In this study, the antioxidant activity values of infusions at different temperatures of the commercially sold rosehip tea bag. To determine the effect of different infusion temperatures on antioxidant activity, 7 different temperatures (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90°C) also including cold infusions temperatures were selected. Infusions of the rosehip tea bags were prepared with packaged drinking water for 5 minutes (recommended time in tea bag packaging) at these temperatures. Antioxidant activity values of the infused extracts were determined by antioxidant activity determination methods: TPC (Total Phenolic Compound), CUPRAC (Cu (II) Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), FRAP (Iron (III) Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power) and ABTS•+ (2.2-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) radical scavenging assay. According to the results obtained by the antioxidant determination methods, the highest and lowest activity values for TPC, FRAP and ABTS were measured at 90°C and 0°C, respectively, and a positive correlation was found between temperature and antioxidant activity values. Contrary to the activity values determined in these methods, in the CUPRAC method, the highest and the lowest activity value was measured at 45°C and 90 °C, respectively. As determined in the CUPRAC method, infusions of rosehip tea at low temperatures may provide an advantage in terms of the solubility of some phenolics that can be denatured at high temperatures. In addition, rosehip tea infusions at lower temperatures will contribute to lower energy costs.

Dietary fibers have positive effects on the product structure thanks to their technological features. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of dietary fibers obtained from purple and orange sweet potato varieties on heat-treated sucuks. For this purpose, dietary fibers were produced from sweet potato varieties and their characterizations were determined. Then, sweet potato fibers were added to the sucuks in the amount included in their formulation and the effects of dietary fiber change were examined in terms of physicochemical, bioactive, textural and sensory. In this context, it was determined that the color change in sweet potatoes affected the color properties of the dietary fibers obtained. In addition, it was observed that the hardness value was the highest (1715.35 g) in sucuks to which orange sweet potato starch, which has high oil and water binding values, and the sweet potato fibers changed the product properties compared to the control group. Total phenolic content of sucuks was determined in the range of 60.57-130.45 mg/ml gallic acid and it was determined that sweet potato fibers increased the phenolic content. As a result of the study, it was determined that sweet potato dietary fibers are an alternative additive for sucuks.

Royal jelly (RJ), is one of the important honey bee products and a functional food item in the regulation of diets and in the cosmetic industry. RJ has a potential towards various human disease treatments. The chemical content of RJ is influenced by some factors. In this study, the effect of the presence or absence of the queen on the amount of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) and soluble protein in RJ is determined. For this reason, colonies were prepared as queenless, queenright and starter-finisher. RJ yields in colonies queenless, queenright and starter-finisher were determined as 15.2 ± 0.89 g, 12.0 ± 0.90 g and 9.6 ± 0.72 g, respectively. Group queenless was different from the other two groups. While 10-HDA values of the groups were similar (queenless, queenright and starter-finisher, respectively; 2.0 ± 0.06%, 2.1 ± 0.06% and 2.0 ± 0.05%), the soluble protein amounts of the groups (queenless, queenright and starter-finisher, respectively, 9.65 ± 0.179%, 7.68 ± 0.184%, 7.50 ± 0.203%) were found different and significant from each other. As a result, the RJ production colony queenless or queenright affected the amount of soluble protein. The worker bees of queenless colonies secreted RJ containing more soluble protein.

Catalase from the thermophilic fungus Mycothermus thermophilus is a bifunctional enzyme with a secondary phenol oxidase activity (CATPO). MtCATPO catalyses the oxidation of catechol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and (+)-catechin to yield mainly dimers, and higher molecular weight oligomers and polymers. The role of this phenol oxidase activity is not known. Here, the antioxidant capacities (AC) of the phenolic substrates in the absence and presence of MtCATPO were compared. The oxidized products displayed enhanced AC reaching a maximum of 2.4-fold with catechol. Other phenol oxidases (laccase and tyrosinase) did not yield AC enhancement to the same extent. MtCATPO-treatment increased AC of green and black tea infusions, as well as water extracts of samples collected from a black tea production line up to 28%. The bifunctional MtCATPO appears to be an important antioxidant enzyme with a wide range of potential applications in the food, neutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals industry.

Analysing the factors driving the population size and activities of soil microorganisms is important for understanding the soil ecosystem’s structure and functioning. For this purpose, the soil enzymes are used as an indicator of soil microbial activity and soil fertility. Although there are many studies on the distribution and activities of various soil enzymes in soils under monoculture or crop alternation conditions, there are only few studies examining the ecological relationship in natural ecosystems, especially by using enzymes. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of different land uses on the catalase enzyme activity in soil. For this purpose, the catalase enzyme activities in soil samples taken from 0-5cm and 5-10cm depths in agricultural, forest, and pasture lands in north and south exposures were determined and the effects of different land use, exposure, and soil depth conditions on the enzyme activities were investigated. At the end of the study, it was determined that the catalase enzyme activity significantly differed by the land use and the highest level of catalase enzyme activity in both south and north exposures and at both depth levels was found in forest soils, whereas the lowest level of activity was found in agricultural lands in north exposure and pasture soils in south exposure.

Keban Baraj Gölü ülkemizin en büyük ikinci baraj gölüdür. Bunun yanı sıra gerek su ürünleri potansiyeli gerekse elektrik üretimi açısından ülkemizin en önemli baraj göllerinden biri olma özelliğine de sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Keban Baraj Gölü Örencik mevkiinden yakalanan Capoeta trutta balık örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Bazı ağır metallerin (bakır, demir, çinko, krom, nikel, kadmiyum, arsenic ve civa) Capoeta trutta’nın kas dokusundaki konsantrasyonları ile bu balığın insanlar tarafından tüketilmesi durumunda sağlık riski oluşturup oluşturmadığı araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, ağır metal birikimi ile balığın bazı biyolojik özellikleri (ağırlık, uzunluk, cinsiyet) arasındaki ilişki de belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Capoeta trutta’nın kas dokusunda en fazla birkim gösteren ağır metalin çinko, en az birikim gösteren ağır metalin ise kadmiyum olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Capoeta trutta’nın kas dokusundaki ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının balığın ağırlığına, uzunluğuna ve cinsiyetine bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Capoeta trutta’nın kas dokusundaki ağır metal düzeylerinin EPA, WHO ve FAO tarafından önerilen değerlerin altında olduğu, dolayısıyla bu balığın insanlar tarafından tüketilmesi durumunda sağlık riski oluşturmayacağı tespit edilmiştir.

Her toplumun inanışları ve gelenekleri doğrultusunda şekillenen mezarlık alanları, ülkemizde genellikle atıl durumda kalmış; ne insan ruhunu ne de bir zamanlar hafızası olduğu kentini besleyemez yerler haline gelmiştir. Kentsel peyzajın dinamik bir parçası olarak kabul edilen mezarlık alanlarının yer seçimi kararından, sahip olacağı son şekle kadar bütün süreçlerinin doğru şekilde planlanması durumunda kent ve kentliye pozitif etki sağlayacağı açıktır. Bu çerçevede Ordu ili, Altınordu ilçesinde yer alan altı adet şehir mezarlığının mekânsal ve tasarımsal açıdan mevcut durumları analiz edilmiş, ziyaretçilerin beklentilerini öğrenmeye yönelik anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Ordu kent merkezi mezarlık ihtiyacı konusunda değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda mevcut mezarlıkların alansal yeterliliğe sahip oldukları, ancak kentsel peyzaja katkı sağlayabilmeleri için uygun mekânsal düzenlemelere gereksinim duydukları görülmüştür.

In this study, it is aimed to understand the effects of structural and vegetative elements that can be used in landscape designs on the temperature factor, which will greatly affect the climatic comfort, by using artificial neural networks. In this context, measurements were carried out in the morning (08:00-09:00), noon (13:00-14:00) and evening (17:00-18:00) of a total of 100 days, 50 days in each of the winter and summer seasons, at 7 randomly selected points in the Akdeniz University Campus. In these measurements, the temperature difference values of 11 cover elements on 7 different floor covering types were measured, and the ambient air temperature, humidity and wind values were also determined. The temperature differences between the areas where the flooring elements are exposed to direct sun and the shadow effect of different plant and cover elements were determined using an infrared laser thermometer. These values were processed with Neural Designer software and possible temperature difference prediction values were created for 57.750 different alternatives with the help of artificial neural network model from 837 sets of data. Evaluation shows that the maximum temperature difference is 15.6°C at noon in the summer months in the red tartan flooring material and Callistemon viminalis cover material. While the artificial neural network model predicts that there will be a high 2-3° C temperature difference for the alternatives, it has made predictions for temperature differences between 0-10°C in winter and 0-16°C in summer months. Although the temperature differences that will occur in the noon hours are distributed over a wide range of values, it seems that the morning and evening forecasts are concentrated between 0-7°C values. Also, it has been determined that the wind and humidity in the environment are more important factors than the ambient temperature in terms of temperature differences.

Drying is the process of removing of the water that has destroying effect in food products by evaporation and. Research project on the basis of direct sun drying and solar greenhouse. Basic operations research in food engineering, food chemistry, food quality control and toxicology has been established over such a broad spectrum. Subjects of investigation were in accordance with all of the values of dry matter basis. The study of dry matter and water activity values of each product (aw), direct sun drying, drying in the greenhouse. It was determined comparing nutrients of samples those were applied directly to the greenhouse and drying in the sun. Sampling patterns of research were explained as follow; tomatoes drying in the sun (external environment), and greenhouse, bell peppers in the greenhouse and drying in the sun, soaked raisins (sultanas) and not-soaked (raisin), sun-dried, sun-dried fig products directly. Nutrients of the samples such as; lycopene, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), retinol (A), Pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), folic acid, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) were quantitatively determined. The red pepper products, dried figs and dried grapes mycotoxin amounts were in safe levels, which had not created any hazard and risk for health. Red pepper and dried figs, total aflatoxins, (B1, B2, G1, G2), ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in raisin in the European Union is set well below the limits in terms of human health hazard and the risk factor has been identified.