The present study aims to provide a solution to optimize land use through multi-objective linear programming, and to solve the conflicts generated in the process using game theory, in two cities of Gorgan and Kurdkoy, Iran. The primary land use planning was completed for seven land use through multi-criteria evaluation and then a first allocation was implanted using MOLA. In the secondary land use planning phase, land use optimization, with multi-objective linear programming was conducted considering economic-social and environmental needs. Environmental requirments such as reducing runoff, non-point nitrogen pollution and soil erosion, were modeled using L-THIA and RUSLE models. For socio-economic parameters job, profit and initial costs were considered. To finalize, a multi-objective linear programming model, was designed. The environmental and socio-economic stakeholders have different needs. That creates conflict in the land use planning process. In the final third phase of the land use planning, game theory was used to resolve conflicts. Environmental and socio-economic players were allowed to play scenarios in triplicate. The results showed the winning changes in land use to the extent that an equilibrium between interest groups was reached.

The present study has been conducted on Shemiranat county landscape, using lattice hexagon approach, for the first time, in order to achieve homogeneous units in degradation model. To this aim, with respect to the extent of the studied area, a lattice hexagon composed of 36 units (cells) was created and each grid cell was considered as a sub landscape. Next, ecological vulnerability, degradation agents and their severity was calculated for each cell, using landscape metrics and then classified and standardized based on fuzzy logic. Eventually, according to the obtained degradation coefficients, landscape zoning and analysis was done. Overall, 73 percent of the Shemiranat County was identified as with low degradation area which is developable with paying attention to ecological restrictions and buffers (distance of river valleys, main faults and protected areas). Also, 23 percent and 4 percent of the studied area was determined as need rehabilitation and needs protection, respectively. Using the lattice hexagon as the basis of landscape degradation assessment, in addition to more accurate calculation of metrics and estimation of the degradation coefficient, separately for each homogeneous cells, landscape degradation status and future development potential will be determined.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Utility operating radius and service on city parks in Ardabil neighborhood, local, regional and urban level, to investigate the relationship between the distribution of these parks with water levels in the city of Ardabil, including Shorabil lake and Balyqlv river and reviews for distribution park. The data and information used by documentary. To analyze the data, the Thyssen polygons to measure the radius of the functional utility, network analysis to assess radius of the service or coverage of parks, and standard deviation ellipses analysis was used to examine the distribution of parks. The results indicate that the function of the radius of the park in the center of the city were favorable and neighboring areas with high water levels in the periphery of the city were unfavorable. In addition, the test also showed that the standard deviation ellipse for distribution parks in the city of Ardabil in the Northeast, Southwest and more in the direction of the river Balyqlv located. Also, investigating the per capita levels of parks in urban areas determined that, the area 2 municipality per capita is highest among municipality areas and the area 4 municipality has lowest per capita among municipalities.   Keywords

This article, with a focus on the change and transformation process of the approaches and trends affecting the new towns policy, scrutinizes the first and second generations of the new towns in reference to the South Korea as a case study. The first generation of new towns development in South Korea is associated with the rapid growth of urbanization, industrialization and subsequently economic increase of this country. Lack of housing and inadequate housing supply, formation and growth of the informal settlements especially in connection with Seoul, and the subsequent centralization in the Seoul metropolitan area are the main and significant urban challenges of South Korea in this period. The second generation of new towns has been planned first with the aim of housing supply as their main function in the capital region. These cities are the result of approach that follow the qualitative, gradual and planned development in the form of small scale but multiple projects compared to the past. Decentralization of Seoul and Seoul metropolitan area, integrated regional development, and ultimately the balance of South Korea’s national territory are the key purposes of this process, in terms of spatial planning.

In Iran, Urban land use planning is done in format of the comprehensive and detailed plan but, even after near fifty years of development of land use plan, there are still critiques together with some revisions in legal proceedings, content and procedures. This article is a study of evaluation of urban land use planning in current decade and specifically assesses urban land use planning in Bojnord’s detailed plan with indices of Place check and Needs assessment. Results of Placecheck indicate that only 7.92 percent of proposed land uses are fulfilled, while 34.8 percent have been abandoned and 57.28 percent underwent change of land use. Therefore, it can be concluded that Placecheck of uses has played a very small role. Result of Needs assessment index also signifies that 47.61 percent of the surface areas have realized proposed use. This shows that Needs assessment has equally failed but, compared to the other index, a flexible locality of uses contributes to realization of proposed plans. In the following and in form of interviews with executers, various obstacles on the way of realization, problems like land ownership, insufficient correspondence between planners and executers, and inadequate legal surveillance and obligations were indentified.

Modeling urban development patterns is an important technique for understanding complex urban growth processes. In this study, Logistic Regression model was conducted to model urban growth pattern of Gorgan area in North Iran, during the period 1988-2025. To do this, remotely sensed imagery of years 1988, 1998 and 2007 were used to produce land use maps. Also, dependent and independents variables were created to perform urban growth pattern modeling. Then, urban changes were detected during 1988 – 2007 and urban change modelling was achieved using Logistic Regression. After that, future urban grow pattern was predicted. The results indicated that urban areas have increased during study time period. Validation of model results was performed using Pseudo-R2 and ROC values which were more than 0.27and 0.83 respectively. Furthermore, Logistic Regression was applied to predict urban growth patterns for the years of 2016 and 2025. According to the results, appropriate implementations are needed to control land use changes, particularly urban growth, in order to preserve environmental as well as ecological balances of the area. The result could be help the managers to monitor and prevent the unplanned urban development in future. Model’s extracted maps can be used for managing and controlling future urban development.

Evaluation of these and the threat, much reduces costs in the event of crisis and better life with safety and creates security for citizens. On this basis assessment of cities vulnerability during the battles and compile appropriate ways to reduce vulnerability and damages is essential. Therefore this study sought to assess and vulnerability zoning of Kerman city from the perspective of passive defense with an emphasis on land uses and vital infrastructures and possible threats city as well as three indicators of population density, quality of buildings and empty spaces. To achieve this objective the Delphi method and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used. Also using the ArcGIS software and it's analyze, Vulnerability maps were developed. Finally, by combining the zoning map the vulnerability of vital infrastructures and population and physical indicators, the final zoning map vulnerabilities in Kerman is achieved. According to the plan a wide range of domestic and central city are as are vulnerable to high and medium. The most vulnerable areas is Zone 3 and Zone4 is the safest area of Kerman city.

Today, unequal regional development is concerned of many developing countries, such as Iran. Centralization, inequality in the distribution of population, activity and natural and human resources and inequality between the regions are including factors and obstacles to regional development in the country. Study the undeveloped cities and areas to set priorities for planning and eliminate the regional development gap is the first step in the process of decision-making for deprivation deprived areas. The regional comprehensive develop approach need economic, social and environmental factors base on human and environment conditions according to each region. The aim of this study is to identify undeveloped county and analysis to investigate the causes of inequalities (gap) in the Makazi counties, according to 14 indicators of economic, social, health and cultural. The research is based on objective, practical resaerch and method of paper is descriptive-analytical. Collecting method for data (1390) is a library (documentary method). In this study for analysis and ranking of counties is used multi-criteria decision method. Based on the results of the models HURWITZ, Maxi max, Maxi min, ELECTRE and show it on a map in GIS; Arak and Saveh are developed, Sazand, Delijan and Khomain are developing and Tafresh, Mhalat, Zarandiyeh, Ashtian and Komijan are developed counties. In general, in the Markazi province formed two separate regions. One is in the southern part of the province (Markazi) and the other in the northern part of the province of Arak (Saveh).

Decentralization is the strategy which democratizes of the political system and accelerating to achieve sustainable development, which currently has made the executive government circles become a hot issue. Despite the focused concentration of power and decision-making at the center or top-level officials, decentralization make this possibility to deal with low levels issues and problems of they own directly. Thus, this paper uses the method of descriptive - analytic and with a library collection - documents to review tackles decentralization and define the decentralization policy in Iran before and after the revolution program. Evaluation results show that in spite of decentralization policyIn most cases, development programs, unfortunately, these programs have not been successful and convergence has intensified in Tehran. Reality still shows the focus of activities, services and decision-making centers in Tehran. So the solution is to reduce the concentration of political power - administrative and decision-making and management of the local administration and management of provincial to provide the main way to deal with the approach of decentralization and reform of the governance structure and the reduced concentration of Tehran and the development of developing countries, decentralization

The appropriate locate of uses and the justice of in Spatial distribution is very significant in planning the urban land use. The high increase in physical and population development of city, the shortage of services uses and lack of equity to allocate the sorts of land uses in various areas in Kashan, cause the confusion in urban land use and endanger the city sustainable development. However , recognizing and revising each one of the city uses to achieve the appropriate criteria and the principles of planning in city sustainable development are the most important activities in this field. The method to the research is descriptive -analytic, which has engaged in assessing and evaluating the quality and quantity of urban uses in Kashan, by considering two significant and effective standards in land use (including capacity and social justice)and putting GIS software into operation in the framework of entropy standard model and the average of nearest neighbor and per capita standard. The results of the research indicate that uses do not have appropriate Spatial and locative distribution, so that analyzing them with the capacity indexes and social justice, indicates the quality and quantity commotion in uses of tenfold areas in Kashan.