Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious viral infectious disease in even/split-hoofed animals and some wild animals. Diseases of the mouth and hoof can cause significant economic losses due to declining production and become an obstacle to the trade in animals and their products. FMD causes much harm to infected animals, one of which is weight loss. Vaccination is the most critical factor in the control of FMD, and the type and quality of vaccines available play an essential role. However, immunomodulators are also needed to increase the immune response to the current FMD vaccine. It is reported that administering Curcuma longa to experimental animals could increase body weight gain and immunity by increasing antibody titers. Therefore, this article will review the immunomodulatory properties of Curcuma longa about FMD infection.

Otitis is a disease that is often found due to the cat's ears being unclean and causing earwax to build up along with fluid. Otitis is caused by inflammation of the epithelium of the ear canal and also surrounding structures such as the external auditory meatus and pinna. A 3-month-old Ragdoll cat, male, with white and black hair on the ears, was examined with complaints of head tilting and frequent head shaking, pus in the ears, and inflammation. Clinical examination revealed erythema. The ear wax swab examination results showed an Otodectes cynotis mite infection. The results of the bacterial culture examination showed the presence of Klebsiella sp bacterial infection. The animal was diagnosed with otitis externa. Treatment for otitis externa is given by Dexamethasone, Erlamycetin (Chloramphenicol 1%), Ivermectin, and lidocaine. The accumulated earwax is also cleaned using a cotton bud and saline. Five days after therapy the cat showed recovery.

This study aims to determine the effect of heating time in the combustion process on Staphylococcus aureus contamination in grilled meatballs. A total of 9 samples of meatballs obtained from 3 sellers of grilled meatballs were divided into 3 treatments, namely burning at temperatures ranging from 56C-59C for 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes, with 3 repetitions. Determination of the number of microbes was carried out using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The research data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that the duration of burning affected the amount of Staphylococcus aureus contamination in grilled meatballs. The best combustion was shown at 5 minutes, with a microbial count of 3.6 101 CUF/g. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference (P0.05) in the average value of Staphylococcus aureus microbial contamination in grilled meatballs given treatment. Based on the calculation results, it can be concluded that 5 minutes of burning time is the most effective for decontaminating the amount of Staphylococcus aureus microbial contamination in grilled meatballs.

Rabies is endemic in Sudan with continuing outbreaks occurring annually, the most common animals affected are dogs, followed by goats and equids. This work focused on equid rabies, to elucidate the current situation of the disease through analysis of reports of equid rabies outbreaks in Sudan during 2010–2022 supported by laboratory confirmation of the disease. During the study period, 66 animals were affected during 35 equid rabies outbreaks. The highest incidences were found in Al Gezira (30.3%), followed by Darfur (24.2%) and Kordofan (15.2%). The highest incidence rate was observed during 2018 (33.3%), followed by 2015 (16.7%). Within seasons, the highest incidence rate was reported during October – December (33.3%), followed by July – September (30.3%). Chi-square analysis revealed a significant correlation between rabid animals and year, season, and state. Wald statistics demonstrated that year and season had a significant association with the disease. Virus antigen was identified (72.2%) in brain tissues using the fluorescent antibody test. Viral nucleic acid was amplified (n = 6) with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Contribution: As equids are kept in close contact with humans and other animals in the country, according to the present investigation, equid rabies in Sudan is a potential public health concern, emphasising the importance of implementing effective control measures.

Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Angola. Several outbreaks of ND occurred in small backyard flocks and village chickens with high mortality in the southern provinces of the country, Cunene, Namibe and Huíla, in 2016 and 2018. In those years, 15 virulent ND virus (NDV) strains were isolated and grouped within subgenotype 2 of genotype VII (subgenotype VII.2). We now present a study on the thermostability of the isolates, aiming at the selection of the most thermostable strains that, after being genetically modified to reduce their virulence, can be adapted to the production of vaccines less dependent on cold chain and more adequate to protect native chickens against ND. Heat-inactivation kinetics of haemagglutinin (Ha) activity and infectivity (I) of the isolates were determined by incubating aliquots of virus at 56 °C for different time intervals. The two isolates from Namibe province showed a decrease in infectivity of 2 log10 in ≤ 10 min, therefore belonging to the I-phenotype, but while the NB1 isolate from 2016 maintained the Ha activity up to 30 min and was classified as thermostable virus (I−Ha+), the Ha activity of the 2018 NB2 isolate decreased by 2 log2 in 30 min, being classified as a thermolabile virus (I−Ha−). Of the 13 NDV isolates from Huíla province, 10 isolates were classified as thermostable, eight with phenotype I+Ha+ and 2 with phenotype I−Ha+. The other three isolates from this province were classified as thermolabile viruses (I−Ha−). Contribution: This study will contribute to the control and/or eradication of Newcastle disease virus in Angola. The thermostable viral strains isolated from chickens in the country can be genetically manipulated by reverse genetic technology in order to reduce their virulence and use them as a vaccine in the remote areas of Angola.

Anti-nutritive and toxic factors in plants adversely affect animal health and production. Hence, the aims of the study were to (1) carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis of these factors in Terminalia sericea that grows abundantly in Onderstepoort; (2) evaluate an affordable, efficient and reliable method that reduces these factors and (3) evaluate antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds. Thus, sequential organic and aqueous extractions were carried out on T. sericea leaves and feed pellets. Extracts were subjected to qualitative analysis to confirm the presence of 11 phytochemicals. While quantitative analysis of nine phytochemicals was carried out on spectrophotometry, the phenolic extracts were further tested for antioxidant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay where gallic acid (GA), quercetin (Q) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used as standards. The contents of GA, Q and AA in the phenolic extracts were determined on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aqueous extraction was an effective method as most phytochemicals were extracted. Nine phytochemicals were qualitatively analysed in T. sericea. The highest contents of 1.97% and 2.37 ± 0.077 mg/g gallic acid equivalent with a significant difference (p  0.05) were determined in oxalates and phenolics, respectively. Furthermore, 83.1% DPPH inhibition (IC50 = 0.0432 µg/mL) was determined relative to the standards (85.27% – 85.96%; IC50 = 0.000009 µg/mL – 0.00042 µg/mL). Subsequently, HPLC results showed that T. sericea contained high concentration of AA (62.5 ± 2.13 µg/mL) to confirm antioxidant properties of the leaves. Contribution: Though T. sericea leaves have antioxidant activities, the alkaloid contents may pose a threat to the livestock. Therefore, farmers around Onderstepoort should protect their livestock from feeding on these leaves.

This study was planned to evaluate the adaptive and innate immune responses by preparing and evaluating the immunizing and protective efficacy of an inactivated whole gram-negative bacteria and their crude antigens with natural adjuvant Nigella sativa (N.S) oil compared with Freund’s adjuvant (FA) then detected differential and total white blood cell count to each group in addition to cytokines responses to humoral and cellular immune responses determined by ELISA.Results of this study showed that the total leukocyte count was increased in all adjuvant groups compared with a control group and the leukocyte differential count was performed and the result indicated that the lymphocyte was increased in the group of N.S. oil adjuvant, and it was statistically significant in N. S. adjuvant with killed bacteria (G4). In contrast, monocyte percentage has increased in the two groups of Freund's vaccine adjuvant.Concerning adaptive immune responses, Freund's vaccine adjuvant directs the immunity toward cell-mediated immunity, on the other hand, the N. S. vaccine adjuvant directs the immunity toward humoral immunity as revealed by the results of ratio of IFN-γ /IL-4.In conclusion, the uses of N. S. vaccine adjuvant directed the immunity toward TH2 responses, on the other hand, Freund's vaccine adjuvants guide the immunity toward TH1 immune responses.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacterium that has economic and public health importance. E. coli strains have been classified into pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. The pathogenic strains of E. coli can cause colibacillosis, which is a common bacterial disease in the poultry industry and the poultry farms in the region. The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of E. coli, its serotypes (O1, O2, O18 and O78) and their antimicrobial susceptibility in the colibacillosis cases in Sulaymaniyah province using culture, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular approaches. A total of 86 broiler farms were investigated from November 2021 to June 2022. From each farm, samples (liver and heart) were taken from 3-5 broilers colibacillosis cases. The results showed that the colonies that had metallic-green sheen morphologies were positive for E. coli (62/86; 72.1%), in which only 23/62 (37.1%) of the isolates were positive for O2 (7/62; 11.3%), O18 (14/62; 22.6%), and O78 (2/62; 3.2%). While O1 was undetectable in the investigated colibacillosis cases. O18 was predominantly (7/86; 8.1%) detected among 20-30 days-old chickens and followed by O2 (4/86; 4.7%) in 10-20 days-old chickens. The results showed that the majorities of the detected E. coli in colibacillosis cases were isolated from the imported chick from Iran (30; 34.9%) and Netherlands (28; 32.6%). In conclusion, the results showed that the majorites of the colibacillosis cases in the region were caused by E. coli. The E. coli and its serotypes (O2, O18 and O78) had high prevalence in the region.

 The study was conducted at the College of Agriculture / Department of Animal Production / University of Basrah. This study aimed to determine if taurine was used as an antioxidant outside the body; it is a non-essential amino acid that contains sulfur. Its chemical formula, C2H7NO3S contains a sulfonate group instead of the carboxyl group. The antioxidant activity was measuredusing the DPPH radical, measuring the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, the ability to bind the ferrous ion, and the reducing power. The study results showed that the synthetic antioxidant and the DPPH radical of taurine acid had very different antioxidant activities. Moreover, taurine acid has the ability to scavenge and capture hydrogen peroxide and bind ferrous ions, as the results showed significant superiority (P<0.05) over the artificial antioxidant BHT. Taurine also showed a significant increase in its reduced power.