A raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus) é o menor canídeo brasileiro, cujo peso varia entre 2 e 4 quilos, possui corpo esguio, a cabeça é pequena, focinho curto e enegrecido. Considerada uma espécie endêmica, pouco se sabe a seu respeito, e é um dos sete canídeos menos estudados no mundo. Assim, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a anatomia da parte abdominal da artéria aorta em raposa-do-campo e comparar com dados literários pré-estabelecidos de canídeos domésticos. Para a realização deste estudo foram utilizados dois exemplares de raposa-do-campo, adultos, sem idade definida. Os cadáveres dos animais foram recolhidos às margens de rodovias no entorno da Catalão-Goiás, fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10% e conservados na mesma solução. Os resultados mostraram que a aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo está localizada sobre a face ventral dos corpos vertebrais da região lombar, levemente deslocada para a esquerda do plano mediano. O primeiro ramo é visceral, denominado artéria celíaca, seguido por um ramoparietal, pareado, as artérias frênico-abdominais. O terceiro e quarto ramos são a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias renais direita e esquerda, respectivamente. Os ramos posteriores das artérias renais são igualmente viscerais, pareados, denominados artérias testiculares. Distal à essas últimas, originam-se a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias circunflexas ilíacas profundas. Finalmente surgem duas grandes artérias ilíacas externas e os ramos terminais compostos pelas artérias ilíacas internas e artéria sacral mediana. Ao longo do trajeto da aorta abdominal, cinco pares de artérias lombares se originam da face dorsal. Considerando esses achados, pode ser concluído que a anatomia da aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo é muito similar àquela de canídeos domésticos, embora ela seja um animal silvestre. | The hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842) is the smallest Brazilian canid, whose weight varies between 2 and 4 kg, has a slender body, a small head, and a short and blackened snout. Despite being considered an endemic species, little is known about the hoary fox as it is one of the seven less studied canids in the world. Thus, this study aimed to describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta artery of the hoary fox and to compare it with the pre-established literature data in domestic canids. For this purpose, we used two adult hoary foxes without definite age. We collected the corpses of these animals along roadsides of Catalão-GO, being later fixed and conserved in a 10% formalin solution. The results showed that the abdominal aorta in hoary fox is at the ventral face of the lumbar region vertebral bodies, being slightly displaced to the left of the median plane. The first branch is visceral, named celiac artery, followed by a paired parietal branch: the phrenic abdominal arteries. The third and fourth branches are the cranial mesenteric arteries and the rightand left are the renal arteries, respectively. The posterior branches of the renal arteries are equally visceral, paired, being called testicular arteries. Distal to the latter, both the caudal mesenteric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries originate. Finally, two large external iliac arteries and its terminal branches composed of internal iliac arteries and the median sacral artery originate. In addition, five pairs of lumbar arteries originate alongside the abdominal segment of the aorta. Considering these findings, it is possible to conclude that despite the hoary fox being a wild animal, the anatomy of its abdominal aorta is very similar to that of domestic canids.

The hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842) is the smallest Brazilian canid, whose weight varies between 2 and 4 kg, has a slender body, a small head, and a short and blackened snout. Despite being considered an endemic species, little is known about the hoary fox as it is one of the seven less studied canids in the world. Thus, this study aimed to describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta artery of the hoary fox and to compare it with the pre-established literature data in domestic canids. For this purpose, we used two adult hoary foxes without definite age. We collected the corpses of these animals along roadsides of Catalão-GO, being later fixed and conserved in a 10% formalin solution. The results showed that the abdominal aorta in hoary fox is at the ventral face of the lumbar region vertebral bodies, being slightly displaced to the left of the median plane. The first branch is visceral, named celiac artery, followed by a paired parietal branch: the phrenic abdominal arteries. The third and fourth branches are the cranial mesenteric arteries and the right and left are the renal arteries, respectively. The posterior branches of the renal arteries are equally visceral, paired, being called testicular arteries. Distal to the latter, both the caudal mesenteric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries originate. Finally, two large external iliac arteries and its terminal branches composed of internal iliac arteries and the median sacral artery originate. In addition, five pairs of lumbar arteries originate alongside the abdominal segment of the aorta. Considering these findings, it is possible to conclude that despite the hoary fox being a wild animal, the anatomy of its abdominal aorta is very similar to that of domestic canids.

A mastite ocorre em uma alta proporção de vacas leiteiras em todo o mundo e é um dos grandes problemas que atinge a indústria leiteira. A doença ainda é uma das maiores causas de perdas econômicas das granjas leiteiras. A mastite não tem apenas consequências negativas para os fazendeiros, mas atinge também a indústria leiteira, particularmente pela expectativa de que o leite deve ser um produto saudável produzido por animais saudáveis. O uso de antimicrobianos é uma grande preocupação. O emprego de antimicrobianos nas granjas leiteiras está frequentemente relacionado com a saúde do úbere uma vez que a maioria dos medicamentos são usados na prevenção e controle da mastite. Os antimicrobianos ainda são vitais para o tratamento das infecções bacterianas do gado leiteiro, mas na atualidade há um grande questionamento para a ligação potencial entre o uso de produtos antimicrobianos no manejo animal e o desenvolvimento de resistência antimicrobiana tanto de patógenos de animais como de humanos, há portanto a necessidade urgente da introdução de alternativas para o tratamento e controle da mastitecom antibióticos. As possibilidades incluem vacinação, probióticos ou microorganismos benéficos e substâncias inibidoras, imunomodulação, bacteriófagos, homeopatia, fitoterápicos inibidores. Contudo todos esses procedimentos necessitam ser cientificamente provadas para demonstrar que são alternativas realmente efetivos. | Mastitis affects a high proportion of dairy cows throughout the world and is one of the greater problems faced by the dairy industry today. The disease is still a major cause of economic loss on a dairy farm. Mastitis poses not only negative consequences for the dairy farmer but also for the dairy industry as a number of issues threaten the reputation of milk as a healthy product from healthy animals. The use of antimicrobials is one of those concerns and threats. Antimicrobial usage on dairy farms is most often related to udder health as most medicines are used in prevention and control of mastitis. Antimicrobials remain vital for treatment of bacterial infections in dairy cattle, but in light of the upcoming debate instigated by the potential link between the use of antimicrobial products in animal husbandry and the development of antimicrobial resistance in both animal and human pathogens, there is an urgent need for innovation and alternatives to antibiotic therapy for mastitis treatment and control. Alternative approaches include vaccination, probiotics or beneficial microorganisms and inhibitory substances, immunomodulation, bacteriophages, homeopathy, and plant-derived inhibitory substances, yet only when scientifically-proven evidence is available indicating these alternatives are effective.

Mastitis affects a high proportion of dairy cows throughout the world and is one of the greater problems faced by the dairy industry today. The disease is still a major cause of economic loss on a dairy farm. Mastitis poses not only negative consequences for the dairy farmer but also for the dairy industry as a number of issues threaten the reputation of milk as a healthy product from healthy animals. The use of antimicrobials is one of those concerns and threats. Antimicrobial usage on dairy farms is most often related to udder health as most medicines are used in prevention and control of mastitis. Antimicrobials remain vital for treatment of bacterial infections in dairy cattle, but in light of the upcoming debate instigated by the potential link between the use of antimicrobial products in animal husbandry and the development of antimicrobial resistance in both animal and human pathogens, there is an urgent need for innovation and alternatives to antibiotic therapy for mastitis treatment and control. Alternative approaches include vaccination, probiotics or beneficial microorganisms and inhibitory substances, immunomodulation, bacteriophages, homeopathy, and plant-derived inhibitory substances, yet only when scientifically-proven evidence is available indicating these alternatives are effective.

O presente trabalho é o relato do caso de uma cabra nulípara da raça Parda Alpina, de um ano de idade, pertencente ao Setor de Caprinocultura da Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Bananeiras - Brasil. Ambas as glândulas foram naturalmente infectadas por Staphylococcus simulans α-hemolítico. As glândulas mamárias apresentaram mastite aguda catarral com envolvimento sistêmico, respondendo positivamente ao tratamento sistêmico com gentamicina associada a amoxicilina. O presente relato sugere a importância do potencial patogênico de Staphylococcus não-aureus (SNA) como causador de mastite clínica também em animais nulíparos. O isolado mostrou resistência a tetraciclina e continha genes de produção de toxinas estafilocócicas (sec, seg e TSST-1). Além disso, tem sido relatado que Staphylococcus simulans é um patógeno emergente em seres humanos causando infecções cutâneas e osteoarticulares, principalmente naqueles que têm contato íntimo com animais de fazenda. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro relato de uma mastite clínica em uma cabra nulípara causada por Staphylococcus simulans. | The present paper is a case report of a one-year old nulliparous Alpine Goat belonging to a dairy goat farm in semi-arid region of Brazil. Both glands were naturally infected by α-hemolytic Staphylococcus simulans and evolved similar clinical signs. The mammary glands presented an acute catarrhal mastitis with systemic clinical signs that responded positively to treatment with gentamicin associated with amoxicillin. The present report suggests the importance of the pathogenic potential of non-aureus Staphylococci strains (NAS) as a cause of clinical mastitis also in nulliparous animals. The isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and contained staphylococcal toxin production genes (sec, sec and TSST-1). Moreover, it has been reported that Staphylococcus simulans is an emerging pathogen in humans causing cutaneous and osteoarticular infections, mainly in those in close contact with farm animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical mastitis in a nulliparous goat caused by Staphylococcus simulans.

The present paper is a case report of a one-year old nulliparous Alpine Goat belonging to a dairy goat farm in semi-arid region of Brazil. Both glands were naturally infected by α-hemolytic Staphylococcus simulans and evolved similar clinical signs. The mammary glands presented an acute catarrhal mastitis with systemic clinical signs that responded positively to treatment with gentamicin associated with amoxicillin. The present report suggests the importance of the pathogenic potential of non-aureus Staphylococci strains (NAS) as a cause of clinical mastitis also in nulliparous animals. The isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and contained staphylococcal toxin production genes (sec, sec and TSST-1). Moreover, it has been reported that Staphylococcus simulans is an emerging pathogen in humans causing cutaneous and osteoarticular infections, mainly in those in close contact with farm animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical mastitis in a nulliparous goat caused by Staphylococcus simulans.

As actinobactérias têm sido pesquisadas como fonte produtoras de extratos brutos que contêm compostos bioativos capazes de atuar como agentes antimicrobianos. O presente trabalho investigou o efeito dose-resposta de dois extratos brutos, AMC e Caat, na fermentação ruminal in vitro por: produção cumulativa de gás, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (IVDMD) e matériaorgânica (IVOMD) e concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (SCFA). Três vacas leiteiras da raça Holandesa, multíparas e portadoras de fístula ruminal foram utilizadas como doadoras de inóculo ruminal e foram alimentadas com uma dieta basal composta por silagem de milho, farelo de soja, ureia, milho moído e suplemento mineral. As amostras de inóculo ruminal foram incubadas em garrafas de vidro com 1 g da dieta seca e moída, solução tampão e os extratos brutos avaliados em quatro doses (0,3, 0,6, 0,9 e 1,20 mg/10 mL de inóculo) em delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo as doadoras consideradas os blocos como efeito aleatório. Além disso, foram utilizados controles negativos para a correção da produção de gás. Os resultados foram expressos como valores médios com base em análises triplicadas. A diminuição da produção cumulativa de gás foi observada de acordo com a dose em resposta linear às 24, 48 e 72 h de incubação com a adição de extrato de Caat. A IVOMD mostrou uma diminuição linear com 72 h de incubação com inclusão de Caat. Além disso, a inclusão do Caat reduziu linearmente as concentrações de ácido butírico e isovalérico, bem como a proporção de acetato/propionato. Diferentemente, a inclusão do extrato de AMC não afetou nenhuma das variáveis analisadas nas doses utilizadas. O extrato de Caat pode ser usado como um modulador da fermentação ruminal in vitro, uma vez que reduziu a proporção de acetato/propionato e a produção de gás acumulada. | Actinobacteria have been researched as a source that produces crude extracts, which contain bioactive compounds able to act as antimicrobial agents. The present investigation evaluated the dose-response effect of two crude extracts, obtained at Caatinga rhizosphere (Caat) and Rhizophora mangle (AMC), on in vitro ruminal fermentation by: cumulative gas production, digestibility of dry (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD), and short-chain fatty acids concentration (SCFA). Three multiparous Holstein dairy cows with ruminal fistula were used as the inoculum donors and fed a basal diet consisting of corn silage, soybean meal, urea, ground corn and mineral supplement. Ruminal fluid samples were incubated in glass bottles with 1 g of the dried and milled diet, a buffer solution, and the crude extracts evaluated in four doses (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.20 mg/10 mL inoculum) in a randomized block design, and the donators were considered as blocks with random effects. Additionally, negative controls were used. The results were expressed as average values based on triplicate analyses. Decreased cumulative gas production was observed according to linear dose response at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation with the addition of Caat extract. The IVOMD showed a linear decrease at 72 h of incubation with dose Caat inclusion. Furthermore, the inclusion of Caat extract linearly reduced butyric and isovaleric acid concentrations, as well as acetate:propionate ratio. Finally, the Caat inclusion increased the propionic acid concentration in comparison to AMC extract. However, the inclusion of AMC extract did not affect any of the analyzed variables at the used doses. The Caat extract could be used as a modulator of in vitro ruminal fermentation, since it reduced acetate:propionate ratio and cumulative gas production.

Actinobacteria have been researched as a source that produces crude extracts, which contain bioactive compounds able to act as antimicrobial agents. The present investigation evaluated the dose-response effect of two crude extracts, obtained at Caatinga rhizosphere (Caat) and Rhizophora mangle (AMC), on in vitro ruminal fermentation by: cumulative gas production, digestibility of dry (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD), and short-chain fatty acids concentration (SCFA). Three multiparous Holstein dairy cows with ruminal fistula were used as the inoculum donors and fed a basal diet consisting of corn silage, soybean meal, urea, ground corn and mineral supplement. Ruminal fluid samples were incubated in glass bottles with 1 g of the dried and milled diet, a buffer solution, and the crude extracts evaluated in four doses (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.20 mg/10 mL inoculum) in a randomized block design, and the donators were considered as blocks with random effects. Additionally, negative controls were used. The results were expressed as average values based on triplicate analyses. Decreased cumulative gas production was observed according to linear dose response at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation with the addition of Caat extract. The IVOMD showed a linear decrease at 72 h of incubation with dose Caat inclusion. Furthermore, the inclusion of Caat extract linearly reduced butyric and isovaleric acid concentrations, as well as acetate:propionate ratio. Finally, the Caat inclusion increased the propionic acid concentration in comparison to AMC extract. However, the inclusion of AMC extract did not affect any of the analyzed variables at the used doses. The Caat extract could be used as a modulator of in vitro ruminal fermentation, since it reduced acetate:propionate ratio and cumulative gas production.

A gengivoestomatite crônica felina (FCGS) é um desafio para o veterinário, uma vez que a sua etiologia e tratamentos permanecem indefinidos. O presente trabalho investigou o papel do vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) na gravidade do FCGS. Biópsias da mucosa oral de 19 gatos com FCGS foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com o status sorológico de FIV. Mais tarde, o escore de lesão clínica foi correlacionado com o grau histopatológico das lesões FCGS e o grau de imunocoloração em ambos os grupos. A maioria dos animais apresentou alterações histológicas significativas, porém não foi observada correlação com a intensidade de imunocoloração para FIV. Concluiu-se que a presença de infecção por FIV ou o estado soropositivo dos animais não parece interferir com a gravidade dos sinais clínicos nem com o grau de alterações histopatológicas quando comparado ao grupo soronegativo. | Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a challenge for the veterinary practitioner since its etiology and treatments are still undefined. The present paper investigated the role of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the severity of the FCGS. Oral mucosal biopsies obtained from 19 cats with FCGS were divided into two groups according to their FIV serology status. Later, the clinical lesion score was correlated with the histopathological grade of FCGS lesions and the degree of immunostaining in both groups. Most of the animals had significant histological changes; however, no correlation with FIV immunostaining intensity was observed. It was concluded that the presence of FIV infection or the animal’s seropositivity status does not seem to interfere with the severity of clinical signs nor the degree of histopathological changes when compared to the seronegative group.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a challenge for the veterinary practitioner since its etiology and treatments are still undefined. The present paper investigated the role of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the severity of the FCGS. Oral mucosal biopsies obtained from 19 cats with FCGS were divided into two groups according to their FIV serology status. Later, the clinical lesion score was correlated with the histopathological grade of FCGS lesions and the degree of immunostaining in both groups. Most of the animals had significant histological changes; however, no correlation with FIV immunostaining intensity was observed. It was concluded that the presence of FIV infection or the animal’s seropositivity status does not seem to interfere with the severity of clinical signs nor the degree of histopathological changes when compared to the seronegative group.

  O presente trabalho investigou a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados à infecção por Leptospira sp. em cães atendidos em clínicas veterinárias da cidade de João Pessoa, Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas 384 amostras sanguíneas de cães provenientes de 34 clínicas veterinárias no período de abril de 2015 a maio de 2016. O diagnóstico da infecção por Leptospira sp. foi realizado com o emprego reação de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), utilizando uma coleção com 20 antígenos patogênicos e adotando como ponto de corte a diluição 1:100. Foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico aos proprietários dos animais para obtenção de dados a serem utilizados na análise de fatores de risco. A prevalência de animais soropositivos foi de 11,7% (45/384), com reações para os sorogrupos Icterohaemorrhagiae (62,3%), Grippotyphosa (22,2%), Canicola (13,3%), Djasiman (2,2%) e Pomona (2,2%). Foram identificados os seguintes fatores de risco: idade entre 49 e 72 meses (odds ratio = 2,74), idade maior que 72 meses (odds ratio = 3,22), e limpeza mensal do ambiente onde os animais permanecem (odds ratio = 10,70). Conclui-se que cães atendidos em clínicas veterinárias de João Pessoa estão expostos à infecção por Leptospira sp., com predominância de sorogrupos mantidos por animais selvagens, e foi sugerida a realização da limpeza periódica do ambiente ocupado pelos animais. | The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira sp. in dogs attended at veterinary clinics in the city of João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil.  A total of 384 blood samples from dogs from 34 veterinary clinics were used from April 2015 to May 2016. The diagnosis of Leptospira sp. was carried out through Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), using a collection of 20 pathogenic antigens and adopting a 1: 100 dilution as cutoff point. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the owners of the animals to obtain data to be used in the analysis of risk factors. The prevalence of seropositive animals was 11.7% (45/384), with reactions for serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (62.3%), Grippotyphosa (22.2%), Canicola (13.3%), Djasiman 2%) and Pomona (2.2%). The following risk factors were identified: age from 49 to 72 months (odds ratio = 2.74), Age > 72 months (odds ratio = 3.22), and monthly cleaning of the environment where the animals are kept (odds ratio = 10,70). It is concluded that dogs attended at veterinary clinics in João Pessoa are exposed to infection by Leptospira sp., with predominance of serogroups kept by wild animals, and it is suggested that the periodic cleaning of the environment where the animals are kept.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira sp. in dogs attended at veterinary clinics in the city of João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil.  A total of 384 blood samples from dogs from 34 veterinary clinics were used from April 2015 to May 2016. The diagnosis of Leptospira sp. was carried out through Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), using a collection of 20 pathogenic antigens and adopting a 1: 100 dilution as cutoff point. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the owners of the animals to obtain data to be used in the analysis of risk factors. The prevalence of seropositive animals was 11.7% (45/384), with reactions for serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (62.3%), Grippotyphosa (22.2%), Canicola (13.3%), Djasiman 2%) and Pomona (2.2%). The following risk factors were identified: age from 49 to 72 months (odds ratio = 2.74), Age > 72 months (odds ratio = 3.22), and monthly cleaning of the environment where the animals are kept (odds ratio = 10,70). It is concluded that dogs attended at veterinary clinics in João Pessoa are exposed to infection by Leptospira sp., with predominance of serogroups kept by wild animals, and it is suggested that the periodic cleaning of the environment where the animals are kept.

Mycobacterium bovis é o agente da tuberculose bovina, doença que acomete o rebanho em todo território brasileiro e é uma negligenciada zoonose transmitida pelo leite e seus derivados. Este trabalho avaliou a presença de M. bovis e outras micobactérias, em queijo minas meia-cura, obtidos em feiras-livres na cidade de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2012 e 2013. As amostras (n = 133) foram descontaminadas pelo método HPC (hexa-cetyl-pyridinium chloride) e semeadas em meio Stonebrink Leslie. Os isolados foram submetidos à identificação molecular por PCR TB multiplex, pesquisando-se o gene 16S rRNA, e ao sequenciamento nucleotídico. Dezesseis amostras (12%) possuiam 26 colônias sugestivas de Mycobacterium spp., mas nenhuma delas pertencia aos complexos Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium e Mycobacterium intracellulare. A análise filogenética mostrou que todas as amostras estavam agrupadas em clados que incluem apenas micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNT), sendo que algumas possuiam proximidade com sequências obtidas de Mycobacterium novocastrense (3 sequências), Mycobacterium hosaticum (1 sequência) e Mycobacterium elephantis (2 sequências). Embora no momento não haja evidência epidemiológica da importância da transmissão oral das micobactérias pra indivíduos saudáveis, sua importância na população imunossuprimida ainda é incerta. | Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that affects dairy herds throughout the Brazilian territory, constituting a neglected zoonosis transmitted by raw milk and its derivatives. In this study, we evaluated the presence of M. bovis and other mycobacteria in Minas cheese obtained from open fairs in the city of São Paulo between 2012 and 2013. Samples (n = 133) were decontaminated using hexa-cetylpyridinium chloride and seeded on Stonebrink–Leslie medium. The isolates were submitted to molecular identification by TB Multiplex PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and amplicon nucleotide sequencing. From 16 cheese samples (12%), we obtained 26 putative colonies of Mycobacterium spp., none of which belonged to any of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, or Mycobacterium intracellulare complexes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sample sequences were grouped in a clade that includes only non-tuberculous mycobacteria with proximity to sequences obtained from Mycobacterium novocastrense (3 sequences), Mycobacterium holsaticum (1 sequence), andMycobacterium elephantis (2 sequences). Although no epidemiological evidence was found regarding the importance of oral transmission of mycobacteria in healthy people, their importance in the immunosuppressed population remains uncertain.

Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that affects dairy herds throughout the Brazilian territory, constituting a neglected zoonosis transmitted by raw milk and its derivatives. In this study, we evaluated the presence of M. bovis and other mycobacteria in Minas cheese obtained from open fairs in the city of São Paulo between 2012 and 2013. Samples (n = 133) were decontaminated using hexa-cetylpyridinium chloride and seeded on Stonebrink–Leslie medium. The isolates were submitted to molecular identification by TB Multiplex PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and amplicon nucleotide sequencing. From 16 cheese samples (12%), we obtained 26 putative colonies of Mycobacterium spp., none of which belonged to any of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, or Mycobacterium intracellulare complexes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sample sequences were grouped in a clade that includes only non-tuberculous mycobacteria with proximity to sequences obtained from Mycobacterium novocastrense (3 sequences), Mycobacterium holsaticum (1 sequence), and Mycobacterium elephantis (2 sequences). Although no epidemiological evidence was found regarding the importance of oral transmission of mycobacteria in healthy people, their importance in the immunosuppressed population remains uncertain.

No Brasil, uma parcela significativa da população não possui saneamento básico e vive em situação de vulnerabilidade social, compartilhando o ambiente com animais, possibilitando o estabelecimento de infecções parasitárias zoonóticas e a manutenção do ciclo dos parasitos. Assim, para que medidas de controle sejam preconizadas, torna-se necessário a identificação dos parasitos presentes no ambiente. Neste contexto, este trabalho avaliou a contaminação ambiental por formas parasitárias em comunidade de vulnerabilidade social no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas cem amostras de solo da comunidade, que foram processadas pela técnica de centrifugo-flutuação em solução de dicromato de sódio e analisadas em microscópio composto (objetiva 40X) para a identificação dos ovos, oocistos e cistos de parasitos. Todos os pontos de coleta foram positivos para dois ou mais parasitos, sendo diagnosticados oocistos de coccídios não-identificados (33,59%), Strongylida (25,4%), Ascaridida (21,31%), Trichuris spp. (8,19%), Toxocara spp. (3,27%), Amebas (4,08%), Dioctophyma renale (2,45%), Giardia spp. (1,63%). A quantidade de formas parasitárias em todos os pontos analisados supera a contida em outros estudos de contaminação ambiental já realizados na região sul do Brasil. Além disso, a identificação de diversas formas parasitárias com potencial zoonótico é preocupante, pois evidencia a possibilidade de transmissão de parasitoses ao homem e a outros animais. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que o ambiente em questão está contaminado por formas parasitárias, constituindo um sério problema de saúde pública. Ressalta-se a importância da implantação de medidas educativas e preventivas com a comunidade para o controle dos parasitos. | vulnerability. The fact that these people share the environment with animals promotes the establishment of zoonotic parasitic infections, as well as the resultant parasitic cycles. Thus, parasites present in the environment must be identified, so that control measures can be recommended. In this context, this study’s objective was to evaluate environmental contamination by parasitic forms in a socially vulnerable community in southern Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 100 soil samples collected from the community were processed by a sodium dichromate centrifuge-flotation technique and analyzed by a compound microscope (40X objective) for the identification of parasite eggs, oocysts and cysts. All points were positive for two or more parasites, with the identification of 33.59% non-identified coccidian oocysts, Strongylida (25.4%), Ascaridida (21.31%), Trichuris spp. (8.19%), Toxocara spp. (3.27%), Amoebas (4.08%), Dioctophyma renale (2.45%), and Giardia spp. (1.63%). The presence of parasitic forms in all points analyzed surpasses other studies of environmental contamination carried out in the southern region of Brazil. In addition, the identification of several parasitic forms with zoonotic potential is concerning, since it shows the possibility of parasitic transmission to humans and other animals. In view of the results, the conclusion is that the environment analyzed is contaminated by parasitic forms, constituting a serious public health problem. Therefore, implementing educational and preventive measures in the community to control parasites is of crucial importance.

vulnerability. The fact that these people share the environment with animals promotes the establishment of zoonotic parasitic infections, as well as the resultant parasitic cycles. Thus, parasites present in the environment must be identified, so that control measures can be recommended. In this context, this study’s objective was to evaluate environmental contamination by parasitic forms in a socially vulnerable community in southern Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 100 soil samples collected from the community were processed by a sodium dichromate centrifuge-flotation technique and analyzed by a compound microscope (40X objective) for the identification of parasite eggs, oocysts and cysts. All points were positive for two or more parasites, with the identification of 33.59% non-identified coccidian oocysts, Strongylida (25.4%), Ascaridida (21.31%), Trichuris spp. (8.19%), Toxocara spp. (3.27%), Amoebas (4.08%), Dioctophyma renale (2.45%), and Giardia spp. (1.63%). The presence of parasitic forms in all points analyzed surpasses other studies of environmental contamination carried out in the southern region of Brazil. In addition, the identification of several parasitic forms with zoonotic potential is concerning, since it shows the possibility of parasitic transmission to humans and other animals. In view of the results, the conclusion is that the environment analyzed is contaminated by parasitic forms, constituting a serious public health problem. Therefore, implementing educational and preventive measures in the community to control parasites is of crucial importance.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade da forragem, e descrever as curvas de degradação dos CNF. O estudo foi composto de dois ensaios. No primeiro, três novilhos canulados no rúmen, com peso vivo de 350 ± 15 kg (Média ± DP), foram alocados em um quadrado latino (QL) 3×3, e alimentados com dietas contendo: milho moído (MM, tamanho de partículas 0,9 mm), laminado a vapor (MLV) ou polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP). Cada período tinha 14 d, sendo os primeiros 12 para adaptação e o 13º para a medição seriada do pH e o 14º para a coleta de líquido ruminal e incubação in vitro para digestibilidade da MS e FDN (DIVMS e DIVFDN) de feno de bermudagrass (Feno) e silagens de milho (SM) e cana (SC). No segundo ensaio, coletou-se fluido ruminal de um touro canulado, alimentado com silagem de milho e concentrado padrão, para digestão in vitro dos CNF em vários tempos. Esses resultados foram utilizados para ajustar as curvas de degradação dos CNF e calcular o tempo de colonização, frações alimentares e taxa de degradação. Os resultados do primeiro ensaio foram analisados em um QL 3×3. O modelo dos parâmetros de digestibilidade incluiu efeito fixo de forragem (Alimento), dieta com CNF (Dieta) e interação (Alimento × Dieta), e efeito aleatório de animal e período. O modelo para pH incluiu efeito fixo de Dieta, Tempo como medida repetida, animal e período como aleatórios. Foi considerada a probabilidade significativa de ≤ 5% (α = 0,05). As curvas de degradação dos CNF foram ajustadas pelo PROC NLIN do SAS, e parâmetros de equação comparados por intervalo de confiança. Houve interação Dieta × Tempo no pH ruminal (P = 0,04), onde o MLV diminuiu o pH comparado com PCP e MM apenas no tempo 6 h. Não houve interação Alimento×Dieta (P > 0,05) para nenhum parâmetro de digestibilidade. Houve efeito de Alimento sobre a DIVMS e DIVFDN, após 30 e 48 h de incubação (P < 0,01). A SM teve a maior DIVMS, seguido por SC e Feno, após 30 e 48 h de incubação. A SM teve a maior DIVFDN após 30 h, comparado com SC e Feno. No entanto, para DIVFDN após 48 h, a SM teve maior média, seguida da SC e Feno. O fluido ruminal de animais alimentados com MLV diminuiu a DIVMS e DIVFDN (P < 0.05) de todas as forragens, após 48 h. Resultados do segundo ensaio mostram que PCP diminuiu o tempo de colonização, fração B e aumentou a kd comparado com os dois milhos, e MLV apresentou maior kd que o MM. Em conclusão, a dieta com MLV diminuiu o pH ruminal no tempo 6 h e, consequentemente, diminuiu a DIVFDN das forragens avaliadas. Embora PCP tenha apresentado menor tempo de colonização e maior taxa de degradação da fração B, não afetou negativamente o pH do rúmen nem a digestibilidade da fibra das forragens. | The present study aimed to evaluate non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in sugarcane-based diets on rumen pH, and forage digestibility, and to describe NFC degradation curves. The study consisted of two trials. For the first trial, three rumen cannulated steers, BW of 350 ± 15 kg (mean ± SE), were assigned in a 3×3 Latin Square (LS) design. They were fed diets containing finely-ground (0.9 mm average particle size) corn (GC), steam-rolled corn (SRC), or pelleted citrus pulp (PCP). Each period had 14 d, with the first 12 for adaptation. The 13th d was for serial measurement of rumen pH, and the14th for rumen fluid collection and in vitro incubation for DM and NDF digestibility (IVDMD and IVNDFD) of bermudagrass hay (Hay), corn (CS), and sugarcane (SS) silages. In the second trial, rumen fluid of a cannulated bull, fed corn silage and a regular concentrate, was collected for in vitro digestion of NFC for multiple time points. The incubation results were used to adjust the NFC degradation curves, and calculate lag-time, feed fractions, and degradation rate. Data from first trial was analyzed in a 3×3 LS. The model for the digestibility parameters included fixed effects of forage (Feed), diets with NFC (Diet), and their interaction (Feed × Diet), and random effect of animal and period. The model for rumen pH included fixed effect of diet, time as repeated measures, animal and period as random effects. The significance was considered at probability ≤ 5% (α = 0.05). The NFC degradation curves were adjusted using the PROC NLIN procedure from SAS, and equation parameters compared using confidence intervals. There was a Diet × Time interaction on rumen pH (P = 0.04), where SRC decreased pH compared to PCP and GC diets at the time 6 h, only. There was no Feed × Diet interaction effect (P > 0.05) for any digestibility parameter. There was a Feed effect on both IVDMD and IVNDFD, either after 30 or 48 h incubation (P < 0.01). The CS had the greatest IVDMD, followed by SS and Hay, after 30 and 48 h of incubation. The CS had the greatest IVNDFD after 30 h, compared to SS and Hay. However, for IVNDFD after 48 h, CS presented the greatest mean, followed by SS and Hay. The rumen fluid from animals fed SRC decreased both IVDMD and IVNDFD (P < 0.05) of all roughages after 48 h. Results from the second trial showed that the PCP had lower Lag Time, B fraction and greater kd compared to both corn sources, and SRC had greater kd than GC. In conclusion, the SRC diet decreased rumen pH 6 h after feeding and, consequently, decreased fiber digestibility of the tropical forage sources evaluated. Although the PCP had lower lag time, and faster rate of degradation of B fraction, it did not negatively affect rumen pH or fiber digestibility of forage.

The present study aimed to evaluate non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in sugarcane-based diets on rumen pH, and forage digestibility, and to describe NFC degradation curves. The study consisted of two trials. For the first trial, three rumen cannulated steers, BW of 350 ± 15 kg (mean ± SE), were assigned in a 3×3 Latin Square (LS) design. They were fed diets containing finely-ground (0.9 mm average particle size) corn (GC), steam-rolled corn (SRC), or pelleted citrus pulp (PCP). Each period had 14 d, with the first 12 for adaptation. The 13th d was for serial measurement of rumen pH, and the14th for rumen fluid collection and in vitro incubation for DM and NDF digestibility (IVDMD and IVNDFD) of bermudagrass hay (Hay), corn (CS), and sugarcane (SS) silages. In the second trial, rumen fluid of a cannulated bull, fed corn silage and a regular concentrate, was collected for in vitro digestion of NFC for multiple time points. The incubation results were used to adjust the NFC degradation curves, and calculate lag-time, feed fractions, and degradation rate. Data from first trial was analyzed in a 3×3 LS. The model for the digestibility parameters included fixed effects of forage (Feed), diets with NFC (Diet), and their interaction (Feed × Diet), and random effect of animal and period. The model for rumen pH included fixed effect of diet, time as repeated measures, animal and period as random effects. The significance was considered at probability ≤ 5% (α = 0.05). The NFC degradation curves were adjusted using the PROC NLIN procedure from SAS, and equation parameters compared using confidence intervals. There was a Diet × Time interaction on rumen pH (P = 0.04), where SRC decreased pH compared to PCP and GC diets at the time 6 h, only. There was no Feed × Diet interaction effect (P > 0.05) for any digestibility parameter. There was a Feed effect on both IVDMD and IVNDFD, either after 30 or 48 h incubation (P < 0.01). The CS had the greatest IVDMD, followed by SS and Hay, after 30 and 48 h of incubation. The CS had the greatest IVNDFD after 30 h, compared to SS and Hay. However, for IVNDFD after 48 h, CS presented the greatest mean, followed by SS and Hay. The rumen fluid from animals fed SRC decreased both IVDMD and IVNDFD (P < 0.05) of all roughages after 48 h. Results from the second trial showed that the PCP had lower Lag Time, B fraction and greater kd compared to both corn sources, and SRC had greater kd than GC. In conclusion, the SRC diet decreased rumen pH 6 h after feeding and, consequently, decreased fiber digestibility of the tropical forage sources evaluated. Although the PCP had lower lag time, and faster rate of degradation of B fraction, it did not negatively affect rumen pH or fiber digestibility of forage.

A prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) determina a luteólise em bovinos. A capacidade de manipular sua síntese endógena é indispensável para a produção animal em grande escala. O estradiol (E2) e a progesterona (P4) modulam diversas vias moleculares das células endometriais, incluindo a síntese de PGF2α; no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seus mecanismos específicos. Este trabalho investigou a produção in vitro e a possível modulação da PGF2α endometrial devido a um efeito local do E2 endógeno no corno uterino ipsilateral ao folículo dominante (FD) ou da P4 no corno ipsilateral ao corpo lúteo (CL). Os estimuladores de PGF2α oxitocina (OT) e 12,23-dibutirato de forbol (PDBu) foram incubados com explantes endometriais, e o conteúdo de PGF2α foi mensurado. Para tal, vacas cíclicas foram sincronizadas, o desenvolvimento de FD e CL foi examinado por ultrassonografia, e no 17º dia do ciclo estral os explantes endometriais foram coletados e cultivados em meio ou suplementados com PDBu 10-6M ou 10-6M OT. As amostras de meio foram coletadas imediatamente após o tratamento e sessenta minutos depois. O radioimunoensaio mostrou que o conteúdo de PGF2α do corno ipsilateral ao FD foi 49% menor que o do corno contralateral (8,22 ± 0,95 vs. 12,24 ± 0,95 pg/mL/mg de tecido, respectivamente, P &lt; 0,01). No entanto, os níveis de PGF2α não diferiram entre os cornos em função da posição do CL (9,46 ± 0,95 versus 11 ± 0,95 pg/mL/mg; P &gt; 0,05). Os estimuladores celulares promoveram um aumento na síntese de PGF2α (P &lt; 0,02), e os efeitos diferiram entre os animais (P &lt; 0,04). A produção de PGF2α foi maior nos explantes tratados com PDBu em comparação à OT (13,68 ± 1,16 versus 10,01 ± 1,16 pg/mL/mg de tecido, respectivamente, P &lt; 0,05). A conclusão obtida foi que a síntese de PGF2α é: modulada pela presença do FD (E2 local), mas não do CL (P4 local); e estimulada por PDBu e OT. | Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) determines luteolysis in cattle, and the ability to manipulate its endogenous synthesis is indispensible for large-scale animal breeding. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) modulate several molecular pathways in endometrial cells, including the synthesis of PGF2α; however, its specific mechanisms are still not totally known. This study investigated the production in vitro and possible modulation of endometrial PGF2α due to a local effect of endogenous E2 in the ipsilateral uterine horn (UH) containing the dominant follicle (DF) or from P4 in ipsilateral horn containing the corpus luteum (CL). The PGF2α stimulators oxytocin (OT) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) were incubated with endometrial explants, and PGF2α content was measured. For that, cycling cows were synchronized, the development of DF and CL was examined by ultrasonography and on the seventh day of the estrous cycle, endometrial explants were collected and cultured in medium supplemented with 10-6 M PDBu or 10-6 M OT or non-supplemented. Media samples were collected immediately after treatment and 60 min later. Radioimmunoassay showed that the PGF2α content of the UH ipsilateral to the DF was 49% less than that of the contralateral UH (8.22 ± 0.95 vs. 12.24 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). However, the PGF2α levels did not differ between the UHs as a function of the CL position (9.46 ± 0.95 vs. 11 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg; P &gt; 0.05). The cellular stimulators promoted an increase in PGF2α synthesis (P &lt; 0.02), and the effects differed among the animals (P &lt; 0.04). The PGF2a production was higher in the explants treated with PDBu rather than OT (13.68 ± 1.16 vs. 10.01 ± 1.16 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, PGF2α synthesis is modulated by the presence of the DF (local E2) but not the CL (local P4), and both PDBu and OT stimulated PGF2a synthesis.

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) determines luteolysis in cattle, and the ability to manipulate its endogenous synthesis is indispensible for large-scale animal breeding. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) modulate several molecular pathways in endometrial cells, including the synthesis of PGF2α; however, its specific mechanisms are still not totally known. This study investigated the production in vitro and possible modulation of endometrial PGF2α due to a local effect of endogenous E2 in the ipsilateral uterine horn (UH) containing the dominant follicle (DF) or from P4 in ipsilateral horn containing the corpus luteum (CL). The PGF2α stimulators oxytocin (OT) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) were incubated with endometrial explants, and PGF2α content was measured. For that, cycling cows were synchronized, the development of DF and CL was examined by ultrasonography and on the seventh day of the estrous cycle, endometrial explants were collected and cultured in medium supplemented with 10-6 M PDBu or 10-6 M OT or non-supplemented. Media samples were collected immediately after treatment and 60 min later. Radioimmunoassay showed that the PGF2α content of the UH ipsilateral to the DF was 49% less than that of the contralateral UH (8.22 ± 0.95 vs. 12.24 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P < 0.01). However, the PGF2α levels did not differ between the UHs as a function of the CL position (9.46 ± 0.95 vs. 11 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg; P > 0.05). The cellular stimulators promoted an increase in PGF2α synthesis (P < 0.02), and the effects differed among the animals (P < 0.04). The PGF2a production was higher in the explants treated with PDBu rather than OT (13.68 ± 1.16 vs. 10.01 ± 1.16 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, PGF2α synthesis is modulated by the presence of the DF (local E2) but not the CL (local P4), and both PDBu and OT stimulated PGF2a synthesis.