción de la caña flecha; sin embargo, se ha visto afectada por un alto riesgo de erosión genética, se hace necesario establecer métodos de propagación y conservación masivos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue implementar un protocolo en el establecimiento in vitro y control de oxidación de segmentos nodales de A. chica, utilizando diferentes concentraciones de hipoclorito de sodio (0%; 2,5% y 5,0%), inmersos durante 5, 10 y 15 minutos en la desinfección de los explantes. Luego se sembraron en medio Murashige & Skoog. Para controlar la oxidación de los explantes, los medios de cultivos MS fueron suplementados con ácido ascórbico (0,15 g/L) y ácido cítrico (0,1 g/L), solos y/o en combinación. Los diferentes tratamientos fueron incubados a 28 °C, fotoperiodo de 12/12 horas día/noche y una iluminación de 45 µmol m -2S -1. Los resultados indicaron que el hipoclorito de sodio fue efectivo para la desinfección a 2,5% en 5 minutos. La combinación del ácido ascórbico con ácido cítrico en el medio influyo en la oxidación de los explantes. Por lo tanto, la desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio y la incorporación al medio de cultivo de ácido ascórbico (0.15mg/L) y ácido cítrico (0.1mg/L), proveen buenas condiciones para el control de la oxidación in vitro de explantes de Bija. | Arrabidaea chica belongs to the Bignoniaceae family, popularly known as Bija or “Tooth cleaner”. It is one of the most used dyeing plants in the artisanal industry of the Colombian Caribbean region. In the department of Sucre, it is used by artisans for dyeing arrow cane; however, it has been affected by a high risk of genetic erosion, therefore it is necessary to establish methods for massive propagation and conservation. The objective of this research was to implement a protocol for the in vitro establishment and oxidation control of nodal segments of A. chica using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (0%, 2.5% and 5.0%) and immersed during 5, 10, and 15 minutes during explants disinfection. The explants were then planted in Murashige & Skoog medium. To control oxidation, the MS culture media were supplemented with ascorbic acid (0.15 g L-1) and citric acid (0.1 g L-1), alone and/or in combination. The different treatments were incubated at 28 °C, photoperiod of 12/12 hours day/night and illumination of 45 µmol m-2 S-1. The results indicated that sodium hypochlorite was effective for disinfection at 2.5% in 5 minutes. The combination of ascorbic acid with citric acid in the medium influenced the oxidation of the explants. Therefore, disinfection with sodium hypochlorite and the incorporation of ascorbic acid (0.15 mg L-1) and citric acid (0.1 mg L-1) in the culture medium provide good conditions for the control of in vitro oxidation of explants of Bija.

The use of adequate plant density in combination with the amino acid application can play a decisive role in achieving optimal yields in sesame crops. In order to evaluate the effects of the influence of plant densities and the application of amino acids on the growth and yield of sesame seeds in the rainy season, an experiment was carried out between June and October 2023. Three doses of amino acids (AV) were examined: without VA, 0.25 and 0.50 L ha-1 and two plant densities (25,000 and 29,000 plants/ha), distributed in Split-plots, in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that plant densities influence the growth and yield of the sesame crop, the density of 25,000 plants ha-1 influenced the number of plant leaves, leaf area and the AF/NH ratio, while the density of 29,000 plants ha-1 showed greater plant height and yield. Additionally, the dose of 0.25 L ha-1 promoted the growth of sesame plants at the density of 25,000 plants/ha and a higher yield at the density of 29,000 plants/ha, while the dose of 0 .50 L ha-1 of amino acids showed greater productivity at the density of 25,000 plants/ha. The results of this study suggest that the use of high plant densities in combination with the foliar application of amino acids is an viable strategy to increase sesame productivity in the rainy season. | La utilización de densidad de plantas adecuadas en combinación con la aplicación de aminoácidos puede desempeñar un papel decisivo para lograr rendimientos óptimos en cultivo del sésamo. Con el fin de evaluar los efectos de la influencia de densidades de plantas y la aplicación de aminoácidos en el crecimiento y rendimiento del ajonjolí en época lluviosa, se realizó un experimento entre junio y octubre de 2023. Se examinaron tres dosis de aminoácidos (VA): sin VA, 0,25 y 0,50 L ha-1 y dos densidades de plantas (25000 y 29000 plantas/ha), distribuidas en parcelas divididas en diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres réplicas. Los resultados mostraron que las densidades de plantas influyen en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del ajonjolí, la densidad de 25000 plantas/ha influyó en el número de hojas planta, área foliar y la relación AF/NH, mientras que, la densidad de 29000 plantas/ha mostró mayor altura y rendimiento de las plantas. Adicionalmente, la dosis de 0,25 L ha-1 promovió el crecimiento de las plantas de ajonjolí en la densidad de 25000 plantas/ha y un mayor rendimiento en la densidad de 29000 plantas/ha, mientras que, la dosis de 0,50 L ha-1 de aminoácidos mostró mayor productividad en la densidad de 25000 plantas/ha. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la utilización de altas densidades de plantas en combinación con la aplicación foliar de aminoácidos son una estrategia viable para incrementar la productividad del ajonjolí en época lluviosa.