Considerando a importância da leptospirose na equinocultura e na saúde pública, bem como a relevância do conhecimento dos sorogrupos circulantes e do pequeno número de estudos realizados sobre esta doença em equinos no Nordeste do Brasil, o presente trabalho foi delineado para realizar um inquérito sorológico de Leptospira spp. em um banco de soros de 1.267 equinos provenientes de 177 municípios distribuídos em quatro estados: Piaui, Ceará, Paraíba e Pernambuco, localizados na região Nordeste do Brasil. Os soros foram examinados com o teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), utilizando uma coleção de 24 sorovares como antígenos. A frequência de equinos reagentes foi de 29,7% (376 / 1.267) e 68,9% (122/177) dos municípios que tiveram pelo menos uma reação positiva. Os sorogrupos reagentes foram Australis (37,2%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (29,3%), Tarassovi (9,6%), Sejroe (5,8%), Pomona (5,3%), Grippotyphosa (4,5%), Pyrogenes (2,4%), Bataviae (1,9%), Ballum e Hebdomadis (1,3%), Mini (0,5%), Celledoni, Shermani e Javanica (0,3%). Houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto ao sexo e idade, com maior frequência no sexo feminino (P = 0,014) e no animal com idade ≥ 6 anos (P = 0,001). Conclui-se que a infecção por Leptospira spp. tem ocorrência significativa em equídeos do Nordeste do Brasil, com predominância de reações para o sorogrupo Australis nas áreas de fronteira entre os estados e para sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae nas áreas litorâneas ou em suas proximidades. O alto grau de soropositividade encontrado aponta para a necessidade da implementação de estratégias profiláticas tanto intraespécies quanto relacionadas ao controle de roedores. Também recomenda-se evitar superlotações de animais em piquetes e manejá-los em grupos de acordo com o sexo e a faixa etária. | Considering the importance of leptospirosis in both equine husbandry and public health, as well as the relevance of knowledge of current serogroup and the small number of studies addressing this disease in equines in Northeastern Brazil, the present study performed a serological survey of Leptospira spp. in a serum bank of 1,267 equines originating from 177 municipalities, located in four states in Northeastern Brazil: Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Pernambuco. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used for diagnosis of leptospirosis using 24 serovars as antigens. The frequency of reagent equines was 29.7% (376/1,267), and 68.9% (122/177) of municipalities had at least one positive reaction. The serogroups reagent were Australis (37.2%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (29.3%), Tarassovi (9.6%), Sejroe (5.8%), Pomona (5.3%), Grippotyphosa (4.5%), Pyrogenes (2.4%), Bataviae (1.9%), Ballum and Hebdomadis (1.3%), Mini (0.5%), Celledoni, Shermani, and Javanica (0.3% each). There were significant statistical differences regarding sex and age, with a higher frequency in females (P= 0.014), and in animals ≥ 6 years (P=0.001). We concluded that seropositivity to Leptospira spp. is high in equines in Northeastern Brazil, with a predominance of serologic reactions to the Australis serogroup in the border areas between the states, and the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup in coastal areas or their vicinity. The high degree of seropositivity found points to the need to implement prophylactic strategies, both intraspecies infection prophylaxis and rodent control. We also recommended avoiding animal crowding and separating animals according to sex and age group during handling.

Considering the importance of leptospirosis in both equine husbandry and public health, as well as the relevance of knowledge of current serogroup and the small number of studies addressing this disease in equines in Northeastern Brazil, the present study performed a serological survey of Leptospira spp. in a serum bank of 1,267 equines originating from 177 municipalities, located in four states in Northeastern Brazil: Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Pernambuco. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used for diagnosis of leptospirosis using 24 serovars as antigens. The frequency of reagent equines was 29.7% (376/1,267), and 68.9% (122/177) of municipalities had at least one positive reaction. The serogroups reagent were Australis (37.2%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (29.3%), Tarassovi (9.6%), Sejroe (5.8%), Pomona (5.3%), Grippotyphosa (4.5%), Pyrogenes (2.4%), Bataviae (1.9%), Ballum and Hebdomadis (1.3%), Mini (0.5%), Celledoni, Shermani, and Javanica (0.3% each). There were significant statistical differences regarding sex and age, with a higher frequency in females (P= 0.014), and in animals ≥ 6 years (P=0.001). We concluded that seropositivity to Leptospira spp. is high in equines in Northeastern Brazil, with a predominance of serologic reactions to the Australis serogroup in the border areas between the states, and the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup in coastal areas or their vicinity. The high degree of seropositivity found points to the need to implement prophylactic strategies, both intraspecies infection prophylaxis and rodent control. We also recommended avoiding animal crowding and separating animals according to sex and age group during handling.

Objective: This study was conducted to compare between the nanoparticles of copper (Cu-NP) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) effect on immunity, pro-inflammatory cytokine, oxidant/antioxidant balance, different behavioral patterns, growth rate, and weight gain by adding them in drinking water of broilers. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty broiler chicks of 1-day-old were randomly divided into three groups: the first group was the control, the second group received CuSO4 in drinking water (10 mg/l), and the third group received Cu-NP in drinking water (10 mg/l) with replicates (n = 25) for 5 weeks of age. Blood samples collected for estimating immunoglobulins (A, G, and M), superoxide dismutase, pro-inflammatory (IL-6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, heterophil/ lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), corticosterone hormone, and lymphoid organs index weight. Moreover, behavioral observations were undertaken from the 2nd week until the 5th week of age for measuring different behavioral patterns (feeding, drinking, crouching, body care, and comfort behaviors). Chicks were individually weighed weekly (gm); also, the weight gain, the intake of food, and the ratio of feed conversion were calculated. Results: Cu-NP administration has improved the blood profile, lymphoid organs index weight in Cu-NP treated broilers in relation to control and CuSO4 treated groups. Conversely, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, H/L ratio, MDA, and corticosterone hormone were reduced by Cu-NP treat­ment. Moreover, Cu-NP has a positive effect on all behavioral patterns more than other groups which significantly reflect on the weight of the body, gaining of weight, and the intake of food in the Cu-NP treated group of birds. Conclusion: The findings in this study stated that when the drinking water of broilers was supple­mented with Cu-NP, there might be an improvement in the immunity, behavior, and productive performance more efficiently than CuSO4. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 16-25, March 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to compare between the nanoparticles of copper (Cu-NP) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) effect on immunity, pro-inflammatory cytokine, oxidant/antioxidant balance, different behavioral patterns, growth rate, and weight gain by adding them in drinking water of broilers. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty broiler chicks of 1-day-old were randomly divided into three groups: the first group was the control, the second group received CuSO4 in drinking water (10 mg/l), and the third group received Cu-NP in drinking water (10 mg/l) with replicates (n = 25) for 5 weeks of age. Blood samples collected for estimating immunoglobulins (A, G, and M), superoxide dismutase, pro-inflammatory (IL-6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, heterophil/ lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), corticosterone hormone, and lymphoid organs index weight. Moreover, behavioral observations were undertaken from the 2nd week until the 5th week of age for measuring different behavioral patterns (feeding, drinking, crouching, body care, and comfort behaviors). Chicks were individually weighed weekly (gm); also, the weight gain, the intake of food, and the ratio of feed conversion were calculated. Results: Cu-NP administration has improved the blood profile, lymphoid organs index weight in Cu-NP treated broilers in relation to control and CuSO4 treated groups. Conversely, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, H/L ratio, MDA, and corticosterone hormone were reduced by Cu-NP treat¬ment. Moreover, Cu-NP has a positive effect on all behavioral patterns more than other groups which significantly reflect on the weight of the body, gaining of weight, and the intake of food in the Cu-NP treated group of birds. Conclusion: The findings in this study stated that when the drinking water of broilers was supple¬mented with Cu-NP, there might be an improvement in the immunity, behavior, and productive performance more efficiently than CuSO4. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 16-25]

Objective: The study aimed to explore the seroprevalence of some bacterial (Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus) and viral [Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)] zoonoses in domestic ruminants in Medina. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,000 blood samples from 665 sheep, 228 goats, and 107 camels were collected from the central slaughterhouse, private farms, and veterinary clinics affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture. The samples were screened using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: Brucella was found in 7.7%, 8.8%, and 6.5% of sheep, goats, and camel’s sera, respec­tively. In humans, Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis had higher frequencies in males (61.3%, 59.8%) than in females (38.7%, 40.2%). Chlamydia abortus was reported only in sheep at a rate of 0.75%. RVFV was prevalent in sheep (10.7%) and goats (17.9%). FMDV was reported in 27.8% of sheep and 7.9% of goats. There was a highly statistical significance between Brucella, RVFV, and FMDV seropositivity and locally bred animals (p < 0.01). Multiple seropositivities have been reported among sheep and goats. Brucella was commonly observed in mixed infection with other bacterial and viral agents under study. Conclusion: The surveyed viral and bacterial agents were prevalent in ruminants in the Medina region. Since Medina is an important destination for pilgrims from all over the world, therefore, an integrated approach involving strict control measures and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the possibility of global epidemics. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 42-50, March 2020

Objective: The study aimed to explore the seroprevalence of some bacterial (Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus) and viral [Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)] zoonoses in domestic ruminants in Medina. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,000 blood samples from 665 sheep, 228 goats, and 107 camels were collected from the central slaughterhouse, private farms, and veterinary clinics affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture. The samples were screened using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: Brucella was found in 7.7%, 8.8%, and 6.5% of sheep, goats, and camels sera, respec¬tively. In humans, Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis had higher frequencies in males (61.3%, 59.8%) than in females (38.7%, 40.2%). Chlamydia abortus was reported only in sheep at a rate of 0.75%. RVFV was prevalent in sheep (10.7%) and goats (17.9%). FMDV was reported in 27.8% of sheep and 7.9% of goats. There was a highly statistical significance between Brucella, RVFV, and FMDV seropositivity and locally bred animals (p < 0.01). Multiple seropositivities have been reported among sheep and goats. Brucella was commonly observed in mixed infection with other bacterial and viral agents under study. Conclusion: The surveyed viral and bacterial agents were prevalent in ruminants in the Medina region. Since Medina is an important destination for pilgrims from all over the world, therefore, an integrated approach involving strict control measures and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the possibility of global epidemics. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 42-50]

Objective: The present study aimed to assess for the first time, in Medina, the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ruminants due to its potential zoonotic importance. Materials and methods: A total of 823 sera samples and 364 milk samples were used to deter­mine the incidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) using the indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: The seroprevalence of MAP was 11.1% in sheep and 13.8% in goats, while no infection was recorded among camels. MAP infection was not influenced by the animal’s gender, but it was influenced by its locality since the infection rate in local animals was higher than that in imported ones with a significant correlation (p < 0.05). MAP infection had a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with 2 years aged animals. On the other hand, the detection of MAP in milk revealed that 17 (13.8%) goats and 12 (4.9%) sheep were infected. The prevalence of MAP in milk samples was not influenced by either the animal’s age or locality. Conclusion: Sheep and goats may act as a reservoir for MAP to the Medina community. Since Medina is an active area of mass gatherings as a destination for pilgrims throughout the year, therefore, necessary control measures should be implemented to lower the economic losses, zoonotic infections, and the possibility of a global epidemic. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(1): 69-76, March 2020

Objective: The present study aimed to assess for the first time, in Medina, the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ruminants due to its potential zoonotic importance. Materials and methods: A total of 823 sera samples and 364 milk samples were used to deter¬mine the incidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) using the indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: The seroprevalence of MAP was 11.1% in sheep and 13.8% in goats, while no infection was recorded among camels. MAP infection was not influenced by the animals gender, but it was influenced by its locality since the infection rate in local animals was higher than that in imported ones with a significant correlation (p < 0.05). MAP infection had a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with 2 years aged animals. On the other hand, the detection of MAP in milk revealed that 17 (13.8%) goats and 12 (4.9%) sheep were infected. The prevalence of MAP in milk samples was not influenced by either the animals age or locality. Conclusion: Sheep and goats may act as a reservoir for MAP to the Medina community. Since Medina is an active area of mass gatherings as a destination for pilgrims throughout the year, therefore, necessary control measures should be implemented to lower the economic losses, zoonotic infections, and the possibility of a global epidemic. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 69-76]

Objective: In Korea, small dogs are more common than large breeds. This study was performed to measure the influence of body weight, sex, breed, age, and cranial cruciate ligament rupture (RCCL) on the tibial plateau angle (TPA) in small-breed dogs. Materials and methods: A total of 274 dogs (221 normal dogs and 53 RCCL dogs) were selected for this study based on medical records. The TPA was measured from stifle joint radiographs. The dogs were divided according to body weight, sex (male and female; normal and neutered), age, breed, and RCCL, and the TPAs of the dogs were compared. Results: In general, the TPAs of male dogs were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of female dogs, and those of healthy neutered dogs were higher than those of healthy intact dogs. The TPA had a tendency to increase along with the animal’s age but was not significantly different among the four age groups. In general, the TPA of RCCL dogs was 27.12° ± 0.62°, which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of normal dogs (20.21° ± 0.32°), indicating that an increased TPA is associated with a higher risk for RCCL. Similar results were also observed among dogs with similar body weights, breeds, and ages for male and female RCCL dogs. Conclusion: This study suggested that the sex and neutering status of dogs could affect the TPA. This study also confirmed the use of TPA in the veterinary clinic as a possible indicator of RCCL, as the TPA is higher in RCCL dogs than in normal dogs. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 220-228, June 2020

Objective: In Korea, small dogs are more common than large breeds. This study was performed to measure the influence of body weight, sex, breed, age, and cranial cruciate ligament rupture (RCCL) on the tibial plateau angle (TPA) in small-breed dogs. Materials and methods: A total of 274 dogs (221 normal dogs and 53 RCCL dogs) were selected for this study based on medical records. The TPA was measured from stifle joint radiographs. The dogs were divided according to body weight, sex (male and female; normal and neutered), age, breed, and RCCL, and the TPAs of the dogs were compared. Results: In general, the TPAs of male dogs were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of female dogs, and those of healthy neutered dogs were higher than those of healthy intact dogs. The TPA had a tendency to increase along with the animals age but was not significantly different among the four age groups. In general, the TPA of RCCL dogs was 27.12° ± 0.62°, which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of normal dogs (20.21° ± 0.32°), indicating that an increased TPA is associated with a higher risk for RCCL. Similar results were also observed among dogs with similar body weights, breeds, and ages for male and female RCCL dogs. Conclusion: This study suggested that the sex and neutering status of dogs could affect the TPA. This study also confirmed the use of TPA in the veterinary clinic as a possible indicator of RCCL, as the TPA is higher in RCCL dogs than in normal dogs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 220-228]

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the normal musculotendinousstructures of the ostrich foot. Materials and methods: Ten African apparent healthy adult female ostriches (Struthiocamelus) were slaughtered, and the pelvic limbs were separated from the ankle joint. The different biomed­ical scanning techniques including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography were achieved. Then, the ostrich feet were freshly dissected. Results: The radiographs and CT images showed the bony components of the ostrich foot that revealed the presence of long tarsometatarsus and phalanges of the only developed third and fourth toes. The third digit was the longest and possessed four phalanges, whereas the shorter fourth toe contained five phalanges. The ostrich foot consisted mainly of tendons in addition to several small associated muscles. The extensor structures were the extensor digitorum longus tendon, Mm. extensor propriusdigiti III, and extensor brevis digiti III and IV. On the other hand, the flexor structures were the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor perforansetperforatusdigiti III, and flexor perforatusdigiti III and IV tendons. Furthermore, fibularis lon­gus tendon and two muscles (Mm. abductor digiti IV and lumbricalis) were related to the flexor tendons. Conclusion: The combination between the dissecting anatomy and the different biomedical scan­ning techniques was of value in describing the normal anatomical course of the musculotendi­nous structures of the ostrich foot, which aids in the diagnosis of any clinical abnormalities in these structures. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 242-252, June 2020

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the normal musculotendinous structures of the ostrich foot. Materials and methods: Ten African apparent healthy adult female ostriches (Struthio camelus) were slaughtered, and the pelvic limbs were separated from the ankle joint. The different biomed¬ical scanning techniques including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography were achieved. Then, the ostrich feet were freshly dissected. Results: The radiographs and CT images showed the bony components of the ostrich foot that revealed the presence of long tarsometatarsus and phalanges of the only developed third and fourth toes. The third digit was the longest and possessed four phalanges, whereas the shorter fourth toe contained five phalanges. The ostrich foot consisted mainly of tendons in addition to several small associated muscles. The extensor structures were the extensor digitorum longus tendon, Mm. extensor proprius digiti III, and extensor brevis digiti III and IV. On the other hand, the flexor structures were the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor perforans et perforatus digiti III, and flexor perforatus digiti III and IV tendons. Furthermore, fibularis lon-gus tendon and two muscles (Mm. abductor digiti IV and lumbricalis) were related to the flexor tendons. Conclusion: The combination between the dissecting anatomy and the different biomedical scan¬ning techniques was of value in describing the normal anatomical course of the musculotendi¬nous structures of the ostrich foot, which aids in the diagnosis of any clinical abnormalities in these structures. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 242-252]

Objectives: The present work was conducted to investigate the nutritional profile of the highly consumed beef luncheon in Egypt. Besides, the potential health hazards associated with the con­sumption of luncheon were highlighted. Material and methods: A total of 60 beef luncheon samples were collected from Egyptian mar­kets. They were classified into three classes: A, B, and C based on their prices. The collected samples were examined for their chemical composition by determining moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and energy percentage. The contents of trace elements were also investigated. Results: The obtained findings showed a comprehensive dissimilarity in the chemical composition. According to the fresh weight base, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate fluctuated from 56.97 to 64.52, 3.50 to 16.10, 4.73 to 13.39, 3.30 to 3.51, and 11.32 to 27.44% w/w, respectively. The highest price class A Egyptian beef luncheon had more accepted nutritive value and dietary energy content. All the examined classes were low in calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium. The target hazard quotient indicated that the trace elements did not present any risks for con­sumers except for sodium. High phosphorous content and high phosphorus–protein ratio were observed in all categories which had a harmful health effect, hence named “new cholesterol.” Conclusion: Based on the information, this study is the leading work that deeply investigated the chemical composition of the Egyptian luncheon classes, and the obtained data could be beneficial to update the nutritional knowledge used by dietitians and the responsible for nutrition assess­ment and surveillance by the government. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 299-307, June 2020

Objectives: The present work was conducted to investigate the nutritional profile of the highly consumed beef luncheon in Egypt. Besides, the potential health hazards associated with the con¬sumption of luncheon were highlighted. Material and methods: A total of 60 beef luncheon samples were collected from Egyptian mar¬kets. They were classified into three classes: A, B, and C based on their prices. The collected samples were examined for their chemical composition by determining moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and energy percentage. The contents of trace elements were also investigated. Results: The obtained findings showed a comprehensive dissimilarity in the chemical composition. According to the fresh weight base, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate fluctuated from 56.97 to 64.52, 3.50 to 16.10, 4.73 to 13.39, 3.30 to 3.51, and 11.32 to 27.44% w/w, respectively. The highest price class A Egyptian beef luncheon had more accepted nutritive value and dietary energy content. All the examined classes were low in calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium. The target hazard quotient indicated that the trace elements did not present any risks for con¬sumers except for sodium. High phosphorous content and high phosphorusprotein ratio were observed in all categories which had a harmful health effect, hence named new cholesterol. Conclusion: Based on the information, this study is the leading work that deeply investigated the chemical composition of the Egyptian luncheon classes, and the obtained data could be beneficial to update the nutritional knowledge used by dietitians and the responsible for nutrition assess¬ment and surveillance by the government. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 299-307]

Objective: The influence of intramammary infection (IMI) and types of bacteria was assessed on somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows’ milk with respect to breed, age, parity, stage of lactation, milk production, and mammary quarter location. Materials and methods: After recording data in a structured questionnaire, 360 samples of quar­ter milk were collected. The samples were subjected to SCC and isolation and identification of bacteria. The data were analyzed to find out the significant influence of independent factors on SCC and IMI. Results: The infected quarters had a significantly higher mean SCC (210.52 × 103 cells/ml) compared to uninfected ones (32.72 × 103 cells/ml). The mean SCC was the highest for IMI with Enterobacterspp. (338.00 × 103 cells/ml) followed by Bacillus spp. (319.20 × 103 cells/ml), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (268.17 × 103 cells/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (218.31 × 103 cells/ ml), and Escherichia coli (200.75 × 103 cells/ml) and the lowest for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (66.33 × 103 cells/ml). Milk of rear quarters had a significantly higher SCC than the front quarters. SCC increased with increasing age, parity, and lactation stage regardless of whether cows are infected or not. The IMI was more prevalent in rear quarters (42.2%) and cows at early (≤7 days) lactation (100.0%). Cows having a parity of ≥5 and crossbred and high yielding (>5 l) cows had also a higher rate of IMI of 38.2%, 36.7%, and 38.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The IMI and type of bacteria were the principal factors for SCC variation. Besides, mammary quarter location, age, and parity should be taken into consideration during the inter­pretation of SCC. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 314-319, June 2020

Objective: The influence of intramammary infection (IMI) and types of bacteria was assessed on somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows milk with respect to breed, age, parity, stage of lactation, milk production, and mammary quarter location. Materials and methods: After recording data in a structured questionnaire, 360 samples of quar¬ter milk were collected. The samples were subjected to SCC and isolation and identification of bacteria. The data were analyzed to find out the significant influence of independent factors on SCC and IMI. Results: The infected quarters had a significantly higher mean SCC (210.52 × 103 cells/ml) compared to uninfected ones (32.72 × 103 cells/ml). The mean SCC was the highest for IMI with Enterobacter spp. (338.00 × 103 cells/ml) followed by Bacillus spp. (319.20 × 103 cells/ml), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (268.17 × 103 cells/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (218.31 × 103 cells/ ml), and Escherichia coli (200.75 × 103 cells/ml) and the lowest for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (66.33 × 103 cells/ml). Milk of rear quarters had a significantly higher SCC than the front quarters. SCC increased with increasing age, parity, and lactation stage regardless of whether cows are infected or not. The IMI was more prevalent in rear quarters (42.2%) and cows at early (≤7 days) lactation (100.0%). Cows having a parity of ≥5 and crossbred and high yielding (>5 l) cows had also a higher rate of IMI of 38.2%, 36.7%, and 38.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The IMI and type of bacteria were the principal factors for SCC variation. Besides, mammary quarter location, age, and parity should be taken into consideration during the inter¬pretation of SCC. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 314-319]

Objectives: Migratory birds play a major role in the transmission of pathogens globally, but still their role in the transmission of fungi in Bangladesh is not known. The present study was carried out for the isolation and molecular detection of fungi including Aspergillus from migratory birds traveling to Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 50 fecal samples were collected from BaojaniBaor, Magura, and areas close to Jahangirnagar University, Savar. The isolation of fungus was based on culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by staining, morphology, and molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among 50 samples, 40 showed positive for fungal growth on PDA, of which 30 yield only yeast-like colonies, five only molds, and five yielded both yeast and molds. The isolated molds produced various pigmented colonies, namely, black, whitish, grayish, olive green, and yellow. Among 10 molds, six were confirmed as fungi by PCR using genus-specific primers such as ITS1 and ITS4. Later, of these six fungi, five were confirmed as Aspergillus by PCR with primers such as ASAP1 and ASAP2 specific for Aspergillus genus. Therefore, the overall occurrence of Aspergillus was 10% (5/50). PCR specific for Aspergillus fumigatusand Aspergillus nigerfailed to produce specific PCR amplicon, suggesting that the isolated Aspergillus belongs to other groups. Conclusion: This is the first report describing the isolation and molecular detection of Aspergillus from fecal samples of migratory birds in Bangladesh. The present findings confirm that migratory birds are potential source for Aspergillus and other fungus in Bangladesh. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(2): 338-344, June 2020

Objectives: Migratory birds play a major role in the transmission of pathogens globally, but still their role in the transmission of fungi in Bangladesh is not known. The present study was carried out for the isolation and molecular detection of fungi including Aspergillus from migratory birds traveling to Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 50 fecal samples were collected from BaojaniBaor, Magura, and areas close to Jahangirnagar University, Savar. The isolation of fungus was based on culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by staining, morphology, and molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among 50 samples, 40 showed positive for fungal growth on PDA, of which 30 yield only yeast-like colonies, five only molds, and five yielded both yeast and molds. The isolated molds produced various pigmented colonies, namely, black, whitish, grayish, olive green, and yellow. Among 10 molds, six were confirmed as fungi by PCR using genus-specific primers such as ITS1 and ITS4. Later, of these six fungi, five were confirmed as Aspergillus by PCR with primers such as ASAP1 and ASAP2 specific for Aspergillus genus. Therefore, the overall occurrence of Aspergillus was 10% (5/50). PCR specific for Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger failed to produce specific PCR amplicon, suggesting that the isolated Aspergillus belongs to other groups. Conclusion: This is the first report describing the isolation and molecular detection of Aspergillus from fecal samples of migratory birds in Bangladesh. The present findings confirm that migratory birds are potential source for Aspergillus and other fungus in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 338-344]