An 18-year-old miniature Appaloosa stallion presented with 6 months of history of sanguineous crusts on medial hind limbs and discomfort of micturition. Cauliflower-like and small masses were treated with cryotherapy for 6 months, but the regrowth of masses occurred. Subsequently, local excision via laser and topical treatment with 5% 5-fluorouracil for 5 months were followed. However, the horse was euthanized 4 months later due to regrowth of the masses. The mass was diagnosed as penile papilloma with cellular atypia and Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) DNA was detected. This is the first report of equine penile neoplasm with EcPV-2 infection in Asia.

Hyperthyroidism, characterized by elevated thyroid hormone levels and thyroid gland hyperplasia or adenoma, is a prevalent endocrinopathy in older cats. Treatment options include antithyroid drugs, surgical thyroidectomy, and radioiodine therapy (RAIT), which is non-invasive treatment option that can achieve complete remission. However, efficacy and safety of RAIT in hyperthyroid cats have not been investigated in South Korea. This study includes 10 hyperthyroid cats with RAIT. Initial assessments comprised history, physical examination, blood analysis, and serum total T4 (tT4) concentration. Thyroid scintigraphy revealed hyperactivity and enlargement of thyroid gland at 24 hours before the RAIT. Radioiodine (RAI) was injected subcutaneously with 2 to 6 mCi, determined by the fixed dose or the scoring system based on severity of clinical signs, tT4 concentration, and thyroid size individually. After RAIT, the concentration of serum tT4 and liver enzymes were significantly decreased at discharge. However, no significant differences were noted in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, hematocrits, and white blood cell counts pre- and post-treatment. Although 4 cats received RAI twice, clinical signs disappeared and tT4 levels decreased following the RAIT. All 10 cats achieved complete remission after 6 months without critical adverse effect. The safety and the effectiveness of RAIT was confirmed based on protocols reported other countries. Therefore, RAIT could be considered the treatment option and prevent adverse effects from medication or surgery. This preliminary study presents the first evaluation of RAIT for hyperthyroid cats using locally produced RAI in South Korea and provide valuable insight for clinicians and further studies.

In human, ultrasonography is used to measure the pennation angle in various muscles to identify muscle functions such as force production, and to study alterations of the pennation angle during muscle contraction, hypertrophy, and atrophy. However, assessments of the pennation angle have not yet been conducted in dogs. This study aims to assess the normal pennation angle of the tibialis cranialis muscle in dogs using ultrasound and to detect changes in this angle in dogs with muscular atrophy. Sixty-eight healthy dogs were examined to establish normal values, while 12 ataxic and 12 lame dogs with suspected hindlimb muscle atrophy were also included. The pennation angle was measured using ultrasound at the midpoint between the proximal end of the tibia and the malleolus, measuring the angle between the muscle bundle and the deep aponeurosis. To confirm the significance between the 5 breeds and to identify a difference between normal and atrophied muscles, statistical analysis was conducted. The study found no significant difference in pennation angle between breeds, with mean values (± standard deviation) of 4.97° (± 1.88) in neutral, 7.25° (± 2.68) in flexion, and 3.31° (± 1.33) in extension positions. Decrease of the pennation angle was identified in muscle atrophy and the flexion position was determined to be the most appropriate for pennation angle measurement of tibialis cranialis muscle. We recommend considering the pennation angle as a valuable indicator of muscle health in dogs, as it demonstrates significant potential for diagnosing and monitoring muscular conditions.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess antibiotic usage, residues, resistance and drivers of their emergence in fish aquaculture in Northern Nigeria between 2019 and 2020. A structured questionnaire was administered to 151 randomly selected farmers. Fish, column and wastewater samples were analysed with enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for residue detection and quantification. We performed descriptive and analytic statistical analyses. All selected farmers participated, 78.1% used antibiotics in ponds. Majority (77.1%) of the farmers did not know what antibiotic misuse entailed and 73.3% mentioned that antibiotic misuse and overuse cannot predispose to residues and resistance. The most frequently used antibiotics were tetracyclines (TCs) (99.2%). Significant risk routes for residue and resistance spread were: contaminated fish and its products ingestion, direct contact with fish and fomites contaminated as well as water and aerosols contaminated in the pond environment. Significant social and cultural that influenced residue and resistance development include antibiotics misuse/overuse (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62–8.74) as well as poor education and expertise of the farmers (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.24–6.94). The mean TCs residues level in column and wastewater was 123.6 ± 18.2 μg/kg−1. Poor knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic usage were identified. Adequate antibiotic stewardship should be promoted through farmers’ education. Identified social and cultural factors can be mitigated through the ‘One Health’ approach.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has been reported sporadically in Iraq during the last four decades, until 2022, when an aggressive outbreak hits several provinces. Two human cases have been reported in Al-Husseiniya District / Karbala Province (June and July 2022). Tick control on animals, backyards, and barns to reduce human CCHF cases. On October 2, 2022, an 8-day tick control campaign was organized in 65 villages in Al-Husseiniya district to apply pesticides to approximately 25,000 animals (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats) and spray over 300,000 square meters of backyards and barns. In parallel, a public awareness campaign was carried out by distributing brochures to breeder families. Following the tick control campaign (from October to December 2022), there were no cases reported in Al-Husseiniya district/Karbala Province by the Ministry of Health (MoH). While for the same period, six cases were reported in the surrounding districts. About 912 families of animal breeders benefited from the campaign and were therefore protected from the risk of CCHF by reducing the tick population on their animals. The expense for treating each animal head and spraying one square meter of barns was $0.005, equivalent to 88 Iraqi dinars. Spraying backyards, treating animals with pesticides, and increasing farmer knowledge can all lower the risk of CCHF in people. Nevertheless, more research is still required to determine which pesticides—such as biological, immunological, and integrated pest management, ovicidel pesticide —are the most successful. The study recommends the need to seek assistance from non-employed veterinarians in the future to contain and control (CCHF) disease, based on the success of this experiment. 

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacterium that has economic and public health importance. E. coli strains have been classified into pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. The pathogenic strains of E. coli can cause colibacillosis, which is a common bacterial disease in the poultry industry and the poultry farms in the region. The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of E. coli, its serotypes (O1, O2, O18 and O78) and their antimicrobial susceptibility in the colibacillosis cases in Sulaymaniyah province using culture, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular approaches. A total of 86 broiler farms were investigated from November 2021 to June 2022. From each farm, samples (liver and heart) were taken from 3-5 broilers colibacillosis cases. The results showed that the colonies that had metallic-green sheen morphologies were positive for E. coli (62/86; 72.1%), in which only 23/62 (37.1%) of the isolates were positive for O2 (7/62; 11.3%), O18 (14/62; 22.6%), and O78 (2/62; 3.2%). While O1 was undetectable in the investigated colibacillosis cases. O18 was predominantly (7/86; 8.1%) detected among 20-30 days-old chickens and followed by O2 (4/86; 4.7%) in 10-20 days-old chickens. The results showed that the majorities of the detected E. coli in colibacillosis cases were isolated from the imported chick from Iran (30; 34.9%) and Netherlands (28; 32.6%). In conclusion, the results showed that the majorites of the colibacillosis cases in the region were caused by E. coli. The E. coli and its serotypes (O2, O18 and O78) had high prevalence in the region.

E. coli strains isolated from animal feces were subjected to detection of colicin production. The produced colicin was prepared as a disc to serve as an inhibitor for other types of bacteria on Mueller-Hinton agar. The result indicates that the produced colicin has an inhibition effect against Staphylococcus sp. with inhibition zone vary from 1.3 to 2.5 cm. Moreover, the result of electrophoresis of total crude protein after cell lysis with sonication verify the presence of 130kD bands in the supernatant. The results of docking were analyzed and compared to predict the potential binding affinities of the colicin types against the FH VH at lipid П protein.

Toxoplasma gondii is the most dangerous parasite found in humans and cats. The strong relationship between cats and their owners compelled us to explore the incidence of these parasites in companion cats and genotyping of T.gondii strain of the infected pets. 54 blood samples and 54 fecal samples collected from pets in order to ascertain the prevalence of T. gondii. The GRA6 gene was targeted in the feces and blood of examined pets and the genotypes of T. gondii were determined using the GRA6 gene loci by PCR-RFLP assay. The GRA6 gene amplification showed that 6% of pets were infected with T.gondii. PCR-RFLP assay revealed the predominance of genotype II at a rate 67% and type III at a rate 33% while type I not detected in infected pets. The incidence of toxoplasmosis in domestic felines can cause contamination of environment through excreting of oocyst in the feces which may lead to infection to cat owners specially who taking care of feeding and cleaning of pets.

This study sought to examine the significance of Histophilus somni as a producer of histamine and a respiratory tract pathogen. Conventional bacteriological and molecular techniques were used to examine 200 nasal swab samples for the presence of Histophilus somni and its ability to produce histamine. Out of 200 cattle nasal swabs tested, 25% (50/200) tested positive for conventional biochemical properties and culture. Histophilus somni was found in 70% (35/50) of the isolates that tested positive for the PCR test after culturing. It was found that 20% (7/35) of the 35 H. somni positive PCR isolates produced positive products when the histidine decarboxylase gene was amplified. Cattle that were infected in the first age group (less than one year) had higher percentages of culture (72%; 36/50) and positive PCR results (80%; 28/35), based on their age. Males demonstrated higher culture (82%;41/50) and PCR (85%; 30/35) positivity percentages regarding the impact of sex. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the genders and between the two age groups.