Bu çalışmada yeme antibiyotik (amoksisilin+klavulanik asit) ve probiyotik ilavesinin gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) bazı immünolojik ve serum biyokimyasal sağlık karakteristikleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yeme ilave edilen antibiyotik veya probiyotik katkılarının lizozim aktivitesi, myeloperoksidaz aktivitesi, serum total protein, albümin, globülin, trigliserit ve kolesterol değerleri üzerine herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Antibiyotik ile beslenen balıkların serum glikoz düzeyleri kontrole göre önemli oranda artmıştır. Bununla birlikte antibiyotik ile beslenen balıkların GOT değeri kontrole göre önemli oranda azalmıştır. Ayrıca LDH ve ALP değerleri antibiyotik ve probiyotik ilavesi ile kontrole göre azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, tek bir deneysel model olup farklı balık türlerinde ve farklı balık patojenlerinde karşı probiyotik kullanımı farklı dozlara veya zamana bağlı olarak değişebilir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma çeşitli kan parametrelerinin değerlendirilmesi açısından diğer çalışmalara ışık tutmaktadır.

In this study, effects of propolis on immunological parameters of rainbow trout were investigated. For this purpose, propolis was intraperitoneally injected to fish 4 times at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg / kg fish weight. Blood samples on 3, 9, 15 and 21 days were collected from fish of the control and experimental groups and analysed to determine oxidative radical production [nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity], total plasma protein and total immunoglobulin levels. At the end of the experiment, there was a statistically significant increase in oxidative radical production, total protein and immunoglobulin levels of propolis treated groups when compared to the control group.

The study aimed to compare the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic and olive leaf-, grape seed- and pomegranate peel extracts as natural antimicrobial on lipid oxidation, microbiological content and quality of raw broiler meat. Chickens were fed the control diet (CONT) and diets supplemented with probiotic (P), oleuropein (olive leaf extract, OLE100 and OLE200), proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract, GSE100 and GSE200) and proanthocyanidin (pomegranate peel extract, PPE100 and PPE200) at 100 and 200 mg/kg levels to the CONT diet. All dietary treatments significantly reduced MDA value of breast meat at 9th day, total aerobe bacteria and coliform bacteria contents of breast meat at 14th day. The P, OLE200, PPE100 and PPE200 diets significantly decreased lactic acid bacteria content of breast meat at 14th day. The pH value of raw breast meat at 24 h was significantly reduced by dietary treatments compared to the CONT diet. Feeding the P, PPE100 and PPE200 diets significantly increased water holding capacity of breast meat compared to those of broilers fed the CONT, GSE100 and GSE200 diets. The P, OLE200, PPE100 and PPE200 diets significantly reduced drip loss of breast meat at 7th day compared to the CONT, OLE100, GSE100 and GSE200 diets. Cooking loss of breast meat was significantly decreased by all dietary treatments except GSE diet compared to the CONT diet. It was concluded that probiotic, olive leaf- and pomegranate peel- extracts have potential to be used as natural antimicrobial feed additives in terms of the lipid oxidation, microbial content and quality of broiler meat.

In this study, copper toxicity, was investigated after the addition of zeolite to the diet of common carps (Cyprinus carpio). The experiment included four groups with three replicates each. The 4 group feeds were [CuSO4; CuSO4 + Zeolite; Zeolite, and the control without CuSO4 or Zeolite with three replicates each. Fishes were kept in 80 L glass aquariums with 10 fishes with a mean weight of 60.6 ± 0.2 g. At the end of each period, a necropsy was performed on fishes from each treatment, and gross clinical signs were recorded. We found significant changes in the blood parameters of the common carps with or without different levels of zeolite and copper. Changes in cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (P+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), magnesium (Mg2+), and ferrous (Fe+2) were also significant. Our results suggest that zeolite can be used in fish feeds at a rate of 40 mg/l to mitigate the toxic effects of copper.

This study investigated the prevalence and concentration of antibiotic residues in twenty brands of milk. Determination and quantification of antibiotic residues was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Aerobic plate count was carried out and the associated bacteria isolated. Identification of bacteria was done using standard microbiological methods. Molecular characterization and identification of bacterial isolates was done using 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Antibiotic sensitivity was carried out on bacterial isolates using disc diffusion method. Plasmid profile of drug resistant isolates was done using alkaline analysis method. Comparison of means was done using Analysis of Variance. Antibiotic residues were detected in 10 (50%) of the 20 milk brands analyzed. The residual levels of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline ranged between 5ng/kg and 1569ng/kg while none of the samples had doxycycline residues. The prevalence of tetracycline residues in evaporated milk brands and powdered milk samples were 100 and 23 % respectively. The aerobic plate counts ranged from 2.5 × 102 to 6.5 × 102 CFU∕mL for evaporated milk and 2.5 × 101 to 6.0 × 101 CFU∕mL for powdered milk. A total of ten bacterial species were isolated and identified. Susceptibility result showed that 95% of the isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, cefuroxime and gentamycin; 12.5% were resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin, 10% were resistant to ofloxacin and 7.5% to doxycycline and penicillin. Five of the bacterial isolates were resistant to more than one class of antibiotics. Resistant isolates subjected to plasmid profiling had detectable plasmids with estimated sizes between 120bp and 1000bp. The obtained results provide evidence that the presence of antibiotic residues in evaporated and powdered milk is an indication that the public is exposed to the harmful effects of the residues.

Food insecurity in Sub - Saharan Africa (SSA) is on the rise due to soil fertility depletion and in Kenya, Nitrogen (N) is one of the widely deficient nutrients. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) can replenish N into the soil system. A study was carried out in acid soils at Koyonzo and Ligala sites of western Kenya to determine the effectiveness of different inoculants after agricultural lime application in enhancing BNF and yields of groundnuts (Arachis hypogea L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercrop. Red Valencia groundnut variety was intercropped with Hybrid 513D maize variety. A6w, W1w and V2w indigenous rhizobia strains were tested alongside a commercial rhizobia strain called biofix. Nitrogen treatment was included as a positive control. The results showed that inoculation significantly increased nodule number and weight per plant. There were significant differences among indigenous rhizobia in fixing N. Rhizobia inoculation accounted for 58.91% and 78.95% increase in the amount of N fixed above the control at Koyonzo and Ligala respectively. The strain that fixed the highest amount of N was A6w followed by V2w and W1w at both sites under the dolomitic soil amendment with the values of 14.67, 9.56, 3.53 and 11.37, 8.20 and 1.50 kg N ha-1, respectively at Koyonzo and Ligala sites. Rhizobia inoculation accounted for 80.96% and 47.09% maize yield increase at Koyonzo and Ligala respectively. The best inoculant A6w, gave maize yields of 3.76 and 2.78 t ha-1 at Koyonzo and Ligala, respectively. In conclusion soil amendment with dolomitic lime and inoculating groundnuts with rhizobia strain A6w resulted in increased groundnut and maize yields. This practice can, therefore, be adopted by farmers in western Kenya to improve the productivity of the groundnut maize intercropping systems.

Bağırsak bakteri popülasyonunu anaerobik bakteriler olan Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Peptococcus, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides, E. coli, Lactobacillus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus ve Bacillus türleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu popülasyonu oluşturan bakterilerin insan sağlığını etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle popülasyondaki herhangi bir değişiklik çeşitli hastalıklara (obezite, diyabet, hipertansiyon vb.) sebep olmaktadır. Bozulan bu dengeyi eski haline getirmek ve hastalıklardan korunmak için prebiyotiklere ihtiyaç duyulur. Meyve ve sebze gibi doğal gıdalardan oluşturulmuş bir diyet bağırsak mikrobiyotasının düzenlenmesinde önemli bir rol üstlenmektedir. Kızılcık, kuşburnu, kaki, domates, havuç, soya fasulyesi, ceviz, greyfurt gibi fenolik bileşenlerce zengin pek çok meyve-sebze bu anlamda önemlidir. Bu derlemenin amacı; fenolik bileşikler, genel mikrobiyota ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası hakkında bilgiler vermek ve bağırsak mikrobiyotasının fenolik bileşiklere, fenolik bileşiklerin de bağırsak mikrobiyotasına etkisini açıklamaktır.

Tokat is one of the developing provinces in terms of urbanism. Therefore, the land use changes city-wide which closely affects soil erosion. Numerical estimation of soil erosion is very important to prevent soil losses. In this study, USLE and WEPP Hillslope model were used to estimate the long-term soil losses in a slope area which used to be a pasture land and then turned into a fruit orchard in Büyükbeybağı area of Tokat province. Erosion sensitivity of the soil in the slope area was detected to be very low. Erosivity value of the area is low, soil is resistant to erosion due to pasture land use type and fruit orchard use type does not require intense soil cultivation practices. For all these reasons, both estimation technologies estimated soil losses of the land to be low.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of age and number of grafted larvae on acceptance rates, body weight, body length, head width and length, thorax width and length, and wing width and length of queen bees. One breeding and eleven starter hives were used for rearing queen bees. Totally, 495 one, two, and three-day-old larvae were grafted into starter hives comprising 30, 45, and 60 and 414 larvae were accepted; thus, generally, the acceptance rate was calculated as 83%. The best acceptance rate was calculated in three-day-old larvae group as 85.15%. There were found a statistically significant effect of the number of grafted larvae on body length and head width of queen. However, there were any effects on weight, head length, thorax width, thorax length, wing width, wing length, and acceptance rate of larvae. Age of grafted larvae did not have a statistically significant effect on head width, head length, wing width and acceptance rate of larvae. On the other hand, age of grafted larvae had a statistically significant effect on queen weight, body length, thorax width and length, and wing length of queen. If bee breeders wish to improve their stock, they should graft one-day-old larvae for rearing better queen bees.

Fındık yılda yaklaşık 2 milyar dolarlık ihracat geliri ile ülkemiz için önem arz etmektedir. Dünyada üretilen toplam fındığın yaklaşık %65 i ülkemizde hasat edilmektedir. Uygun iklim koşulları ve çok nitelikli olmayan dağlık arazide yetişmesi dolayısıyla Ordu, Giresun ve Trabzon illerinde fındık dikili alanların korunması ve geliştirilmesi öncelikli konular arasında yerini almaktadır. Bu bölgede makineli tarıma geçilmemesi veya yaygınlaşmaması nedenleriyle üretim maliyetleri diğer illerle ve yurtdışı ile kıyaslandığında yüksek seviyelerde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada fındık durum analizi, hasat makinelerinin sınıflandırılması, makineli hasata geçilmesinin gerekliliği ve tarım bakımından daha az nitelikli olan eğimli ve dağlık arazilerde fındık tarımının sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde durulmuştur.