Manuscripts, containing thousands of years of information and experiences about the treatment of diseases of other animal species, mostly horses, are known by different names such as baitarname, esbname, haylname and bazname. These authentic works, which were also established during the Islamic Civilization period, also bear the traces of different civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient Greek. With this study, it was aimed to shed light on the evaluation of these manuscripts which have thousands of years of knowledge in terms of treatment and preventive medicine in organic animal production. The main material of the work is originated of a manuscript work conducted as a doctoral thesis and of information on the subject. In addition, books, theses, researches and compilation studies that can be reached within the scope of the subject and which were studied before were also evaluated. In these study, it is observed that the use of herbal, animal and mineral resources as medicines in the treatment, as well as the applications of phlebotomization and cauterization are among the treatment methods. Increased pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials on herbal, animal and mineral drugs, which are accepted as a complementary role even if they are not alternative, could be a valuable source of organic animal production for which artificial drug use is prohibited or restricted.

This study was carried out during the summer of 2014 to determine alternative quality forage sources that could be grown in the Aydın ecological conditions. In the study, effects of 3 different mixtures and 2 pure species (100% Buckwheat, 25% Buckwheat -75% Soybean, 50% Buckwheat -5 0% Soybean, 75% Buckwheat - 25% Soybean, 100% Soybean) and 2 different harvesting times (50%-100% flowering/buckwheat) on yield and quality characteristics were investigated. According to measurements, the highest average herbage yield was obtained from 75% Buckwheat-25% Soybean application (3100 kg/da) at 2nd harvest time. When the average of hay yield was examined, the results were similar to herbage yield. When ADF and NDF were examined, the highest values were seen at the 2nd harvest. When the crude protein ratios were examined, it was found that they decreased at the 2nd harvesting time and the highest value was determined at 100% soybean application at the 1st harvesting time (21.08%). When Digestible Dry Matter (DDM) and Relative Feed Value (RFV) were examined, the highest values were determined in 100%Soybean applications at first harvest time and when the mixture applications were examined, the highest values were determined to be 75% Buckwheat - 25% Soybean application. As a result of the study, it was determined that the yields obtained at the 2nd harvest time were higher but the forage quality decreased. When the mixtures were examined, it was determined that the mixture having the highest roughage value was 75% buckwheat + 25% soybean application. In this study, the buckwheat which have short vegetation and good quality and the soybean, which is infront of with high quality, mixtures were examined. It has also been found that these mixtures may be important for obtaining high-quality forage in the short and intermediate periods.

Vermicompost products have gained a great importance in plant nutrition over the years. They are reported to have plant growth promoting effects both in horticulture and field crops. The nutritional value and chemical properties of vermicomposts highly depend on the feedstock used in their production. The aim of this study was to evaluate vermicompost manure, derived from the mixture of cattle manure and kitchen scraps, on seed germination and growth of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill.). Four solid vermicompost amendment rates of 0, 10, 20, and 30% were applied in plastic trays. Vermicompost application delayed and reduced seed emergence in all application rates, while in general, vermicompost substitution promoted growth tomato seedlings up to 20% of application rate. The results showed that vermicompost substitutions greater than 20% had adverse effects on seedling emergence and seedling growth parameters, which was attributed to high EC of vermicompost induced by cattle manure. Results suggest that both physical and chemical properties of the feedstock used for vermicompost production should be taken into consideration in order to sustain high vermicompost quality to ensure targeted plant growth for horticultural and agricultural purposes.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of fuel type ( pure diesel, blending 10% of Jatropha oil with diesel (J10%), blending 14% of Jatropha oil with blending (J14%),blending 10% of ethanol with diesel (E10%), blending 14% of ethanol with diesel (E14%), blending 10% of Jatropha oil and 10% of ethanol with diesel (J10%, E10%) and blending 14% of Jatropha oil and 14% of ethanol with diesel (J14%, E14%)), on exhaust gases, engine speed, implement draft and power requirement and fuel consumption. The results showed that, Blending J14%, E14% recorded the highest rate of fuel consumption as 4.60 l/h compared with pure diesel which recorded 3.90 l/h. Pure diesel fuel recorded the lowest engine speed of 2174 rpm, while the fuel blends recorded engine speed in the range of 2529 – 2583 rpm. The fuel blend J14% recorded the lowest ppm of CO and of NO2.The J10%, E14% and J10% with E10% blending’s recorded the lowest SO2 as zero ppm. Pure diesel recorded the highest power requirement of 6.81 kW while J14% recorded the lowest power of 5.32 kW. Ethanol blending’s showed higher power than Jatropha blending by 19.7%. Statistical analysis showed that, the effect of fuel blending on draft and power, gases exhausted, engine speed and fuel consumption were not significant.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Narince üzüm çeşidine (Vitis Vinifera L) üç farklı form (amonyum nitrat, amonyum sülfat, üre) ve 4 farklı dozda (kontrol, 5, 10 ve 15 kg/da N) azot uygulamalarının taze asma yaprak verimine olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. 2012 vejetasyon periyodunda kordon şeklinde terbiye edilmiş asmalar bir veya iki göz üzerinden (24 göz/asma) dekara 5000 göz olacak şekilde şarj edilmiştir. Azotun dört farklı dozu bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak asmalara uygulanmıştır. Salamuralık genç asma yaprakları beş dönemde hasat edilmiş ve taze yaprak verimi (kg/da) belirlenmiştir. Hasat edilen yaprak örneklerinde gübre formlarının yaprak verimi üzerine etkisi istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Taze asma yaprak verimi 312,4 kg/da (Kontrol) ile 437,1 kg/da (Amonyum nitrat 10 kg N/da) arasında değişmiştir. Azot dozları arttıkça asma yaprağı verimi de artmıştır. Azot uygulaması taze yaprak verimini yaklaşık %30 artırmıştır. Deneme sonuçlarına göre, en yüksek asma yaprağı verimi 10 kg N/da uygulamasından alınmıştır. Amonyum nitrat uygulamaları ile diğer gübre formlarından daha yüksek yaprak verimi elde edildiği ortaya çıkmıştır.

This research was completed in 2014, in an attempt to determine the problems and solutions of the irrigation unions and their members who operate in the city of Hatay. The research involves 6 out of 8 irrigation unions located in Hatay. The data was gathered by face to face surveys conducted with 6 union managers and 173 union members. Logistics Regression analysis, which is a multivariate analysis technic was used in the analysis of the variables. It was concluded that 65% of the producers are satisfied, and 35% of them are unsatisfied with the irrigation union. The estimate parameters revealed that the irrigation price at low and normal level were the most effective variables. In accordance with the data, evaluated for the managerial staff in the permanent status, showed that the lack of the efficient and subject expert personnel is one of the most important issues directly interfering with the provided service. The delays occurring in the collection of the price of the irrigation water disrupts the maintenance services needed while operating the facilities. The unions need public assistance to cover the personnel expenses, large maintenance processes, and development of the facilities.

Public spaces are among the spaces requiring the most importance for the design in the evaluation of outdoor spaces. Public spaces are the common areas used by people of all ages, genders, and jobs. The key feature of the environmental design made in these areas is its requirement to be at the level of meeting the needs of people from all strata. Since there is not the main method for the evaluation of environmental planning of public institutions and organizations in the current literature and these areas strongly affect the texture of the city, a questionnaire study was conducted in our study with people using the courthouse and courthouse personnel to reveal the standards, criteria and the needs of users in public institutions. According to the results of the questionnaire, solution suggestions were made by revealing the positive and negative sides of landscape designs of the courthouse.

In this study, sterol and fatty acid compositions with the other quality criteria (free fatty acids, peroxide value, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content) of olive oil samples obtained from Halhalı, Gemlik and Sarı Hasebi varieties through two phase mechanical method (crushing, kneading and centrifuge) was determined. Oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, palmitoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids were the determined as the main fatty acids in olive oil samples. It was determined that oleic acid contents of oil samples ranged between 66.25-76.14% and Sarı Hasebi had the highest oleic acid content. Sterol and fatty acid compositions of olive oil samples showed significantly statistical differences according to varieties. It was determined that the total sterol contents of oils ranged between 1025 and 1686 mg/kg and varieties with the highest and lowest total sterol content were Gemlik and Sarı Hasebi. Apparent β-sitosterol contents (β-sitosterol, Δ-5-avenasterol, Δ-5-24-stigmastadienol, klerosterol, sitostanol) were between 92.96 and 94.63%. Varieties with the highest and lowest apparent β-sitosterol contents were oils which belong to Halhalı and Sarı Hasebi varieties respectively. β -sitosterol (83.08-88.21%), Δ-5-avenasterol (4.82-6.97%) and campesterol (2.28-3.43%) were identified as the main sterol components. Erythrodiol + uvaol contents of olive oils varied between 2.28 and 3.43% and these values were within the limits established by Turkish Food Codex.

Alkali grass grows in waterlogged, saline and alaline soils. The main problem in these soils is minerals at toxic level. The toxic ions are chloride, sodium and boron. A number of techniques have been investigated for removing toxic metals from the soil. Today, the cost-effective and environmentally technique is phytoremediation, using hyperaccumulator plants. Alkali grass (Puccinellia ciliata Bor) is suggested as a hyperaccumulator plant by the combination of more favourable characteristics with salt and waterlogging tolerance, high biomass value and convincing nutritive value for adverse environmental conditions. For this reason, we collected alkali grass and soil samples from five different locations in Aydın-Muğla highway, Turanlar and Sınırteke villages in Germencik-Aydın. In the soil analysis, we observed that K accumulation varies between root, shoot and panicle at least whereas Na and B shows more variation on whole plant portions among locations. Intense aerenchyma development on the root tips of Puccinellia plant was observed and it is determined as radial lysogenic aerenchyma formation. Average plant height and dry matter values were between 47.2-74.4 cm and 15.61-80.85 g/plant according to locations. The highest plant height value was obtained from the first location whereas the highest dry matter yield was detected in the fifth location. In conclusion, plants from fifth location can be regarded as fodder plants in these areas. Our results indicated that alkali grass can be effective for phytoextraction of sodium and boron from contaminated sites.

RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed) is an international system, that provides the rapid information exchange between European Union countries towards risks about food and feed topics, takes the required precautions and thus aims to maintain the food and feed safety. The weekly reports sent by member countries, are presented on web site and the member countries are informed in case of a risk when the product is introduced in the market. The current work includes the notifications originated from our country that took place in rapid alert system reports between years 2009-2016. The data obtained from the system, were classified according to product and hazard groups and the product-hazard relations were evaluated for each year by taking the notification types into consideration. According to the assessments, the main problem about European Union exports of our country is the high aflatoxin level of the products. This problem is mainly observed in fruits-vegetables, nuts and seeds. Pesticide residues and pathogenic microorganisms are the other important hazard groups which cause problems for exports of our country. The results obtained from the current work are critically important for determination of the basic problems met in food export of our country and to capture attention to precautions which should be taken against those problems.