Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis (IB), a highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory, reproductive, and renal systems in chickens. There is no approved drug, and vaccination often fails to protect due to high mutation and recombination rates. This study evaluated the effect of ribavirin on broilers' experimental IB. Diseased broilers with IB were confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The IBV was passed in embryonated chicken eggs three times to propagate the virus. The allantoic fluid (AF) from the third viral passage was used to infect broiler chicks. Fifty-four unvaccinated chicks, 17- days -old each, were used to evaluate the antiviral effect of ribavirin. The chicks were divided into infected (36 chicks) and noninfected (18 chicks) groups. The 36 chicks were divided into four equal groups, and the remaining 18 birds were divided into two groups and kept in a separate facility. When the birds reached 17 days of age, 36 birds were infected with IBV by intranasal administration of 0.2 mL AF. The same day the chicks were infected with IBV, ribavirin treatment began and was repeated twice daily for seven days. On the fifth day of infection, we collected tracheal swab samples from the birds for PCR testing, which confirmed the presence of the IBV virus in all of them. However, we observed no mortality. Our experimental data, including PCR test results, chicks' body weight, temperature, feeding, water consumption, clinical signs, postmortem, and histopathological examinations, showed that ribavirin wasineffective against IBV. 

The present study was conducted at College of Veterinary Medicine– University of Basrah. Ten adult's mature female domestic cats (Himalayan) and five mature males were used in the study to investigated the reference value of some hematological and biochemical parameters at different reproductive status. The cats divided into five periods non-pregnant, pregnant at first, second and third trimester and after parturition (lactation) period, the cat housed in special room in a hotel for cats in Basra city. The results showed non-pregnant cats exhibited normal value of hematological parameters like red blood cell, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume. Mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, while red blood cell, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume showed significantly decreased with advanced period of gestation and lactation. white blood cell showed increased significantly in late gestation and lactation periods, serum level of liver enzymes ALT increased in lactation period and ALP increased in third trimester and lactation period. Lipid profile like total cholesterol and triglyceride showed increased significantly in third trimester and lactation periods, urea and creatinine appeared increased in third trimester only. It is concluded that some of blood and biochemical parameters are exchange with advanced period of gestation and lactation period. 

The disease commonly referred to as Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis Syndrome can be vexing and challenging to control, with an incidence ranging from 0.7% to 12.0%. The presence of several conflicting claims can cause significant confusion for general practitioners, ultimately compromising their ability to provide effective clinical care and negatively impacting the well-being of their patients. This multifactorial disease is significantly associated with multi-environments for cats. Having standards would greatly assist the whole profession by providing general practitioners with the necessary tools to handle these patients confidently and determine whether a referral is necessary. The current primary course of action entails the removal of teeth, specifically the premolars and molars, rather than relying solely on medicinal treatment. Following surgical treatment, cats' outcomes can be broadly divided into three groups: remissions, notable improvements, and minimal improvements. Most cats that get surgical treatment require simultaneous medication therapy to reduce inflammation, with some needing ongoing medical maintenance for the rest of their lives. Emerging methods like mesenchymal stromal cell therapy have potential favorable outcomes for patients.

A viral disease known as bluetongue (BT) can afflict ruminants, both domestic and wild. It is dispersed by arthropods, particularly species of Culicoides. The disease is brought on by the BT virus (BTV), which belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. This review covers the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis, and management of the disease. BTV infection causes large direct economic losses because of high morbidity, mortality, stillbirths, abortions, fetal abnormalities, low birth weight in young animals, decreased milk yield and fertility rate, weight loss, early culling, and losses of meat and fleece. Fever (105-106° F), serous to bloody nasal discharge, mucopurulent discharge later on, hyperemia and edema of the lips, face, tongue, ears, and submaxillary region (looking like a monkey face), oral erosions and ulcers, and in rare cases, cyanosis of the tongue are the most common clinical symptoms. The disease is diagnosed using either immune response detection or pathogen identification. The OIE recommends four serodiagnosis tests: CFT, AGID, competitive, and indirect ELISA. Vaccines that are inactivated pose a lower risk than those that are live attenuated. Because there are so many BTV serotypes and susceptible hosts, controlling BTV is very difficult.

Dried clove powder (Eugenia caryophyllata) was purchased from a local traditional market, while Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was sourced from natural farming. Water extracts of both cloves and Alfalfa powder were obtained using a Soxhlet apparatus, and the extracts were then freeze-dried. These extracts were utilised as natural antioxidants. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were purchased from a local market and transported alive to the laboratory. After chilling for 24 hours, fish fillets were removed from the refrigerator and cut into uniform pieces (3×3×3 cm). These pieces were randomly assigned to four treatments for each additive. Fish samples were immersed in 100 ml of antioxidant solution at concentrations of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of clove, Iranian alfalfa, and local alfalfa extract solutions, respectively, and left at room temperature for one hour. The control treatment (T1) without any supplements showed significantly higher levels of lipid oxidation and pH compared to the other treatments. The addition of 2% clove significantly affected moisture%, showing the lowest value, while significantly increasing water holding capacity%. The cooking loss percentage was significantly higher in the control and Iranian alfalfa treatments compared to the other treatments. The control treatment also showed significantly higher Mb (myoglobin) and Met-Mb% (metmyoglobin) compared to the other treatments. There were no significant differences (p<0.01) observed in terms of flavour, tenderness, or overall acceptability. Iranian Alfalfa and the control treatment were significantly higher (p<0.01) in fish meat colour.

The study focused on the preservation of economically important common carp Cyprinus carpio L. by Glazing and evaluated the characteristics and properties changes in nutritional composition during fresh and frozen flesh at (–18± 2) °C compared to fresh fish (before treatment in glazing solutions). Fish samples were subjected to four treatments, including treatment control (non-treatment), immersion in drinking water, 5% table salt solution, and 5% white vinegar solution T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, measurement of their quality as well as suitability for human consumption, for three months 30, 60, and 90 days. The results of the statistical analysis showed at a probability level of p<0.05 decreased moisture, protein, and fat contents in T1 and T2, while T3 and T4 showed preservation benefits over 90 days. Ash contents increased with extended freezing in all treatments. Caloric content from protein and fat exceeded that of the fresh sample, suggesting potential nutritional losses during frozen preservation. The reason for maintaining nutritional (moisture, protein, fat, ash, and Caloric content) value may be due to the synergistic effect of the glazing materials. However, the study identified a 5% table salt solution and white vinegar as ideal glazing materials for preserving the nutritional value of fish. In conclusion, storage of these fish species for up to 90 days did not adversely affect their nutritional value.

lupus is an autoimmune disease that occurs in animals and humans, characterized by producing autoimmune antibodies against its cells proteins. The present study investigates the tissues changes of the liver in BALB/c mice with lupus and investigation the effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MCSs) for treatment of the tissues pathological changes. The study included forty BALB/c mice, the animals divided into equally four groups. G1 included mice with lupus. G2 included mice with lupus, then treated by BM-MCSs. G3 are administered BM-MCSs alone. G4 administrated PBS. After ending the treatment periods, all the animals were sacrificed. The liver was placed in buffer formalin 10% and sent to the histopathology laboratory to determine the histopathological changes in all study groups. The histopathological changes of G1 are liver severe necrosis with atrophy, hydropic lever cells, very wide sinusoids, severe hemorrhage, and engorged central vein. G2 showed normal lever cells with slight necrosis. G3 and G4 showed normal architecture of the liver tissue. Lupus causes histopathological changes in the mice's liver; MSC can ameliorate and treat the liver's histopathological changes in BLAB/c mice with lupus.

Background: The endocrine system is an essential feature of the pituitary gland, which controls various hormonal activities. Disturbances in development-associated thyroid and growth hormones may lead to significant alterations in development of the body weight, length and mass index (BMI), abdomen circumference and tail length, as well as the plasma lipid profile, thus changing of body physiology.Materials and Methods: This research employed fifty immature male rats which were separated into control, GH deficiency (GHD), GH supplementation, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism groups. The rats underwent hormonal treatments over 21 days during which time changes in the pituitary gland physiology by developmental and plasma lipid profile changes.Results: Body development Control Group has been growing in length throughout the 10 weeks. The highest length growth was observed with GH Addition and the lowest with GH Deficiency . Hence, the Hypothyroid Group grew substantially less in length compared to the Control. In contrast, the Hyperthyroid Group showed minimal deviation or even paralleled to the Control Group. In lipid profile, in growth hormone deficiency group the average of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL level were decreased, while the average of HDL level were increased. Conclusion: This work reveals more about the important influences of thyroid and growth hormone disruptions on pituitary gland physiology and rat health, highlighting the organ’s flexibility and essential controlling function in childhood.Keywords: Pituitary Gland, Growth Hormone, Lipid profile, Endocrine System, Development, Rats.

Aeromonas species are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, oxidase-positive bacteria they are divided into the non-motile psychrophilic aeromonads and the motile mesophilic aeromonads. Due to the possibility that phenotypic identification techniques may not correctly identify some of the species, the taxonomy of this genus is complicated. Most Aeromonas strains are fish infections that cause hemorrhagic septicemia, which frequently increases mortality and causes large financial losses in aquaculture. Often linked to fish disease and mortality are A. caviae, A. hydrophila, A. sobria, A. salmonicida, and A. veronii. These bacteria are commonly found in freshwater, soil and agricultural produce. The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of these bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in fish, other aquatic animals, and humans. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products which has been recognized as an important pathogenic species in aquaculture that causes motile Aeromonas septicemia, red spot diseases, infectious dropsy and Furunculosis. Although vaccination is the ideal strategy to avoid infectious diseases. Gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated since aeromonads were first linked to human disease. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus Aeromonas, we should assume that these bacteria produce a great health problem in the future. This review's objectives are to ascertain how Aeromonas affects aquaculture and human health as well as how to prevent it.

The aimed of the current study to analyse the influence of mid stage of lactation and dry period on physiological metabolic alterations of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Till now there is no reference values for different metabolic physiological during mid stage of lactation in buffaloes Animals were examined at buffaloes farms that belong to north of Basrah Governorate, Iraq. Based on selection criteria, a total of 40 clinically healthy female buffaloes (2-7 years old) were divided in to thirty lactating buffaloes and ten dry buffaloes. This study was included samples of serum for biochemical analysis such as lipid profile. glucose, CK. Urea, Creatinine, BUN, Alanine transferase, Aspartate.transferase, Total protein, Albumin, Globulin Alkaline phosphatase Calcium, Phosphor The established values will be a useful guide for interpreting serum metabolic parameters in lactating buffaloes.