Relevance. The presence of valuable biologically active substances, carbohydrates, organic acids and others in the eggplant fruits makes the culture one of the vegetables with the highest antioxidant activity. The VIR collection of eggplant includes 830 accessions from 70 countries of the world. The study of new acquisitions in the VIR collection presupposes a comprehensive assessment of the received material according to morphological, biological and economically valuable characteristics. The main objective of the study was to assess the variability of the biochemical parameters of egg-plant fruits in technical ripeness; as well as determination of the best accessions by the chemical composition of fruits and the content of biologically active substances.Materials and methods. The study of 19 accessions of eggplant accessions was carried out in 2020 in a winter greenhouse in Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR (St. Petersburg). The morphological description of the accessions and the assessment for biological and economically valuable traits were carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines and the VIR classifier. Biochemical analysis was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of VIR in the phase of technical ripeness of fruits in terms of: dry matter content, sugars, total acidity, ascorbic acid, pigments and anthocyanins.Results. As a result of this study, the amplitude of variability in the content of dry matter (6.44- 8.68%), sugars (1.78-3.72%), ascorbic acid (5.92-21.08 mg/100 g), titrated acidity (0.10-0.31%), chlorophylls (0.52-15.13 mg/100 g), carotenoids (1.19-6.99 mg/100 g), β-carotene (0.11-0.52 mg/100 g) and anthocyanins (12.94-1031.40 mg/100 g) in eggplant fruits. Accessions with a high content of biologically active substances in fruits in technical ripeness were identified: Russian hybrids Bourgeois F1, Azhur F1; local accessions from Armenia: k-3156, k-3159, k-3161.

The presence of valuable biologically active substances, carbohydrates, organic acids and others in the eggplant fruits makes the culture one of the vegetables with the highest antioxidant activity. The collection of eggplant maintained by the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Breeding (VIR) includes 830 accessions from 70 countries of the world. The study of new acquisitions in the VIR collection presupposes a comprehensive assessment of the received material according to morphological, biological and economically valuable characteristics. The main objective of the study was to assess the variability of the biochemical parameters of egg-plant fruits in technical ripeness; as well as determination of the best accessions by the chemical composition of fruits and the content of biologically active substances. The study of 19 accessions of eggplant accessions was carried out in 2020 in a winter greenhouse. The morphological description of the accessions and the assessment for biological and economically valuable traits were carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines and the VIR classifier. Biochemical analysis was carried out in the phase of technical ripeness of fruits in terms of: dry matter content, sugars, total acidity, ascorbic acid, pigments and anthocyanins. As a result, the amplitude of variability was determined in the content of dry matter (6.44- 8.68%), sugars (1.78-3.72%), ascorbic acid (5.92-21.08 mg/100 g), titrated acidity (0.10-0.31%), chlorophylls (0.52-15.13 mg/100 g), carotenoids (1.19-6.99 mg/100 g), beta-carotene (0.11-0.52 mg/100 g) and anthocyanins (12.94-1031.40 mg/100 g) in eggplant fruits of the studied accessions. Accessions with a high content of biologically active substances in fruits in technical ripeness were identified: Russian hybrids Bourgeois F1, Azhur F1; local accessions from Armenia: k-3156, k-3159, k-3161. | Наличие в плодах баклажана ценных биологически активных веществ, углеводов, органических кислот и т.д. выводит культуру в число овощей, обладающих наибольшей антиоксидантной активностью. Коллекция баклажана, которую поддерживает Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений (ВИР), включает 830 образцов из 70 стран мира. Изучение новых поступлений в коллекцию ВИР предполагает комплексную оценку поступившего материала по морфологическим, биологическим и хозяйственно ценным признакам. Проведена оценка изменчивости биохимических показателей плодов баклажана в фазе технической спелости; определены образцы, лучшие по химическому составу плодов и содержанию биологически активных веществ. Изучение 19 образцов баклажана проводили в 2020 г. в условиях зимней остекленной стеллажной теплицы (Санкт-Петербург). Морфологическое описание образцов и оценку по биологическим и хозяйственно ценным признакам проводили в соответствии с методическими указаниями и классификатором ВИР. Биохимический анализ проводили в фазе технической спелости плодов по следующим показателям: содержание сухого вещества, сахаров, общей кислотности, аскорбиновой кислоты, пигменты и антоцианы. В результате определена амплитуда изменчивости содержания сухих веществ (6,44-8,68%), сахаров (1,78-3,72%), аскорбиновой кислоты (5,92-21,08 мг/100 г), титруемой кислотности (0,10-0,31%), хлорофиллов (0,52-15,13 мг/100 г), каротиноидов (1,19-6,99 мг/100 г), бета-каротина (0,11-0,52 мг/100 г) и антоцианов (12,94-1031,40 мг/100 г) в плодах изученных образцов баклажана. Выделены образцы с высоким содержанием биологически активных веществ в плодах в технической спелости: российские гибриды Буржуй F1, Ажур F1; местные образцы из Армении: к-3156, к-3159, к-3161.

Relevance. When forcing tulips in the early spring period in conditions of protected soil, the effectiveness of fertilizers has not been sufficiently studied. Manufacturers and suppliers of planting material do not give clear recommendations on the timing and doses of the use of mineral fertilizers in the distillation process.Material and methods. The object of study was 6 varieties of tulips of the Dutch selection of the mid-early flowering period. In the experiment, a "9-degree distillation technology"was used. For mineral fertilizing of tulips, a solution of calcium nitrate – Ca(NO3)2 was used in concentrations of 0.1% and 0,2%. The repetition of the experience is fourfold. To assess the effect of fertilizing on the growth and development of tulips, the dynamics of changes in biomorphological indicators was studied: the height of the plants, the diameter of the flower, the mass of cut flowers, as well as the output of commercial products. Results. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0,2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control by 3,83-43,8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3,24-5,85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing is on average 42% for varieties.Results. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0,2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control by 3,83- 43,8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3,24-5,85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing is on average 42% for varieties.

При выгонке тюльпанов в ранневесенний период в условиях защищенного грунта эффективность удобрений недостаточно изучена. Производители и поставщики посадочного материала не дают четких рекомендаций по срокам и дозам применения минеральных удобрений в процессе выгонки. Объектом изучения послужили 6 сортов тюльпанов нидерландской селекции среднего срока цветения. В опыте применяли т.н. 9- градусную технологию выгонки. Высадку луковиц проводили в начале декабря, в конце января температуру в теплице повысили до 18 град. С и провели первую подкормку. Для минеральной подкормки тюльпанов использовали раствор нитрата кальция Ca(NO3)2 в концентрациях 0,1% (от 1 до 3 раз) и 0,2% (только 1-кратно). Повторность опыта четырехкратная. Срезать продукцию начали с середины февраля. Для оценки влияния подкормок на рост и развитие тюльпанов была изучена динамика изменения следующих биоморфологических показателей: высота растений, диаметр цветка, масса срезанных цветов, выход товарной продукции. Выявлено, что применение подкормки нитратом кальция в концентрации 0,2% на ранних этапах развития растений способствует формированию у изучаемых сортов более крупной срезки, отличающейся высоким прочным стеблем, превышающим контроль по длине на 3,83-43,8%, образованию крупных цветоносов диаметром 3,24-5,85 см и повышению выхода товарной продукции, достигающего 98%. Рентабельность данного варианта применения подкормки нитратом кальция составила в среднем по сортам 42% против 31% в контроле. Стабильно высокий выход товарной продукции был отмечен у сортов Roman Empire (93-98%), Strong Gold (96-98%) и Bullit (87-96%). | When forcing tulips in the early spring period in conditions of protected soil, the effectiveness of fertilizers has not been sufficiently studied. Manufacturers and suppliers of planting material do not give clear recommendations on the timing and doses of the use of mineral fertilizers in the distillation process. The object of study was 6 varieties of tulips of the Dutch selection of the mid-early flowering period. In the experiment, so called '9-degree distillation technology' was used. Bulbs were planted in early December, in late January the temperature in greenhouse was elevated to 16 deg. C and the first top-dressing was performed. For mineral fertilizing of tulips, a solution of calcium nitrate – Ca(NO3)2 was used in concentrations of 0.1% (from 1 to 3 times) and 0.2% (only once). The repetition of the experience is fourfold. The products were started cutting from the middle of February. To assess the effect of fertilizing on the growth and development of tulips, the dynamics of changes in the following biomorphological indicators was studied: the height of the plants, the diameter of the flower, the mass of cut flowers, as well as the output of commercial products. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0.2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control by 3.83-43.8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3.24-5.85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing is on average 42% for varieties. It was found that the use of calcium nitrate fertilization at a concentration of 0.2% at the early stages of plant development contributes to the formation of a larger cut in the studied varieties, characterized by a high strong stem exceeding the control in terms of length by 3.83- 43.8%, the formation of large peduncles with a diameter of 3.24-5.85 cm and an increase in the yield of marketable products reaching 98%. The profitability of this variant of applying calcium nitrate fertilizing was on average 42% against 31% in the control. A stably high commercial yield was recorded in the varieties Roman Empire (93-98%), Strong Gold (96-98%) and Bullit (87-96%).

Relevance. In accordance with the needs of the market, in 2008, a variety of zucchini Russian spaghetti with two-colored fruits was created. We faced difficulties in maintaining a high percentage of two-color forms in the variety population. To solve this problem, we studied the possibility of using markers of young zucchini leaves in the selection of forms with different fruit colors in technical ripeness.Material and conditions. The experience was started in 2005 to 2018 in the open ground on the basis of FSBSI FSVC. In the breeding nursery, research was conducted annually on 30 plants. The color of the fruit was taken into account only in the phase of technical ripeness. The best plants were propagated by incest. In the nursery breeding varieties of Russian spaghetti were sown by family. During 4 years in each family, at different stages of development, 50-100 plants were studied according to the color of the fruit and other economically useful characteristics.Results. For eleven years, incuchination and selection were carried out on two-color forms of zucchini Russian spaghetti to achieve homozygosity and, accordingly, to align the material with the color of the fruit. Some regularities of the influence of the number of integrirovanii on the color of the fruit has not been observed. Continuing to observe the plants, it was possible to establish a relationship between the color of the fruit in technical ripeness and the pattern on the lower (first) leaves. On plants with a marble pattern, the leaves were mostly green (reticulated); with yellow spots on the leaves – two-colored and with completely yellow leaves – yellow fruits. By selecting plants with yellow spots on the leaves in the early stages, in the phase of the 3-4-th real leaves, we were able to increase the percentage of plants with two-colored fruits in the population of the variety to 95.5-100%. All this greatly simplified the original seed production of zucchini Russian spaghetti.

В соответствии с потребностями рынка в 2008 г. был создан сорт кабачка цуккини Русские спагетти с двухцветными плодами. Еще на этапах селекционного процесса столкнулись со сложностями поддержания в популяции сорта высокого процента двухцветных форм. Для решения этой задачи изучали возможность использования маркерных признаков молодых листьев кабачка при отборе форм с различной окраской плода в технической спелости. Опыт был заложен в 2005-2018 гг. в Одинцовском районе Московской области в условиях открытого грунта. В селекционном питомнике исследования проводили ежегодно на 30 растениях. Окраску плодов учитывали только в фазе технической спелости. Лучшие растения размножали путем инцухтирования. В питомнике размножения сорта Русские спагетти проводили посев по семьям. В течение 4-х лет в каждой семье, в различные фазы развития, изучали 50-100 шт. растений по окраске плода и другим хозяйственно полезным признакам. В течение 11 лет проводили инцухтирование и отбор на двухцветных формах кабачка Русские спагетти для достижения гомозиготности и, соответственно, выравнивания материала по окраске плодов. Закономерностей по влиянию количества инцухтирований на окраску плодов не было отмечено. Однако в процессе наблюдений удалось установить взаимосвязь между окраской плода в технической спелости и рисунком на нижних (первых) листьях. На растениях с мраморным рисунком листа завязывались преимущественно зеленые (сетчатые); с желтыми пятнами на листьях – двухцветные и с полностью желтыми листьями – желтые плоды. Отбирая растения с желтыми пятнами на листьях на ранних стадиях (в фазу 3-4 настоящих листьев), получили возможность увеличить в популяции сорта процент растений с двухцветными плодами до 95.5-100%. Все это в значительной степени упростило оригинальное семеноводство кабачка Русские спагетти. | In accordance with the needs of the market, in 2008, a variety of zucchini Russian spaghetti with two-colored fruits was created. There were difficulties in maintaining a high percentage of two-color forms in the variety population. To solve this problem, there was studied the possibility of using markers of young zucchini leaves in the selection of forms with different fruit colors in technical ripeness. The experiment was started in 2005 to 2018 in the open ground. In the breeding nursery, research was conducted annually on 30 plants. The color of the fruit was taken into account only in the phase of technical ripeness. The best plants were propagated by inbreding. In the nursery propagating the variety Russkie Spagetti were sown in families. During 4 years in each family, at different stages of development, 50-100 plants were studied according to the color of the fruit and other economically useful characteristics. For 11 years, inbreeding selection were carried out on two-color forms of zucchini Russian spaghetti to achieve homozygosity and, accordingly, to align the material with the color of the fruit. Some regularities of the influence of the number of integrirovanii on the color of the fruit have not been observed. Continuing to observe the plants, it was possible to establish a relationship between the color of the fruit in technical ripeness and the pattern on the lower (first) leaves. On plants with a marble pattern, the leaves were mostly green (reticulated); with yellow spots on the leaves – two-colored and with completely yellow leaves – yellow fruits. By selecting plants with yellow spots on leaves in the early stages, in the phase of the 3-4-th real leaves, it was possible to increase the percentage of plants with two-colored fruits in the population of the variety to 95.5-100%. All this greatly simplified the original seed production of zucchini Russkie Spagetti.

Relevance and methods. In some Umbelliferae crops, the ratio of the parameters of the seed (the relative length of the embryo) has a significant effect on the ability of seeds to germinate. We studied 10 coriander samples, which showed significant differences in the degree of severity of the main morphological parameters, including the length of the seed, endosperm and embryo.Results. The indicators of the hybrid 5/19 and the variety Stimul significantly exceeded the average value of the population in the length of the seed at 1%, and the sample of the local population from Azerbaijan had the lowest indicator at the 5% level of significance. The endosperm length of the hybrid 5/19, the variety Stimul and the sample of the local population of Egypt exceeded the level of the indicator on average in the experiment. According to the length of the embryo, the Nectar variety, hybrid 5/19 and samples from Egypt and Azerbaijan were at the level of the average value for the experiment. The largest embryo (1.063±0.04) was distinguished by the Commander variety. Four samples significantly exceeded, and the hybrid 11/19 were lower than the average value. Depending on the variety, the coefficient of variation of indicators varied for the length of the embryo (13.9-19.1%), the length of the endosperm (16.4-20.4%) and the length of the seed (15.7-22.1%). The maximum value (0.377) of the IZ/E index, which characterizes the ratio of the size of the embryo and endosperm, was observed in the Commander variety. A close correlation was found between the length of the seed and the length of the endosperm, the correlation coefficient varied from r=0.640 in the Stimul variety to r=0.981 in a sample of the local population of Egypt. A weak or medium correlation was observed between the length of the embryo on the one hand and the length of the endosperm (0.026-0.393) and the seed (0.090 – -0.132) on the other. For the IE/S index, which characterizes the ratio of endosperm size to seed size, the limits (0.893-0.988) of variability were significantly lower. The maximum index (0.988) was found in a sample from Egypt.

In some Umbelliferae crops, the relative length of the germ may significantly influence the ability of seeds to germinate especially in extreme conditions. There were studied 10 coriander samples, which showed significant differences in the length of the seed, endosperm and embryo. The hybrid 5/19 and the variety Stimul of the Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Growing (FSC VG) significantly exceeded the average value of the population in the length of the seed at 1% significance level, and the sample of the local population from Azerbaijan had the lowest indicator at the 5% level of significance. The endosperm length of the hybrid 5/19, the variety Stimul and the sample of the local population of Egypt exceeded the level of the indicator on average in the experiment. According to the length of the embryo, the Nectar variety, hybrid 5/19 and samples from Egypt and Azerbaijan were at the level of the average experiment value. The largest embryo (1.063±0.04) was represented by the Commander variety. Four samples significantly exceeded, and the hybrid 11/19 was lower than the average value. Depending on the variety, the coefficient of variation of indicators varied for the length of the embryo (13.9-19.1%), the length of the endosperm (16.4-20.4%) and the length of the seed (15.7-22.1%). The maximum value (0.377) of the IZ/E index, which characterizes the ratio of the size of the embryo and endosperm, was observed in the Commander variety. A close correlation was found between the length of the seed and the length of the endosperm, the correlation coefficient varied from r=0.640 in the Stimul variety to r=0.981 in a sample of the local population of Egypt. A weak or medium correlation was observed between the length of the embryo and the length of the endosperm (0.026-0.393) and the seed (0.090–0.132). For the IE/S index, which characterizes the ratio of endosperm size to seed size, the limits of indicator variability (0.893-0.988) were significantly lower. The maximum index (0.988) was found in the sample from Egypt. The length of seed, endosperm and germ may be considered as independent selectively significant traits. The variety Stimul is of outstanding interest for selection. | У некоторых зонтичных культур относительная длина зародыша может существенно повлиять на способность семени к прорастанию, особенно в экстремальных условиях. Изучено 10 образцов кориандра, между которыми выявлены существенные различия по длине семени, эндосперма и зародыша. Гибрид 5/19 и сорт Стимул селекции Федерального научного центра овощеводства (ФНЦО) существенно превышали среднее значение популяции по длине семени при 1%-ном уровне значимости, а образец местной популяции из Азербайджана имел наименьший показатель при 5%-ном уровне значимости. По длине эндосперма гибрид 5/19 (ФНЦО), сорт Стимул и образец местной популяции из Египта превышали уровень показателя в среднем по опыту. По длине зародыша сорт Нектар, гибрид 5/19 (ФНЦО) и образцы из Египта и Азербайджана находились на уровне среднего значения по опыту. Наиболее крупным зародышем (1,063±0,04) отличался сорт Коммандер. Четыре образца существенно превышали, а гибрид 11/19 (ФНЦО) уступал среднему значению. В зависимости от сорта коэффициент вариации показателей изменялся для длины зародыша (13,9-19,1%), длины эндосперма (16,4-20,4 %) и длины семени (15,7-22,1%). Максимальное значение (0,377) индекса IЗ/Э, характеризующего отношение размер зародыша и эндосперма, отмечено у сорта Коммандер. Тесная корреляционная связь выявлена между длиной семени и длиной эндосперма, коэффициент корреляции менялся от r=0,640 у сорта Стимул до r=0,981 у образца местной популяции Египта. Слабая или средняя корреляционная зависимость отмечена между длиной зародыша и длиной эндосперма (0,026-0,393) и семени (от -0,132 до 0,424). Для индекса IЭ/С, характеризующего соотношение размеров эндосперма и семени, пределы изменчивости показателя (0,893-0,988) оказались значительно меньше, максимум (0,988) отмечен у образца из Египта. Длина семени, эндосперма и зародыша могут рассматриваться как независимые селекционно значимые признаки. Наибольший интерес для селекции представляет сорт Стимул.

Relevance. The year-round provision of the population of our country with fresh vegetable products remainsis relevant. The creation and widespread implementation of high-tech automated phytotechnological complexes based on innovative technologies for growing plants in intensive light culture, including the development of new-generation root-dwelling environments, low-volume and thin-layer analogs of soil and systems for providing plants with water and mineral nutrition elements, is one of the promising ways to solve this problem.The purpose. Assessment of the influence of root environment conditions on the production process of cucumber plants in intensive light culture is the aim of our work.Methods. The research was carried out under controlled conditions of intensive artificial-light culture, when growing a hybrid of cucumber Tristan F1 by using of low-volume and thin-layer analogs of soil with the supply of a nutrient solution to the plant roots through a slit capillary and by drip irrigation with the use of plant growing light equipment developed at Agrophysical Institute.Results. Evaluation of the influence of the conditions of the root environment - alow-volume analogue of the soil based on high-moor peat – agrophyte and a thin-layer analog of the soil based on a clay suspension with a feed of nutrient solution through a slit capillary, on the production process of cucumber plants showed that in comparison with the control – a low-volume analog of the soil-agrophyte with a feed of nutrient solution by drip irrigation, there is growth acceleration of the cucumber hybrid Tristan F1 in the form of a positive trend and reliable values; as well as a significant increase in the number of fruits by 38-43%, the weight of fruits by 52-53% from the plant; an increase in the accumulation of raw by 38-40% and dry weight by 27-32% by cucumber leaves; an increase in the leaf surface area by 38-40%, leaf water content by 7.3- 9.6%; a significant or positive trend increase in the content of calcium in cucumber fruits by 18-29%, magnesium by 20-29%, iron by 5-16%, vitamin C by 17-23%, while the content of heavy metals and nitrates does not exceed exceeded the MPC in all variants. Methods of growing plants on low-volume and thin - layer analogs of soil with the supply of a nutrient solution to the roots through a slit capillary can be recommended for any cultivation facilities in conditions of intensive light culture.

Создание и широкое внедрение наукоёмких автоматизированных фитотехкомплексов на основе инновационных технологий выращивания растений в интенсивной светокультуре, включающих разработку корнеобитаемых сред нового поколения, малообъёмных и тонкослойных аналогов почвы и систем обеспечения растений водой и элементами минерального питания – один из перспективных путей решения проблемы круглогодичного обеспечения населения овощной продукцией. Цель работы - оценка влияния условий корнеобитаемой среды на продукционный процесс растений огурца в интенсивной светокультуре. Исследования проводили при выращивании партенокарпического гибрида огурца Тристан F1 на аналогах почвы в вегетационных светоустановках, разработанных Институтом агрофизики. Использовали субстрат Агрофит на основе верхового торфа (малообъёмный аналог почвы) и суспензию из кембрийской глины, нанесенную на пористую гидрофильную ткань (тонкослойный аналог почвы). Питательный раствор к корням растений подавали по щелевому капилляру гидрофильной ткани (опыт) или методом капельного полива (контроль). При использовании тонкослойного аналога почвы и подаче питательного раствора по щелевому капилляру наблюдали ускорение развития гибрида огурца Тристан F1. Выявлено статистически достоверное увеличение числа плодов на 38-43%, массы плодов на 52-53% с растения; увеличение накопления сырой на 38-40% и сухой массы на 27- 32% листьями огурца; увеличение площади листовой поверхности на 38-40%, обводнённости листьев на 7,3-9,6%; достоверное или в виде положительной тенденции увеличение содержания в плодах огурца кальция (на 18-29%), магния (на 20-29%), железа (на 5-16%), витамина С (на 17-23%); при этом содержание тяжёлых металлов и нитратов не превышало ПДК во всех вариантах. Методы выращивания растений на малообъёмных и тонкослойных аналогах с поступлением питательного раствора к корням по щелевому капилляру могут быть рекомендованы для применения в любых культивационных сооружениях в условиях интенсивной светокультуры. | The creation and widespread implementation of high-tech automated phytotechnological complexes based on innovative technologies for growing plants in intensive photoculture, including the development of new-generation root-dwelling environments, low-volume and thin-layer analogs of soil and systems for providing plants with water and mineral nutritional elements, is one of the promising ways to solve this problem. The purpose of the work is to assess the influence of root environment conditions on the production process of cucumber plants in intensive photoculture is the aim of our work. The research was carried out by growing parthenocarpous hybrid of cucumber Tristan F1 on the soil counterparts in vegetation photo-installations developed by the Agrophysical Institute. There was used a substrate Agrofit, high-moor peat, low-volume soil counterpart and a Cambrianclay suspension applied to a porous hygrophilous fabric (thin-layer soil counterpart). A nutritional solution to plant roots was supplied through a slit capillary of hygrophilous fabric (experiment) or by drip irrigation (control). When using the thin-layer soil counterpart and supplying nutritional solution through a slit capillary there was observed a growth acceleration of the cucumber hybrid Tristan F1. There was revealed a significant increase in the number of fruits by 38-43%, the weight of fruits by 52-53% from the plant; an increase in the accumulation of raw by 38-40% and dry weight by 27-32% by cucumber leaves; an increase in the leaf surface area by 38-40%, leaf water content by 7.3- 9.6%; a significant or positive trend increase in the content of calcium in cucumber fruits by 18-29%, magnesium by 20-29%, iron by 5-16%, vitamin C by 17-23%, while the content of heavy metals and nitrates does not exceed exceeded the MPC in all variants. Methods of growing plants on low-volume and thin-layer soil counterparts with the supply of a nutrient solution to the roots through a slit capillary can be recommended for use in any cultivation facilities in conditions of intensive photoculture.

Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Federal Scientific Vegetable Center' (FSBSI FSVC) is the leader in the field of selection and seed production of vegetable crops. The main mission of the selection and seed-growing work of the FSVC is the creation and reproduction of varieties and hybrids of vegetable and melon crops of a new generation, characterized by resistance to both abiotic and biotic stressors, high productivity and product quality. Success has been achieved in the creation of homozygous lines of cabbage, squash, cucumber, carrots. For the first time, it was possible to complete a full cycle of obtaining doubled radish haploids in microspore culture in vitro. The immunological research on the resistance of crops and new varieties to diseases are carried out, as well as plant pest and disease control methods are developed. Phytosanitary monitoring, assessment and selection of resistant genotypes are carried every years. The environmentally friendly products based on preparations obtained from plants with a high content of biologically active compounds having adaptogenic properties are developed. A new research direction in the center is the creation of vegetable crop varieties having increased content of biologically active substances and antioxidants, on the basis of which functional products are created. The keeping quality of modern varieties and hybrids of table carrots depending on the biochemical composition has been studied. Methods for enriching vegetable plants with micronutrients are being developed. The technologies for the cultivation and seed production of new varieties and hybrids are created. There were established the branches located in different soil and climatic conditions to study the interaction of factors controlling soil fertility and the productivity of vegetable crops in agrocoenoses (crop rotation; tillage, fertilizer application and plant protection systems). In general, all work of the FSBSI FSVC is aimed at developing and improving methods in breeding and seed production of vegetable crops, creating new breeding achievements and developing varietal technologies for their cultivation. | Федеральное государственное бюджетной научное учреждение 'Федеральный научный центр овощеводства' (ФГБНУ ФНЦО) – лидер в области селекции и семеноводства овощных культур. Основная цель селекционно-семеноводческой работы этой организации – создание и размножение сортов и гибридов овощебахчевых культур нового поколения, отличающихся устойчивостью к абиотическим и биотическим стрессорам, высокой продуктивностью и качеством продукции. Успехи достигнуты в создании гомозиготных линий капусты, кабачка, огурца, моркови. Впервые удалось завершить полный цикл получения удвоенных гаплоидов редиса в культуре микроспор in vitrо. Ведутся иммунологические исследования устойчивости культур и новых сортов к заболеваниям, разрабатываются методы защиты растений от вредителей и болезней. Ежегодно проводится фитосанитарный мониторинг, оценка и отбор устойчивых генотипов. Идет разработка экологически безопасных средств на основе препаратов, полученных из растений с высоким содержанием биологически активных соединений-адаптогенов. Новое направление исследований – создание сортов овощных растений с повышенным содержанием биологически активных веществ и антиоксидантов, для производства продуктов функционального назначения. Изучается хранимоспособность современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой в зависимости от биохимического состава. Разрабатываются способы обогащения овощных культур микронутриентами. Создаются технологии возделывания и семеноводства новых сортов и гибридов. На филиалах ФГБНУ ФНЦО, расположенных в различных почвенно-климатических условиях, заложены стационары по изучению взаимодействия факторов управления плодородием почв и продуктивностью овощных культур в агроценозах (севооборот, системы обработки почв, удобрений и защиты растений). В целом, исследования ФГБНУ ФНЦО направлены на разработку и усовершенствование приемов в селекции и семеноводстве овощных культур, создание новых селекционных достижений и разработку сортовых технологий их возделывания.

The article reflects the issues of the current state of scientific research at the FSBSI FSVC, shows the directions and prospects for the development of selection and seed production of vegetable crops. The main mission of the selection and seed-growing work of the FSVC is the creation and reproduction of varieties and hybrids of vegetable and melon crops of a new generation, characterized by resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors, high productivity and product quality. One of the main ways to increase the efficiency of the breeding process is the use of modern methods of biotechnology and molecular genetics, which make it possible to obtain new genotypes and reduce the time of breeding. Success has been achieved in the creation of homozygous lines of cabbage, squash, cucumber, carrots. For the first time, it was possible to complete a full cycle of obtaining doubled radish haploids in microspore culture in vitro. The institution pays special attention to immunological research on the resistance of crops and new varieties to diseases, as well as protecting plants from pests and diseases. Phytosanitary monitoring, assessment and selection of resistant genotypes are carried every years. One of the important theoretical and practical problems solved at the institution is the development of environmentally friendly products based on preparations obtained from plants with a high content of biologically active compounds with adaptogenic properties. In the center, a new direction of research in traditional breeding has received significant development - the creation of varieties of vegetable plants with an increased content of biologically active substances and antioxidants, on the basis of which functional products are created. The persistence of modern varieties and hybrids of table carrots, depending on the biochemical composition, has been studied. Methods for enriching vegetable plants with micronutrients are being developed. A large amount of scientific research is being carried out on the development of technologies for the cultivation of new varieties and hybrids, as well as technologies for their seed production. At the branches located in different soil and climatic conditions, hospitals were established to study the interaction of factors controlling soil fertility and the productivity of vegetable crops in agrocenoses (crop rotation, soil treatment systems, fertilizers and plant protection). In general, at the FSBSI FSVC, all research is aimed at developing and improving methods in breeding and seed production of vegetable crops, creating new breeding achievements and developing varietal technologies for their cultivation.

The development of ideas about the influence of the light environment (the radiation spectrum, intensity and duration of exposure) on the physiology of plants, serves as the basis for the creation of effective light sources for protected ground. The purpose of the work is comparative test of the influence of a light environment with different spectral composition on the productivity and quality of tomatoes. Investigations were made under controlled conditions of intensive photoculture when growing dwarf tomatoes of the variety Natasha bred in the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center on thin-layer soil counterparts (TSC) with the supply of a nutrient solution to the plant roots through a slit capillary in vegetative light installations developed at the Agrophysical Research Institute. The light sources were high-pressure sodium lamps and LED lamps SD1, SD2, and SD3 with different emission spectra (yellow, pink and close to solar, respectively). Tomatoes plants illuminated during development with HPS lamps formed an average yield of 8.5 kg/m2. The plants grown under LED lamps exhibited a tendency to lower productivity (less by 29% under SD1 and by 8% under SD2) and to higher (more by 19%) under underSD3 compared to that under HPS lamps. A comparative assessment of the biochemical composition of tomato fruits indicates their high quality under all tested light sources irrespective of light sources. It has been concluded that the best productivity (10.5 kg/m2) with good quality products is achieved by cultivating dwarf tomato varieties on TSC under LED lamps SD3 having a radiation spectrum maximum close to sunlight. | Развитие представлений о влиянии световой среды (спектра излучения, интенсивности и продолжительности воздействия) на физиологию растений служит основой для создания эффективных источников света для защищенного грунта. Цель работы - сравнительное испытание влияния световой среды с различным спектральным составом на продуктивность и качество томатов. Исследования проводили в регулируемых условиях интенсивной светокультуры при выращивании томата карликового сорта Наташа, выведенного в Федеральном центре овощеводства, на тонкослойных аналогах почвы (ТАП) с подачей питательного раствора к корням растений по щелевому капилляру в вегетационных светоустановках, разработанных Агрофизическим НИИ. Источниками света служили натриевые лампы высокого давления и светодиодные светильники СД1, СД2 и СД3 с различными спектрами излучения (соответственно, желтым, розовым и близким к солнечному). Растения томата, освещаемые в процессе развития лампами ДНаЗ, сформировали в среднем урожайность 8,5 кг/м2. Растения, выращенные под светодиодными светильниками, показали тенденцию к более низкой продуктивности (меньше на 29% под СД1 и на 8% под СД2) и к более высокой (больше на 19%) под СД3 по сравнению с таковой под лампами ДНаЗ. Сравнительная оценка биохимического состава плодов томата свидетельствует о высоком их качестве вне зависимости от источника света. Сделан вывод, что наилучшая продуктивность (10,5 кг/м2) при хорошем качестве продукции достигается при культивировании карликовых сортов томата на ТАП под светодиодными светильниками СД3, спектр излучения которых максимально близок к солнечному свету.

Introduction. The development of ideas about the influence of the light environment - the radiation spectrum, intensity and duration of exposure, on the physiology of plants, serves as the basis for the creation of effective light sources for protected ground.Purpose. Comparative test of the influence of a light environment with different spectral composition on the productivity and quality of tomatoes in conditions of intensive photo culture.Methods. Investigations were made under controlled conditions of intensive photoculture when growing dwarf tomatoes of the variety Natasha selections of the “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center” on thin-layer soil analogs with the supply of a nutrient solution to the plant roots through a slit capillary in vegetative light installations developed at the ARI. The light sources were high-pressure sodium lamps and LED lamps SD1, SD2, and SD3 with different emission spectra. Results. Tomatoes of the Natasha variety, illuminated during development with HPS lamps, formed almost the same yield with an average fruit weight of 42.5 kg/m2 per layer per year. Natasha tomato grown under LED lamps showed a tendency to lower productivity by 29% under SD1 and by 8% under SD2 and higher by 19% under underSD3 compared to that under HPS lamps. A comparative assessment of the biochemical composition of tomato fruits indicates their high quality under all tested light sources.Conclusion. Cultivation of dwarf tomato varieties on thin-layer soil analogs showed the best results in terms of productivity with good quality plant products under LED lamps SD3 with a radiation spectrum close to sunlight.

Потери урожая с.-х. культур связаны не только с развитием болезней в процессе вегетации, но и при послеуборочном хранении. Чеснок является популярной овощной и пряно-ароматической культурой во многих странах мира. Значительные потери урожая чеснока при выращивании и хранении связаны с грибными патогенами, наиболее вредоносными из которых являются представители р. Fusarium. В Московской области поражение посевов чеснока фузариозом проявляется ежегодно, но с различной интенсивностью. В Федеральном научном центре овощеводства было показано, что гнили и увядание растений чеснока вызывается комплексом патогенных грибов, включающим преимущественно различные виды Fusarium. При этом соотношение видов Fusarium в патогенном комплексе изменяется от года к году, регистрируются новые виды Fusarium и их расы. Цель работы - определение грибных фитопатогенов, вызывающих сухую гниль зубков чеснока при послеуборочном хранении. Для проведения работы из хранилища были взяты луковицы чеснока сортов Дубковский и Стрелец. В результате визуального осмотра были выявлены зубки с симптомами сухой гнили. Пораженные ткани зубков были помещены на картофельно-декстрозный агар для получения грибных колоний. Анализ морфолого-культуральных признаков грибных изолятов, а также нуклеотидных последовательностей 4 участков ДНК (спейсеры ITS, гены EF1а, RPB1 и RPB2) показал, что возбудителем сухой гнили зубков чеснока является патогенный гриб Fusarium proliferatum. Дополнительно в полевых условиях была проведена идентификация на основе анализа последовательностей спейсеров ITS и гена EF1а фитопатогенных грибов, обитающих в ризосфере растений чеснока. В результате были обнаружены 2 вида грибов р. Fusarium (F. proliferatum и F. oxysporum f. sp. сepae), а также виды Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea и Ceratobasidium sp. | Crop yield losses are associated not only with disease ocurence during the growing season, but also during post-harvest storage. Garlic is a popular vegetable and aromatic crop in the world. Significant losses in garlic yield during cultivation and storage are associated with fungal pathogens, the most harmful of which are representatives of the genus Fusarium. In the Moscow region, the garlic crops are affected by Fusarium annually, but with varying intensity. At the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC), it was shown that rot and wilting of garlic plants is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi, including mainly different Fusarium species. At the same time, the ratio of Fusarium species in the pathogenic complex changes from year to year, new Fusarium species and their races are registered. The aim of this study was to identify fungal phytopathogens causing dry rot of garlic cloves during post-harvest storage. To carry out the work, garlic bulbs of cultivars 'Dubkovsky' and 'Strelets' were taken from the FSVC storage. As a result of visual examination, cloves with symptoms of dry rot were identified. The diseased cloves tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar to obtain fungal colonies. Analysis of the morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates, as well as the nucleotide sequences of four DNA regions (ITS spacers, genes EF1alpha, RPB1, and RPB2) showed that the causative agent of dry rot of garlic cloves is the pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. In addition, in the field, identification was carried out based on the analysis of the sequences of spacers ITS and the EF1 alpha gene of phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the root zone of garlic plants. As a result, two species of fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae), as well as the species Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea, and Ceratobasidium sp. were found out there.

Relevance and methods. Losses of agricultural crops are associated not only with the development of diseases during the growing season, but also during post-harvest storage. Garlic is a popular vegetable and aromatic crop in world. Significant losses in garlic yield during cultivation and storage are associated with fungal pathogens, the most harmful of which are representatives of the genus Fusarium. In the Moscow region, the defeat of garlic by Fusarium occurs annually, but with varying intensity. At the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC), it was shown that rot and wilting of garlic plants is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi, including mainly different species of Fusarium. At the same time, the ratio of Fusarium species in the pathogenic complex changes from year to year, new Fusarium species and their races are registered. The aim of this study was to identify fungal phytopathogens causing dry rot of garlic cloves during post-harvest storage. To carry out the work, garlic bulbs of cultivars Dubkovsky and Strelets were taken from the FSVC storage.Results. As a result of visual examination, cloves with symptoms of dry rot were identified. The diseased cloves tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar to obtain fungal colonies. Analysis of the morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates, as well as the nucleotide sequences of four DNA regions (ITS spacers, genes EF1α, RPB1, and RPB2) showed that the causative agent of dry rot of garlic cloves is the pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. In addition, in the field, identification was carried out based on the analysis of the sequences of spacers ITS and the EF1αgene of phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the root zone of garlic plants. As a result, two species of fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae), as well as the species Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea, and Ceratobasidium sp. were found in the root zone of garlic cultivars.