Parathyroid glands take a special place in human physiology and anatomy,as they were the last major organs to be identified in humans. The average parathyroid glandmeasures about five to seven mm in length, andthree to four mm in width and weighs about forty to sixty mg. The four parathyroid glands arederivative from the posterior endoderm of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches. Normally, thereare four parathyroid glands (superior and inferior). It takes the bean-shaped or oval. The mainfunction of the parathyroid gland is to release hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH)consists of 84- amino acid, which is involved in calcium homeostasis.

The study aimed to undergo a comprehensive study to provide abroad basic data for thedifferent constituents of the skin of local black goat. To achieve this goal, histological,morphometrical and topographical study was carried out on twelve skin regions taken from twentymale apparently healthy bucks. All samples were collected during the autumn season.Two types ofhair follicles were noticed: large follicles that extend deeply into the dermis; Which representedprimary hair follicles, smaller and shorter but more numerous; called secondary hair follicles. Theprimary hair follicles produce the coarse hair while the secondary hair follicles produce the finehairs. The diameter of the coarse hairs varied in the different skin regions and ranged between(39.98-106.40  m) being larger in the back and lateral surfaces and smaller in the abdomen andmedial surfaces. The diameter of fine hairs ranged between (26.56-39.94  m). The secondary:primary hair follicle ratio varies in the different skin regions and accordingly the fine :coarse hairratio varies as well. The fine: coarse hair ratio was found to be 6.88:1 in the middle back region,5.89:1 in the lateral surface of forelimbs region, 5.86:1 in anterior back region, 5.46:1 in lateralsurface of hind limb, 3.64:1in medial surface of hind limb, 3.32:1 in the skin of theabdomen,3.25:1 in the medial surface of the forelimb, 2.82:1 in the skin of the tail, 2.10:1 in theskin of scrotum, 0.20:1 in the skin of the muzzle, 0.15:1 in the dorsal surface of skin of the ear and0.00:1 in the ventral surface of the skin of the ear. Most of the hair follicles of different regionswere of a compound type in which several secondary hairs share the opening of a primary hairfollicle. In less common circumstances, the secondary follicles open directly on the epidermis butthey remain in a close position to the opening of the accompanied primary follicle. Simple hairfollicles were observed in the ventral surface of the skin of the ear, and in a less extent in thescrotal regions, muzzle region and skin of the dorsal surface of the ear. Hair density varies greatlyin the different skin regions being: 31.68/mm2 in anterior back region, 32.66/mm2 in the middleback region,13.38/mm2 in the abdominal region, 32.76/mm2 in the tail region, 30.30/mm2 in thelateral side of forelimb, 12.50/mm2 in the medial side of the forelimb, 11.52/mm2 in the scrotalregion, 31.12/mm2 in the lateral side of hind limbs, 16.44/mm2 in the medial side of hind limbs,22.22/mm2 in the muzzle region, 9.62/mm2 in the skin of the dorsal surface of the ear and2.92/mm2 in the skin of the ventral surface of the ear.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the major foodborne pathogens in humanand animals which can lead to a wide range of diseases, including food poisoning. The toxins ofS. aureus play an important role in disease pathogenesis, contributing to both injury of the hosttissues and the immune response. One of these toxins is phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptideswhich has the ability of immune invasion and considered as a cytolytic toxin. Commonly, mobilegenetic elements (MGE) of S. aureus that carrying antibiotic resistance gene do not carry thevirulence genes, however, PSMmec has been identified within the methicillin resistancestaphylococcus-encoding MGE SCCmec. This study was conducted for six months, over-all 200whole chicken carcasses were collected including (100) local chicken and (100) imported onefrom supermarkets in Duhok province. The samples for S. aureus were cultured on mannitol saltagar and then were confirmed using colony morphology, biochemical test like, catalase test andcoagulase test, in addition to the species specific primer (nuc gene) for PCR. The PCR positivesamples were selected and used in this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the virulencepotential of S. aureus isolated from imported and local chickens depending on PSMmec-complexPCR (spanning PSM, xylR and mecR genes) and mecA. The results of this study shows that 46isolates out of 57 from imported chickens were carried mecA (methicillin resistant isolates) from these 28 isolates harbored PSMmec gene. Regarding to the local chicken, only 2 isolates out of18 carries together both PSMmec and mecA. According to the PSM-complex tested in this study,S. aureus isolates from imported chickens have SCCmec elements (SCCmec, II (2A) and IID,while the local chicken isolates have just SCCmec IID. Isolates resistance to methicillin withPSM may contribute to staphylococcal virulence. The outcomes of present study suggest thatisolates from imported chicken were more virulent comparing with local isolates. This studyneeds further confirmation by amplification of SCC elements and sequencing them to determinethe proper genetic structures of these regions.

The study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the intestinal bacterialcontamination in imported red meat and imported sausage. The study was carried out on 40samples of imported meat and 30 samples of sausage. The samples were collected fromdifferent areas in Basrah city (Al-Khaleej district, Al-Hayania, Al-Geneina, Five miles, Al-Ashar and Basra Market). Bacterial contamination in imported products (red meat andsausage)was investigated. In addition, total bacterial count for samples was done andcompared with specific control rates. Meat samples extracts were cultivated in differentdevelopmental and diagnostic media for the purpose of screening for bacterialcontamination mainly represented by coliform bacteria, Klebsiella pnumonia and Proteusspp. The results of the current study showed a high level of bacterial content in importedred meat and imported sausage, where the numbers of coliform bacteria, Klebsiellapneumonia and proteus spp above the permitted limit set by the Iraqi centralstandardization and quality.

IBD is a highly contagious viral disease which inhibit the immune system ofchickens, which is responsible for major economic losses within the poultry industriesworldwide. A total of 80 samples were collected from 8 different broiler farms fromQurna, Midyanah, Qarmat Ali, Zubair. Upon the clinical finding and postmortemlesions of the necropsied birds; bursa of fabricius, kidney, Junction between gizzardand proventriculus and thigh muscles were processed for histopathological andmolecular detection with PCR. The clinical signs were depression, pasty vent andwhite dropping. Various overall changes are observed in the bursa, such as swelling,hemorrhages to atrophy in size; In addition, hemorrhages were seen in the thighmuscles. The histopathological changes of Bursa of fabricius showed follicularvacuolation and vascular congestion ;multiples degrees of hemosiderin deposition,and the edema accumulate between follicles and basement membrane ; also, showedmoderate infiltration of inflammatory cells and accumulation of inflammatory cellslymphocytes macrophage , plasma cells as well to showed a congestion of the bursalcapsule, kidney microscopic findings renal vascular congestion in the cortex and alsothe medullary area along with the vacuolar degeneration. The suspected tissuesamples were assayed using RT-PCR for IBDV targeting VP2 gene. Out of the testedsamples 15 were Positives. In spite of using IBD vaccines in different farms of thestudied areas; the present study was detected IBD in different areas of Basrahprovince by PCR and mentioned clinical and histopathological finding, therefore it'snecessary to study the sequence analyses of such disease in future.

This study was planned to assess the improvement effect of supplementationVit.D on adult male rabbits with hypovitaminosis D was induced by put the malerabbits in dark room un exposure to sunlight, eaten restricted food for experimentperiod and administration of furosemide drug (0.5 mg/kg.B.W.). Vitamin D treatedrabbit group was given Vitamin D. two doses (high and low doses).Thirty adult malerabbits of (1500-2000 gm) body weight were used in this study and animals weredivided into five main groups, each of 6 rabbits. Control group treated with normalsaline, second group the male rabbits put in dark room un exposure to sunlight, eatenrestricted food and treated with furosemid 0.5mg/kg B.W. I.M for 16 days, thirdgroup the male rabbits put in dark room un exposure to sunlight, eaten restricted foodand treated with 0.5 mg/Kg B.W. of furosemid I.M for 16 days +200000IU/2ml ofVit.D in every week for 1month, fourth group the male rabbits put in dark room unexposure to sunlight, eaten restricted food and treated with 0.5mg/Kg B.W.offurosemide I.M for 16 days+100000IU/1ml of Vit.D in every week for 1month, fifthgroup put the male rabbits in dark room un exposure to sunlight, eaten restricted foodand treated with both 0.5 mg/kg B.W. of furosemid I.M for 16 days + exposure tosunlight for 5 hours in day until 1 month. The taken results exposed thathypovitaminosis D is associated by a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in body weight

Examination of 528 (450 males and 78 females) dromedary camels slaughtered at Cairo abattoir revealed that a total of (93) 17.6 % were infected with hydatidosis. Post mortem examination revealed that infection was restricted only in the lungs and the liver of infected camels. Among the 93 hydatidosis infected camels, lungs were the most frequently infected 88 (94.623%) compared with liver 5 (5.376%). ELISA test using partially crude antigen and purified antigen is important for the early diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis as most cases in the early stages of infection are asymptomatic. Sensitivity of ELISA using the crude antigen was 82.758% while sensitivity of the partially purified antigen was 79.310 %. On the other hand specificity of the crude antigen was estimated as 62.5 % and specificity of partially purified antigen as 75.0 %.

The present study was conducted to determine serum concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and selenium (Se) of Barki sheep reared in the rainfed area at Matrouh Governorate, Egypt. Forty apparently healthy Barki sheep (2-4 years of age) were randomly selected from Marsa Matrouh and El Negaila farms (twenty each) for this study. In addition to twenty healthy Barki sheep aged 2-4 years, obtained from Borg El Arab farm, represented as control. Animals classified into 3 groups according to water source: Borg El Arab as control (Tap water); Matrouh (Rainfall water); El Negaila (Rainfall Water). Water and serum samples were prepared for the detection and estimation of selected metals by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Metal analysis revealed that Pb levels in different water samples were recorded above the EWQS of 0.01 ppm in following: El Negaila > Matrouh > control, Cd levels were recorded in El Negaila (RW) and Matrouh (RW) above recommended limit of 0.003, Se levels were recorded above maximum limit EWQS of 0.01 ppm in control (TW) followed by El Negaila and Matrouh however the levels of Cu, Zn, and Fe from the surveyed areas were below EWQS limits. Serum mineral analysis, Pb level was significantly increased only in examined sheep of El Negaila, Cd levels were higher in examined sheep of El Negaila and Matrouh however, Cu, Zn, and Fe levels were significantly lower compared to the control group. Conclusion: water analysis showed that Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations were within the levels recommended by EWQS except for Pb, Cd and Se levels which need more attention. Serum analysis revealed high levels of Pb, Cd, and Se however deficient to marginal levels of Zn and Cu were detected in examined sheep. These results should provide a database for the mineral status of Barki sheep and their drinking water quality in Matrouh and El Negaila as well as evaluate environmental pollution status in this area.

A clear understanding of the pulmonary morphology of domestic animals is essential for the recognition and investigation of any anatomical variations. The right and left lungs of small ruminants and dog are separated into distinct lobes by inter lobar fissures. The right lung in these animals typically divides into 5 and 4 lobes, respectively. However, the left lung divides into 3 lobes. We report a case of congenital absence of the middle lobe of the right lung of a sheep and extra lobation in the left lungs of two dogs in Trinidad. This case report is of value to veterinary radiologists, pathologists, and veterinary public health inspectors during examination and investigation of the thoracic cavity of the sheep and dog.

No abstract available.