Aquatic plant biomass has been shown to have a great potential for biogas production. The use of ruminal fluid has been shown to improve the degradation of the lignocellulosic material with its conversion into volatile fatty acids (VFA) during a first phase of hydrolysis–acidogenesis. VFAs are important as the feedstock for methane and hydrogen production in a second phase process within a biorefinery. The objective of this work was to produce a high yield of VFA during a first phase of anaerobic hydrolysis–acidogenesis of Pistia stratiotes biomass assessing the effect of the use of rumen fluid as inoculum and of daily adjustment of pH in batch-operated reactors. One liter anaerobic reactors containing 15 gSV L⁻¹ of P. stratiotes biomass were incubated at 30 ± 2 °C and agitated once a day. The inoculum concentration had no significant effect on the increase in VFA concentration and 20 % (V/V) was used in all treatments. The final average VFA concentration and conversion coefficients from VS to VFA in the inoculated treatment with no pH adjustment (T1) and with pH adjustment (T2) (1817 mgCOD L⁻¹ and 0.1319 mgVFA mgVS⁻¹, respectively) were significantly higher than those found in the treatment with no inoculum (T0). There were no significant differences between T0 and T1 in the VS degradation rate. In contrast, the degradation rate in T2 was significantly higher. Thus, the addition of ruminal fluid promoted the production of VFA, and the pH adjustment had no significant effect on this parameter but did influence the biomass degradation.

High levels of marine salt deposition present in coastal areas have a relevant effect on road runoff characteristics. This study assesses this effect with the purpose of identifying the relationships between monitored water quality parameters and intrinsic site variables. To achieve this objective, an extensive monitoring program was conducted on a Portuguese coastal highway. The study included 30 rainfall events, in different weather, traffic, and salt deposition conditions. The evaluations of various water quality parameters were carried out in over 200 samples. In addition, the meteorological, hydrological, and traffic parameters were continuously measured. The salt deposition rates were determined by means of a wet candle device, which is an innovative feature of the monitoring program. The relation between road runoff pollutants and independent variables associated with weather, traffic, and salt deposition conditions was assessed. Significant correlations among pollutants were observed. A high salinity concentration and its influence on the road runoff were confirmed. Furthermore, the concentrations of the most relevant pollutants seemed to be very dependent on some meteorological variables, particularly the duration of the antecedent dry period prior to each rainfall event and the average wind speed.

Biochar has attracted recent research interest as a metal adsorbent. The heavy metal adsorption capacity of biochar can be controlled by the carbonization of biochar. The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Cd) by peat moss-derived biochars produced under different carbonization conditions were investigated by a series of batch experiments. Biochars were produced by the pyrolysis of peat moss over a temperature range of 400–1000 °C for 30–90 min. Biochar produced at 800 °C for 90 min was the most efficient for the removal of Pb and Cu, when weight loss ratio was considered. The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models adequately described kinetics and isotherms, respectively, of heavy metal adsorption on peat moss-derived biochar, indicating that heavy metal ions were chemically adsorbed on the adsorption sites as uniform monolayer. The peat moss-derived biochar showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity for Pb (81.3 mg/g), followed by Cd and Cu, which were 39.8 and 18.2 mg/g, respectively. This study shows that peat moss-derived biochar is an effective adsorbent to remediate heavy metal-contaminated water.

Activated carbon is investigated as adsorptive barrier for organic micropollutants (OMP) within the Berlin water cycle. In a pilot plant using granular activated carbon (GAC) as upper layer in dual-media filtration, OMP concentrations in treated wastewater could be reduced without any negative impact on filtration efficiency. OMP breakthroughs occurred after shorter runtimes than estimated according to isotherm experiments with powdered activated carbon (PAC). Batch adsorption tests comparing the used GAC to new GAC showed that the capacity of the used GAC was not exhausted, indicating that besides direct site competition, pore blocking is also responsible for the poor GAC performance. A pilot plant application of PAC of the same type as GAC showed significantly higher OMP removals at lower dosages, taking advantage of immobilization of PAC particles in the filters. Both PAC and GAC applications can be integrated into tertiary wastewater treatment without significant constructional changes.

Two lakes, one from the remote high altitude on the southern slope of the Himalaya (Lake Gosainkunda) and another from the urban mid-hill area (Lake Phewa) were studied for evaluating anthropogenic inputs of the pollutants, particularly mercury (Hg) and other trace elements (TEs) (such as Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb). A total of 77 water samples, 24 from Lake Gosainkunda and 53 from Lake Phewa were collected from different depth profiles during October/November 2010. Concentrations of Hg were significantly higher in Lake Gosainkunda compared to Lake Phewa probably due to long-range transport of Hg and its deposition on high altitudes of the Himalayas, in addition to the probable natural geological sources. Some of the TEs (such as Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co) show crustal origin in Lake Gosainkunda, whereas others such as Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb indicate possible anthropogenic origin (enrichment factor (EF) > 4). On the other hand, Al, V, Cr, Ni, and Cu show crustal origin in Lake Phewa and the remaining TEs (Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cd, and Pb) showed high EF values relative to the crustal elements suggesting potential anthropogenic inputs of the pollutants. The study further indicates that two studied lakes have different potential sources for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu regarding TE pollution. A high enrichment of Cd and Pb in high-altitude lake (with less anthropogenic activities) compared to the low-altitude lake (with high anthropogenic activities) indicates atmospheric long-range transportation of the pollutants in remote areas of the Himalayas which might be possible as air masses pass through the industrial areas and deposit in the high altitudes.

In this study, the fruit of Catalpa bignonioides was used as the raw material to obtain low-cost activated carbon. The activation process was carried out by using chemical activation method with zinc chloride. Catalpa activated carbon (CAC) was characterized using elemental analyzer, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and the point of zero charge (pHZPC). The BET surface area of CAC prepared by the impregnation ratio of 30 % ZnCl₂ (w/w) was found to be 896.02 m²/g. The efficiency in the process of the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by CAC was searched with different factors, such as temperature, pH, adsorbent concentration, dye concentration, and contact time. From the experimental data obtained, the studies related to adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics were performed. Langmuir model provided the best fit, and the adsorption capacity for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by CAC was calculated to be 271.00 mg/g at 25 °C. The adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° presented that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic.

Inadequately treated effluents from industry have serious environmental and public health concerns. Even low level discharges create problems through accumulation in water and soil. In the present work, the pollutant accumulating capacity and the general environmental health status of soil which is a repository of treated and untreated effluent discharges and solid waste dumping of a giant pulp and paper mill have been evaluated with respect to some selected physicochemical parameters. The pollutant accumulating capacity of the soil in seven well-defined sites in and around the mill was found with reference to a “control” site with no history of receiving effluent discharges or solid wastes. The changes in texture, bulk density, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium, etc. of the soil up to the normal tilled depth were observed in different seasons. In most sites, the soil organic carbon was poorly correlated to the bulk density, water-holding capacity, pH, and clay and sand contents, indicating an unhealthy state of the soil and, correspondingly, nearly exhausted pollutant accumulating capacity. Considerable differences in pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, and water-holding capacity were observed between the soil receiving effluent discharge and solid waste dumping and the control soil. The soil had accumulated considerable amounts of the exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K). The work has found that industrial activities have worked against the normal behavior of the soil and reduced its capacity to serve as a natural repository of carbon.

Solanum nigrum L., a potential cadmium (Cd) hyper-accumulator, has not currently been investigated to identify if it has a strong simultaneous accumulative ability to Cd, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) in contaminated soils. In this study, a pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the phytoremediation effects of S. nigrum L. on these heavy metals. The potential hyper-accumulative characteristics of S. nigrum L. were also discussed. The results showed that S. nigrum L. remediation effects were not inhibited by multi-heavy metals in contaminated soil. On the contrary, the height and wet and dry weights of S. nigrum L. increased compared to the control treatments and to treatments using only one heavy metal contaminant. Results from the Cd treatment experiments showed 1.66- and 1.45-fold increases in stem and root levels; there were also 1.24-, 2.17-, and 1.61-fold extraction increases in the leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. The differences found in shoot and root bioaccumulation coefficient (BC) factors for multi-heavy metal (MHM) treatment were higher than for a single Cd treatment. These results indicate that S. nigrum L. could stimulate biomass production and that it has a strong ability to tolerate and accumulate Cd in contaminated soils with Pb, Zn, and Cu. This study shows that the remediation scope for S. nigrum L. is greater than currently believed and that it will also remove Pb, Zn, and Cu while extracting Cd from contaminated soils.

We analysed nutrients and basic ions (Na, Cl, K, Mg, Si, Ca, and SO₄) for a period of 1 year, including every precipitation event, and sampled stream water every 2 weeks from a forest catchment in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Backward-trajectory analysis revealed that some air masses originated within Japan, but did not affect the precipitation chemistry. Air masses originating from northern China were positively correlated with nutrients and all basic ions. Concentrations of ammonium and dissolved organic nitrogen were much lower in stream water than in precipitation, while those of nitrate and particulate nitrogen were similar in stream water and precipitation. Unlike nitrogen, the dissolved phosphorus concentration was much higher in stream water than in precipitation. Both phosphate and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) levels were higher in stream water than in precipitation. Particulate phosphorus (PP) concentrations were very similar in precipitation and stream water. PP showed stronger correlations than potassium with suspended solids (SS) and flow rate, while phosphate and DOP were more strongly correlated with potassium than with SS or flow rate. Stream silica concentrations were not correlated with phosphate but did exhibit a significant negative correlation with DOP. Neither phosphate nor DOP was correlated with calcium. These results suggest that phosphorus is not leaching with silica or calcium as a paired cation, but rather with potassium in this area. Lower nitrogen concentrations in stream water than in precipitation can be attributed to an enhanced uptake of nitrogen by forest soils owing to the increased atmospheric deposition of phosphorus.