The tomato is a significant vegetable in the world on the basis of consumption, nutrition, and extensive use in processed foods. During plant growth and development, amino acids especially exogenous application of proline (Pro), plays a crucial role to increase stress tolerance under various abiotic stresses. Among abiotic stressors, temperature is considered as an important and alarming stressor for plant development and growth. Sometime a significant drop in crop productivity is the outcome of harsh temperature increment. An investigation was carried out at the Horticulture Lab, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, during 2021-22 to inspect the role of foliar application of proline under heat stress in tomato plants. Tomato seedlings with true leaves were exposed to high temperatures (25°C [control], 40°C, and 45°C) with exogenous proline sprays of (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mili-molars). Various growth attributes like morphological i-e number of leaves, leaf area cm2, shoot fresh weight (mg), shoot dry weight (mg), root fresh weight (mg), root dry weight (mg), and physiological [photosynthetic rate (µ mol/m-2s-1)], chlorophyll contents (spad), stomatal conductance (µ mols m-2 s-1 transpiration rate (µ mol/m-2 s-1),)] were studied. The findings indicated that foliar application of proline at 1.5 mM under heat stress on 40oC and 45oC was found to be more advantageous to improve growth attributes like number of leaves (12.2), leaf area (8.3 cm2), shoot length (10.39 cm), shoot fresh weight (1.88 mg), shoot dry weight (0.28 mg), root dry weight (0.20 mg), and remediated the detrimental effect of heat stress in tomato plants. The variation between control and proline treated heat-stressed plants supported that proline may have a function in alleviating heat stress.

Bu çalışma 2021 yılında Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi bünyesindeki tam otomasyonlu ısıtmalı bir serada yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı dozlarda mikoriza ve organik gübre uygulamalarının biber fidelerinin gelişimi üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada Bulut F1 biber çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine uygun olarak 3 tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, biber fidesi yetiştiriciliği için torf-perlit karışımına mikorizalı ve mikorizasız farklı dozlarda besin solüsyonu ve vermikompost uygulanmıştır. Fideler bir buçuk ayda sökümü yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada, fide boyu, hipokotil uzunluğu, gövde çapı, yaprak sayısı, yaprak yaş ağırlığı, yaprak kuru ağırlığı, kök yaş ağırlığı ve kök kuru ağırlığı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma bugularına göre, gövde çapı üzerinde vermikompost+mikoriza+EC uygulamalarının daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Vermikompost dozları arttıkça fide boyu ve hipokotil uzunluğunda bir artış olduğu ancak vermikompost uygulamalarının etkisinin olmadığı görülmektedir. Genel olarak tüm uygulamalara bakıldığı zaman vermikompost uygulamalarına göre EC ve EC+mikoriza uygulamalarının etkisinin daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir.

The most important factor in both plant development and productivity, which mostly depends on nutrient availability in the soil and environment, is the constituents of soil nutrients. Soil is always losing its nutrients by leaching, surface runoff as well as through harvesting and cultural operations like: pruning. For maintaining the balance of agricultural ecosystem fertilizer application is necessary to improve soil condition and gain better yield. In case of tea industry for maintaining better and uniform production applying fertilizer is a widespread management technique in worldwide. Tea requires a lot of macro and micronutrients for growth because it cannot be grown without the usage of fertilizer and other nutrient supplies. The purpose of this field survey was to ascertain the nutritional condition of tea leaves as well as the signs of nutrient deficiencies in tea plants. In this study, deficiency symptoms of the essential nutrients were found out at different tea estates of Moulvibazar and Sylhet districts as well as photographs were taken. Photographs of the nutrient deficient tea plants were correlated with the established symptoms. The range of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc content in the collected tea leaf samples were 2.95- 5.18%, 0.28- 0.49%, 0.56-1.88%, 0.12-0.49%, 0.07-0.08% and 0.002- 0.004%, respectively.

At the Jimma town’s Boye nursery site in southwest Ethiopia, three selected indigenous agroforestry tree species were the subject of a study to determine how their foliage litter materials broke down over time. Using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the study used a single exponential model to calculate the rate at which decomposing litter materials decayed and the litter chemical quality indices that were investigated. C. macrostachus had a rate constant of 0.0400 day-1, which was substantially faster than that of F. vata and E. abyssinica. It took 17.3 and 29.7 days, respectively, for F. vata and E. abyssinica to lose 50% of the initial dry matter. While nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be facilitators, the parameters of the chemical quality of the litter were found to be impeding biochemical parameters. The species with the fastest rate of nitrogen return in a short amount of time was found to be E. abyssinica, followed by C. macrostachus and F. vasta. C. macrostachus decomposes quickly, which may limit its ability to improve soil fertility over an extended period of time. It is important to take into account F. vasta and primarily E. abyssinica for the long-term accumulation of soil organic carbon.

Türkiye has 27% of the World’s Papaver species in its flora, and 15 of them are endemic. Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is the most cultivated and economically significant species of the Papaver genus. There is a need to study and exploit other Papaver species as well. Poppy is an important strategic plant with a history dating back to 5000 BCE and records of its being valued in the lives of different civilizations, art archives, food (seed), and medicine (opium gum). Although opium gum and seed have been produced for centuries in today’s Türkiye, its cultivation was banned between 1971-74. Years of opium gum experience were destroyed, and after 1974, alkaloid production began to be obtained by processing the dry capsule (unscratched). Today, it is counted as one of the two traditional legal poppy-producing countries in the world. It has the largest legal poppy cultivation area, capsule processing, and alkaloid production factory in the world. The seeds and alkaloids are obtained from the same plant. Türkiye has one of the largest morphine stocks in the world and is capable of meeting 25% of global morphine demand. However, it is insufficient in the production of different alkaloids (noscapine, thebaine, codeine). Seed production is, on average, 20,000 tons, and the capacity has the potential to increase to 40,000 tons with appropriate agricultural techniques.

This research was conducted to determine the presence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) that can cause infection in rose (Rosa spp.) plants grown in Konya province. For this purpose, field and laboratory studies were carried out in areas where roses are mostly grown for landscaping purposes, and infection rates were calculated with the data obtained. The hypothesis of the study is that roses in Konya province may be infected with PNRSV and ApMV and the presence of these viruses can be determined. In line with this hypothesis, various rose growing areas in Konya province were selected as the research area. During the field studies in 2023, guided sampling was carried out and 94 leaf, branch and flower samples were collected from different rose varieties. The collected samples were tested for determining of PNRSV and ApMV infections by Double Antibody Sandwich (DAS) ELISA method, which is one of the serological testing methods in the laboratory. As a result of the tests, it was revealed that the single infections of PNRSV and ApMV were present in 12 and 11 samples of rose plants in Konya province. The total infection rate of both viruses in the province was calculated as 24.47%. Also, PNRSV+ApMV mixed infections were detected in 2 samples. In this study, the infections of PNRSV and ApMV on roses in Konya province were determined for the first time by serological methods. These results will serve as an important source of information for rose producers and agricultural engineers in the region and will allow the development of strategies to control the spread of viruses and minimize infections.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a shallow-rooted crop mostly grown for cloves, which are used as a food flavoring condiment. Mulching helps to keep soil moisture by lowering energy loss through evaporation and preventing vapor transfer. A field study investigated how different mulches affect the garlic growth metrics. The experiment was conducted in the Chitwan District of Nepal from December to April 2022 under a randomized complete block design with three replications and five treatments (control, polythene mulch, straw mulch, banana leaf mulch, and sawdust mulch). The results reveal that the type of mulching materials employed substantially impacts on garlic growth and clove yield. Rice straw mulch exhibited the highest plant height (70.69cm) at 120 DAP followed by sawdust (64.44cm) and banana leaves (62.34cm). At 120 days after planting, leaf length was found to be statistically similar under rice straw (43.36) and plastic mulch (41.56 cm). Plastic mulch showed the highest results in number of leaves per plant(7.6), Stem diameter (1.58cm), Bulb weight (44.61gm),Bulb diameter(5.11cm), Root length(8.48cm) and Total yield (15.99t/ha). On the other hand, saw dust had a greater impact on bulb length (6.05cm). Notably, plastic mulch regularly outperformed other treatments in most criteria, with rice straw following closely. Based on these findings, plastic mulch appears to be the best option for garlic production.

The water hammer pump presents a promising solution for water supply in water-scarce regions. In Mexico, despite abundant overall water resources, many arid areas still lack access to reliable water. This study focused on optimizing the design and performance of low-cost water hammer pumps, which are powered by river currents and require minimal maintenance. While these pumps offer a sustainable solution, they face challenges such as water wastage, noise, and potential for low efficiency. Specifically, this research aimed to evaluate the impact of air chamber design on pump performance. The materials used in the prototype included steel pipes, steel plates, connectors, and lift valves for the air chambers. The pump itself utilized steel reducers, elbows, bronze waste valves, and a steel frame. Testing materials comprised plastic hoses, a digital stopwatch, an overhead tank, graduated cylinders, and plastic buckets. During the design phase, water flow rate, head height, and pipe diameters were taken into account. The Michaud-Venso formula and Allievi's equation were used to calculate pressure and wave velocity. A prototype featuring welded air chambers and waste valves was fabricated for functional testing. Laboratory performance tests were conducted using a 0.15 m³ tank at 1.0 m and 1.2 m heights, with 52 mm and 76 mm inlet pipe diameters. The pump's power output was not measured. Specifically, air chamber sizes of approximately 2690 cm³ resulted in a 15% increase in performance. The lowest efficiency, 5%, for a 76 mm waste valve, occurred with an 880 cm³ air chamber, while the highest efficiency (17.0%) was achieved with a 6108 cm³ air chamber. The volume of water collected at the outlet was dependent on the air chamber size. As the air chamber volume increased, the flow rate at the inlet valve also increased. Therefore, optimally sizing both air chambers and waste valves is significant to maximizing pump efficiency.

The effect of treatment of the Californian earthworm Eisenia fetida with preparations containing silver (Ag; in the form of either nanoparticles (AgNPs) or cations (AgNO3 solution)) and gold (Au; in the form of nanoparticles (AuNPs)) on its vitality was studied in a laboratory experiment for 12, 48, and 158 h. After the observations were completed, the total elemen content was analysed after exposure to individual preparations applied to the soil. Earthworms and the soil in which they were grown were analysed. Measurements were performed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique, with prior mineralisation of earthworms and soil samples. The results of quantitative studies showed a several-fold increase in Ag content in earthworms exposed to preparations containing Ag compared to the control group. Significantly higher contents of K, Na, P, Mg, and Si were also found in earthworms exposed to Ag and Au compared to the control group. Despite exposure to AuNPs, no increase in the concentration of this element was observed in the earthworms. The analysis also included other elements: Li, Al, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Ba, Au, Hg, Tl, and Pb. The initial analysis did not show any significant differences in the concentrations of these elements in earthworms exposed to individual preparations compared to the control. The high level of elements classified as toxic to earthworms, including As, Cd, and Pb, is noteworthy, but the concentrations of these elements were not dependent on the use of any of the preparations. Based on a visual inspection of live individuals, we could not confirm the reduced vitality of earthworms exposed to individual preparations compared to the control. In contrast, individual populations retained full vitality after exposure and reproduced.

Granola, zengin besin içeriği ve farklı öğünlerdeki çok yönlülüğü nedeniyle popüler bir ürün haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, omega-3, lif ve antioksidanlar açısından zengin olan keten tohumu ve arpayı granolaya dahil ederek granolanın işlevselliğini arttırmak ve duyusal özellikler açısından en çok tercih edilen çeşidi belirleyerek ürün çeşitliliğini arttırmaktır. Modifiye edilen formülasyonlarda granolanın ana bileşeni olan yulafın yarısı arpa ile, sıvı yağ ise %5 ve %10 keten tohumu ile ikame edilmiştir. Genel kabul edilebilirliği ve satın alınabilirliği değerlendirmek için laboratuvar koşullarında duyusal analiz yapılmıştır. Granola formülasyonlarının enerji ve besin içerikleri, uygulanan tariflere dayalı olarak BeBiS programı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. En yüksek duyusal analiz puanını alan granola için Türk Gıda Kodeksine uygun bir etiket oluşturulmuştur. Endüstriyel olarak modifiye edilmiş granola tarifinde arpa ikamesi, enerji ve besin içeriğini değiştirmemiştir. Ancak, arpa bazlı granolaya %5-10 oranında keten tohumu eklendiğinde, enerji içeriği azalırken, karbonhidrat ve proteinlerden elde edilen enerji oranı artmıştır. Ayrıca, keten tohumu içeriğinin artırılması toplam lif, omega-3, kalsiyum, magnezyum, fosfor, potasyum ve demir seviyelerinin yükselmesine yol açmıştır. Duyusal analiz sonuçları, %5 keten tohumu içeren granolanın duyusal özellikler ve satın alınabilirlik açısından kontrol grubuyla en çok karşılaştırılabilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, standart granolanın arpa ve keten tohumu ile zenginleştirilmesi, başta ALA içeriği olmak üzere besin profilini iyileştirmekte ve gelişmiş fonksiyonel özelliklere sahip uygulanabilir ve kabul edilebilir bir ürün alternatifi sağlamaktadır.