Maternal kalıtımın moleküler göstergesi olan mitokondrial DNA, genomik DNA‘ya oranla daha hızlı evrimleşmesi, rekombinasyonun olmayışı ve türlerin coğrafi dağılımına göre farklılıklar göstermesi gibi özelliklerinden dolayı popülasyon genomiği, filogenetik ve filocoğrafik çalışmalarda sıklıkla tercih edilen belirteçlerden birisidir. Bu çalışmada Anadolu'da yetiştirilen bazı yerli sığır ırklarının, ırk içi ve ırklar arası genetik çeşitlilikleri ile filogenetik ilişkilerinin ortaya konulması amacıyla mitokondrial DNA D-Loop bölgesi dizi analizleri gerçekleştirildi. Öncelikle araştırmaya konu olan sığır ırklarının örnekleme çalışması tamamlandı. Standart Fenol/Kloroform Yöntemi kullanılarak DNA izolasyonu yapılan örneklerin mitokondrial DNA D-Loop bölgesinin yükseltgenmesi ise Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu ile yapıldı. DNA dizi analizi sonrası yerli sığır ırklarına ait veriler GenBANK’ tan alınan referans mitokondrial DNA dizileri ile birlikte hizalandı. Haplotip ve nükleotid çeşitlilikleri ile popülasyon içi ve popülasyonlar arası genetik ve filogenetik ilişkileri değerlendirildi. Elde edilen veriler ile Anadolu yerli sığır ırklarının, nükleotid ve haplotip çeşitliliği, haplotip sayıları ile popülasyon içi ve popülasyonlar arası varyasyonun oldukça yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Anadolu da yetiştirilen yerli sığır ırklarının filogenetik olarak Asya ve Avrupa sığır ırkları arasında yer aldığı sonucuna varıldı.

Bal, insan diyetinin önemli elemanlarından biridir. Kestane balı diğer ballar içerisinde sağlığa sunduğu katkılar nedeniyle özel bir yere sahiptir ve fonksiyonel bir gıda olarak kabul edilir. Bu çalışmada değerli bir ürün olan kestane balının gastronomik açıdan Türkiye ve Dünya’da kullanım alanları ve önemi sosyal medya, internet kaynakları taranarak araştırılmış ve kullanım alanlarının arttırılması amacıyla bütünsel bir yaklaşımla doğru hammadde temininden ürün tasarımı ve sunumuna değin dikkat edilmesi gereken kritik noktalara değinilmiştir. Bu amaçla ülkemizdeki farklı yörelerden elde edilen kestane balı örneklerinde total antioksidan (TAS), total oksidan (TOS) ve oksidatif stres indeksleri (OSI) değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerde en yüksek antioksidan potansiyelinin Bursa/Kurşunlu ilinden, en düşük antioksidan potansiyelinin ise Kastamonu/Fakaz ilinden temin edilen örneklerde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre balın içerisinde bulunan antioksidan etkili bileşiklerin coğrafik bölgelere göre değişiklik gösterdiği ve genel olarak kestane balının antioksidan potansiyelinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca kestane balının gastronomik kullanımının yurt dışına göre kısıtlı kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ürün tasarımında tat duyusunu etkileyebilecek ürün şekli, kıvamı, tabak rengi, sunum şekli gibi etkenlerden faydalanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The study was carried out in a randomized plot design with three replications, with 4 pots in each replication and 3 plants in each pot. A total of 10 applications consisting of liquid compost (25%- 50%), vermicompost (25%-50%), and humic acid (600-1200 ppm) and combining these applications were applied to Zinnia seedlings. The first application was applied as 400 mL per pot when the plants reached 20 cm in size. Applications were made 3 times with an interval of 7 days. When the plants are harvested, flower diameter (mm), stem thickness (mm), number of flowers (piece), stem length (cm), number of branches (pieces), the weight of branches (g), number of leaves (pieces), root length ( cm), root fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), vase life (days) parameters were examined. As a result of the study, the highest flower diameter (72.27 mm) and SPAD value (34.93) was 600 ppm humic acid application, the highest flower stem thickness (4.67) and flower stem length (45.56 cm) 25% liquid compost + 25% vermicompost application, the highest flower stem thickness (4.67). The number of flowers (6.17 pieces) and root wet weight (8.10 g) were found in 25% vermicompost application, the highest number of branches (7,25) in 1200 ppm humic acid application, the highest branch weight (30.76) in 50% vermicompost application. As a result, it was observed that in applications where 25% of vermicompost was used, it had positive effects on the number of leaves, flowering, and root parameters. In humic acid applications, it has been found to have a positive effect when used at low rates such as 600 ppm. It is stated in the results of the study that the doses used togive better results when applied at low rates.

In this study, oat bran and blackberry were used separately and together in the production of probiotic yogurt (Lactobacillus acidophilus). It was aimed to determine the effect of oat bran and/or blackberry on probiotic viability, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity levels (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC methods) of yoghurts during both cold storage times and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion stages. At the end of the 21 day of storage period, it was determined that the highest and lowest L. acidophilus viability was found in yoghurt containing blackberry (B) (107 cfu/g) and oat bran (Y) (105 cfu/g), respectively. Oat bran and blackberry containing yogurt YB and control yogurt had the highest and lowest total phenolic content at the beginning and end of the storage period, respectively. According to the antioxidant activity results determined by the DPPH method, B yogurt had the highest antioxidant activity, while according to the ABTS and CUPRAC methods, YB yogurt had the highest antioxidant activity. As a result, it has been revealed that the functional properties of probiotic yogurt can be further improved with the addition of oat bran and blackberry, and blackberry can have a prebiotic effect on L. acidophilus.

Organic agricultural products are food products that are inspected and certified at all stages of production until they are offered for consumption by institutions that are authorized by the state. Beekeeping products made for human food are also subject to the same certification process. With this research, it was aimed to reveal the organic beekeeping and organic honey understanding of the people of Iğdır region. With the survey, the information of the local consumers about organic honey, how they got this information, their status and reasons for organic honey consumption, as well as the certification processes were collected. The obtained data were analyzed with numerical, proportional, and decision tree methods. The genders of the survey participants were 66% male, 34% female. It was also determined that 70.5% of the participants were under the age of 40, had a bachelor's degree or higher education level in the proportion of 43%, and 63% had a minimum wage or lower-income level. For the questions asked about the research topic, it was reported that participants know and eat organic honey in the proportion of 93%, buy organic honey in the proportion of 77.5%, having information about the organic honey certificate in the proportion of 67% and certification stages in the proportion of 43%. Despite these high rates, the same participants gave contradictory answers to some other questions, such as; for the question of “What is organic honey?” the answer of "Certified honey" in the proportion of only 11.5% and for the question of “How did you know that the organic honey you bought was organic honey?” the answer of " I saw its certificate” in the proportion of only 18.1%. This contradiction was noted. With this research, it was determined that the local people did not have enough information about organic beekeeping and honey understanding. In order to fill this gap, it can be suggested that healthy nutrition lessons be included in the education curricula starting from primary school, and usage of TV, radio, and internet broadcasting for this purpose. The fact that the participants' education level is high and their age is young may provide an advantage in order to get results from the training to be given on the subject.

This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Vitis vinifera L. seed extract (5 ppm and 10 ppm) on gill and liver tissues histopathology of carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758) exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl2=Cd) (20 ppb) acute and subchronic period. A total of 140 fish in 14 groups were used in the experiment. The experiment was designed as in two different periods (acute and chronic) and 7 different dose groups (control, vehicle, V. vinifera seed extract 5 ppm, V. vinifera seed extract 10 ppm, Cd 20 ppb, V. vinifera seed extract 5ppm + Cd 20 ppb and V. vinifera seed extract 10 ppm + Cd 20 ppb). At the end of the experiment, the gill and liver tissues dissected from the fish were fixed, dehydrated, cleared, and paraffin impregnated. Appropriately sized blocks were prepared from the tissues, sections of 5-7 µm thickness were taken and covered by staining with hematoxylin-eosin. Stained preparations were examined under a light microscope and photographed. It was determined that all dose groups in the acute period and control groups were not different histopathological. It was determined that the histopathological damage caused by the cadmium group in the subchronic period and tissue damage were reduced in the dose groups with cadmium added with V. vinifera seed extract. As a result of the study, it was concluded that V. vinifera seed extract could have a therapeutic effect on the gill and liver tissues of carp exposed to cadmium.

The aim of this study is to determine the purpose of social media usage of farmers in Selçuklu district of Konya province. The sample volume was determined as 80 according to the stratified random sampling method, with a 95% confidence interval and with a 5% margin of error. Factor analysis was conducted to determine the farmers’ social media usage purposes. Factor analysis was conducted on 19 independent variables and 3 independent variables were identified to determine the reasons for using social media. These variables are called professional development, socialization, and communication. The relationship between professional development, socialization, and communication variables and social media platforms was determined by linear regression analysis. For platforms used for socialization purposes, it was found that Facebook was statistically significant at 1% and Instagram was 5%. According to the regression analysis, platforms used for vocational development purposes, it was found that WhatsApp was statistically significant at 1% and YouTube was 5%. In social media, training, extension, projects, and promotions should be more widely supported in order to support the professional training of enterprises. In addition, pieces of training should be provided for enterprises to use social media platforms more effectively.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of using under sieve beans, which is a waste product, as raw and roasted in laying quail diets on performance, egg quality, and serum metabolic profile. For this purpose, a total of 160 female Japanese quails at the age of 70 days were randomly distributed to 8 treatment groups consisting of 4 levels (0, 6, 12 and 18%) under sieve beans and 2 processing techniques (raw and roasted) with 5 replications. Compared to the control group, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were adversely affected by 12% under sieve bean level, and the negative effect was even more pronounced by 18% level. Egg mass and eggshell breaking strength were statistically affected using under sieve beans in the diet and the best results were obtained at the 6% level for these parameters. Eggshell thickness decreased significantly by 12% and 18% sieve bean levels. The serum glucose concentration of quails increased significantly with the use of 18% under sieve beans in the diet, and the serum phosphorus concentration increased significantly with the use of 6% under sieve beans. Egg production, egg mass and feed efficiency and total protein, albumin and phosphorus concentrations of serum were significantly improved by roasting of under sieve beans. The interactions between the under-sieve bean levels and the processing technique only affected the eggshell thickness and serum glucose concentration statistically. According to the results obtained from this study, it has been observed that under sieve beans can be used up to 6% in the diets of laying quails and the roasting process improves performance and serum parameters.

Climate unpredictability and weather extremes are being projected as capable of presenting additional challenges for farmers currently engaged in the low-technology based food production systems in sub-Saharan countries like Nigeria. This study assessed rice farming households’ vulnerability to climate change in Kwara State, Nigeria. Primary data, collected from 150 respondents using simple random sampling procedure were analysed employing descriptive statistic was use to describe the coping strategies adopted and Human Development Index (HDI) was created to assess vulnerability of rice farmers to climate change. Statistical analyses indicated a vulnerability assessment index of 0.3001, pointing to a fact that the zone is prone to the adverse effects of climatic variability. For this reason, the study empirically underscores the need for farmers to adopt and adapt the planting of drought tolerant and/or early maturing varieties of rice. Importantly, the capacities of the local communities needs to be strengthened vis-à-vis the relationship between climate change and crop production. Capacity building at the farm level is crucial for improving crop, soil and water management, enhancing the demand for and use of better and more efficient production inputs. Tied to farm-level capacity building is the need to refocus public agricultural-based institutions towards exposing the rice farmers to effective mitigation strategies in the wake of climate change, provision of agricultural inputs, expansion of irrigation, efficient and effective extension service delivery, market development and other forms of necessary support.

There are many viruses that infect pepper and limit its production. Among these viruses, Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infects crops in 35 plant families that are economically important, including pepper. In the present study; totaly 156 leaf samples were collected, including 57 from pepper plants showing virus-like symptoms and 99 from weeds and/or plants other than peppers in and around the greenhouse, through surveys carried out in pepper greenhouses in Kumluca district of Antalya province, from September to December 2020. Then, the plant leaf samples were tested to determine TSWV infections by the Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA) method. According to result of the tests, it was determined that 55.76% of the tested leaf samples were infected with TSWV, while this rate was determined as 96.49% for pepper samples and 32.32% for other plant samples. During the survey studies, it was revealed that the leaf samples of 13 out of 31 weed and different plant species except pepper were infected with at least one of the viruses. In addition, pepper plants showing symptoms TSWV-like symptoms in pepper greenhouses were counted during the survey, and the prevalence of this virus disease was calculated on the basis of Kumluca district and neighborhoods. As a result of these calculations, the prevalences of TSWV; for Kumluca, Mavikent, Beykonak, Salur, Hacıveliler, Adrasan, Merkez, and Kavakköy were determined as 26.93%, 26.92%, 32.27%, 20.66%, 21.13%, 17.66%, 13%, and 25%, respectively.