In recent years, the demand for food has sharply increased in functional ingredients, especially in pectin. At present, there is no production of pectin substances in the Russian Federation, and the demand for them is satisfied, mainly due to the use of imported pectin. At the same time, the country has prerequisites for its own production of pectin from non-traditional types of raw materials, for example, bark of coniferous trees, which in the form of waste is produced in large quantities when processing wood in the timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and goes to incineration, although its can be used to obtain such a valuable substance as pectin. The article considers the possibility of using pectins from the bark of coniferous trees in the production of fruit and vegetable nectars with pulp as a biological additive that improves the consistency of the product. To confirm this, VNII researchers of conservation technology conducted studies to test pectin from the bark of spruce and larch on their structure-forming ability. For this purpose, experimental samples of fruit and vegetable nectars with pulp were made: apricot, quince, cherry, redcod, plum and carrot, obtained on the basis of fruit and vegetable purees, as well as the calculated amount of sugar syrup with a certain concentration, with the addition of pectin from the spruce bark and larch, and for comparison samples with the addition of ordinary apple pectin. Pectin was added as a 10% solution in an amount of 9.0% of the total weight of nectar (in terms of dry pectin – 0.9%), which allowed to provide a homogeneous, non-dissolving consistency of nectars.

Amaranth leaves can be used in salads, soups, sauces enriching them with biologically active substances (in particular, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds), as well as giving them an original taste and color. Plants were grown on the experimental field of VNIISSOK in the Moscow region. The experiment was laid on sod-podzolic soil. For the period of 2013-2016 years, biochemical parameters were investigated: total content of water-soluble antioxidants, ascorbic acid content, dry matter content, amarantine content in three amaranth varieties (Valentina, Don Pedro and Fakel) and two green leaf varieties (Pamyati Kovasa and Eku 17020) of FSBSI FSVC (formerly VNIISSOK) and INIAP selection and a correlation analysis was performed, which showed a relationship between the relative concentration of amarantine in the leaves and other biochemical parameters at different stages of plant development. The maximum accumulators of antioxidants according to the TAC parameter were the Valentina and Don Pedro varieties - up to 2.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. The situation was similar in terms of the content of the reduced form of ascorbic acid. So also the Valentina and Don Pedro varieties were leading with values of about 140 mg%. A positive correlation between the content of ascorbic acid and the sum of hydrophilic antioxidants was confirmed. Pamyati Kovasa and Eku 17020 varieties can be recommended as a source of green mass of leaves with a high content of ascorbic acid, red colored varieties Don Pedro, Valentina, Fakel – for obtaining red dye enriched with antioxidants.

Actual problem in breeding onion (Allium cepa. L) is the identification of cytoplasm type in varieties and F1 hybrids. To create a parent sterile fixing line, is required a cytoplasm of type N. However, heterozygous F1 hybrids and new onion varieties obtained from subsequent generations from F1 fertility hybrids that possess economically valuable traits and meet market requirements are not suitable for creating a sterile fixing line from them, because all hybrid plants has 100% S-cytoplasm or T-cytoplasm type. In order to determine the most desirable parent component with subsequent use in the selection process, the Laboratory of Selection and Seed Production of Onion Cultures of the Gavrish company conducted a phenotypic and molecular analysis of collection samples of onions for the feature of male sterility. The material for research was grown according to the generally accepted technologies for the zone in the city of Krymsk, Krasnodar Territory. Phenotypic analysis of the manifestation of the "male sterility" feature was carried out with the help of visual analysis. As a result of the work, were identified varieties and F1 hybrids that can be used as genetic sources for the creation of new sterile lines and lines of sterility fixers, as well as samples to be used as pollinators. In the future, these lines will be used to create heterotic F1 hybrids with high indicators of economic characteristics with given properties.

Lettuce is very popular in the Russian consumer market. Special conditions for its cultivation determine the need to select modern, inexpensive elements of agro-technology that promote high yields. At present biochar (bio-coal) is considered as a promising organic fertilizer. Its main difference lies in the possibility of using any organic raw material in its production. In Russia, the study on the use of biochar is limited; there is no practice of applying it in the complex of agricultural techniques of various agricultural crops. In the conditions of vegetative experiment, the influence of various doses of biochar in ordinary chernozem on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivar was studied in accordance with the developed experiment scheme: control (without biochar), supplemented with 1, 2 and 5 % of biochar. In the experiment, biochar obtained from birch wood was used, by pyrolysis method in fraction of 0.5-5mm. The following observations and determinations were made: the timing of the onset of the phases of plant development, the length of the roots, the number of leaves, the length of the largest leaf, the height of plants, the diameter of the rosette, the mass of 10 plants. The use of biochar contributed to a reduction of beginning period technical ripeness in plants, particularly in variant with the addition of 2%. The increase in root length, the number of leaves of lettuce plants as compared with to control in variants with 2 and 5% of biocar has been observed. The length of the largest leaf, the height of plants and the diameter of the rosette of lettuce are characterized by a significant improvement, even in variant with 1%. Productivity of lettuce was highest in the variant with 2% of biochar applied to the soil.

Physalis commonly known as the husk tomato is an important vegetable crop in the diets of many nations. Their fruits are used in the making of chilli sauce, jams, candied fruits, pickles and dressing for popular dishes. Fruits can be marinated and added to the cucumber, tomato, cabbage, apple, pear, plum for canning. Boiled fruit of Physalis is used to prepare fillings and decorations for cakes. The number of fruits set is variable. The lateral and sub-lateral branches produce more flower buds, but they do not produce harvestable fruits. The elimination of sub-lateral branches would be very important for restricting fruit set. The ‘Lakomka’ variety produces 53 commercial fruits, but only 22 of them reach biological maturity (41.5%). Such traits as “number of fruits per plant” and “average fruit weight" vary substantially Cv = 36.98% and Cv = 33.5%, respectively. At the same time, in the variety ‘Lakomka’ weight of matured fruits on plant (1.76kg) is 73.3% at the total fruit weight -2.4 kg. This is because of the weight of one ripened fruit on the plants that is greater than not ripened one. The same results we observed in the cultivars ‘L–Fioletovy’ and ‘Lejkiy’. Weight of ripened fruits on the plant is about 50% from the total weight in the varieties ‘Lacomka’ and ‘Korolyok’. The "number of fruits per plant” and “average fruit weight” were the most stable in varieties ‘Konditer’, ‘Lacomka 2’ and ‘Lejkiy’. Totally, 320-450 seeds are developed in the fruit, where productivity reaches to 7.4-15.5 g/plant, depending on the variety. Tomatillo is genetically highly variable. To become a viable commercial crop, it will be necessary to develop plants with uniform fruit size and to breed a determinant plant type suitable for mechanical harvesting with most of fruits maturing simultaneously on the plant.

The study was performed to discover the effect of the loca-tion of umbel in ‘Centaur’ variety (Anethum graveolens L.) on the linear parameters of the seed. The seeds were sown on the experimental field of the FGBNU VNIIO in 2015-2016 and grown for seed production. 30 plants were selected in three-fold repetition for each variant at random, and umbels were cut in accordance with the experimental design. Then, the length of the seed, embryo and endosperm from umbels, located on the stalks of first, second orders of branching and controls were measured. It was found that the mean lengths of the elements of the seed (3.85 3.43 mm), endosperm (3.37 2.99 mm) and embryo (1.00 0.77 mm) of dill varied considerably and depended on architectonics of a seed plant and environment. The length of the endosperm averaged 88-89% of the length of the seed. The length of the embryo in the inflorescences of the first order was 26% of the length of the seed and 30% of the length of the endosperm, and in umbels of the second order was 5 and 6% lower. The length of the seed and endosperm was mainly influenced by growing conditions (77% and 81%, respectively), and the length of the embryo the maternal factor (92%). Correlation analysis showed that the influence of the length of the seed on the length of the endosperm had a high positive dependence (r = 0.961-0.978). Between the length of the embryo and the length of the seed; Also the length of the embryo and the length of the endosperm, a weak linkage was observed (r = 0.050-0.314 and 0.066-0.325 respectively).

The aim of the research was to study the dynamics of active and titratable acidity with a low and high initial titer, while cultivating white head cabbage of the variety ‘Parus’ with lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc lactis VKPM V-12150 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides VKPM V-8818 in the basic model medium (BMS) and the modified model medium (MMC) during fermentation . In this experiment, two important questions were considered: the creation of favorable conditions for the growth of lactic acid microorganisms and the suppression of undesirable pathogenic microflora, which can eventually lead to product spoilage. One of the key questions is to scale the results of studies related to the fermentation of plant objects by microorganisms on initially non-sterile raw materials that is the requirement to create as possible fast the conditions that restrain the reproduction of Cl. botulinum, preventing toxin accumulation in the product. Therefore, an important factor is the observance for the necessary boundary condition where for international standards, it reaches pH ≤ 4.6, and for Russian standards it reaches pH ≤ 4.2. Hence, an analysis of the experimental data showed that these boundary conditions were reached after the expiration of essentially different time intervals during the cultivation of microorganisms with different starting titers. As a result, it was shown with which lactic acid microorganisms the optimal parameters for the dynamics of active and titratable acidity were obtained, when the boundary condition reached pH 4.2. Since this value determines more "stringent" requirements for product safety. As a result of studies it was found that optimal parameters for the dynamics of active and titratable acidity when a limit pH value of 4.2 is obtained in the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria L. mesenteroides in the MMC, revealing that the value of the starting titer ranging from 3*103 to 3*105 CFU/g.

The article presents the results of research in the field of the application of new organizational and technological systems in mushroom growing, in particular, for the cultivation of the widespread mushroom culture such as oyster mushrooms, which takes the second place (about 1.5 million tons) in the world pro-duction of fruit bodies of cultivated mushrooms after champignon (2.8 million tons). The possibility of using closed technological processes for growing vegetable and fungus cul-tures in protected soil with the purpose of reusing organic substrates for oyster culture is consifered. In the closed production cycles the use of earlier utilized coconut material brought its actual initial cost to zero, minimizing cost for buying raw materials, initial materials, and expenses for their transportation. It was shown that the substratum that was distinguished by pro-ductivity had the following structure: coconut material after the first year of use (1 year) + hemp hurds + wheat bran (20%:75%:5%), and with yield of 3.2 kg from 10 kg of a substrate (32%). By our calculations the level of productivity of mushrooms not less than 20% of the mass of a substratum (200 kg/t), which was in accordance with technological cultivation norms for fruit bodies was economically effective. In this case profitability was 33%. Stable production profitability has been achieved by the level of productivity of an oyster mushroom to 30-35% from the substratum mass, with profitability, 95-127% respectively.

Providing the population with affordable safe food is becoming increasingly important due to the growing population of the planet, the aggravation of socio-economic relations between states, the increase in the number of environmental problems and the replacement of natural organic food with snacks, products containing artificial components and GMOs, and functional foods. The article discusses the planning of measures taken by the regional authorities to provide the population with basic types of food, the calculation of the needs of which is compiled in accordance with rational norms for the consumption of food products that meet modern requirements for healthy nutrition. On the basis of linear programming, a model of predictive provision of the population with basic types of food products for the period 2018-2020 was compiled. The data on the compiled model can be prolonged and corrected when the statistical indicators of 2016, 2017 are obtained and the planned number of population in the period under review is specified. As a result of the study, the forecasted values of the required volume of food for the population of the Irkutsk region were obtained. The basic components of the mechanism of interaction of all interested subjects of the food market and a set of conditions for the implementation of promising directions of the mechanism for the formation and implementation of food policy in accordance with the stated goals are proposed. Social effectiveness in achieving the performance indicators proposed in the work will be determined by increasing the life expectancy of the population, reducing morbidity, improving the quality of life of those suffering from diseases associated with unsustainable nutrition, and the ratio of the resulting favorable social results to the costs to achieve them, while economic efficiency will be expressed by an estimate The impact of the results achieved in the implementation of program activities on the formation of the gross product, and Vyshen productivity and ensuring the dynamics of economic growth.

Since 2001, the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing has been working with shallots in the North-Eastern zone of the country (Kirov region). Purpose of the work: to study local onion varieties on a set of economically valuable traits under vegetative and generative methods of reproduction, to select the best forms, to obtain selection samples, to identify promising numbers-future varieties, to develop technologies for their cultivation. Collected and created a collection of local varieties of shallots (2001-2006). In the period 2009-2011, selection samples were obtained with free over-dusting of local varieties of shallots on a natural background, and hybridization work was carried out. Elements of vegetative technology (2006-2008) and seed propagation of shallots (2009-2016) have been developed. As a result of the research, technological methods of vegetative and seed methods of scoop breeding in the conditions of the North-Eastern zone of Russia are substantiated. The developed elements of the seed breeding technology of the shallots are used in the selection of this species of onions using local varieties. For the North-Eastern zone of Russia and a number of regions with similar climate conditions, earlyripening varieties with a high-intensity photosynthetic sheet are relevant. The bulb should accumulate a significant amount of carbohydrates, have a delicate and juicy consistence juicy scales and tightly fitting, durable dry scales. Need a thin neck in bulbs. According to the results of the competitive testing in 2017, 3 prospective varieties were transferred to the ICG, differing in their external organoleptic characteristics, having a stable yield of 2.73.6 kg/m2, capable of storage for 9-10 months and a level of preservation of 80-90%, propagated by vegetative and seed methods.