With starting healthy consumption awareness in people throughout world, olive oil demand has increased and it is expected that this demand will increase day by day. As a result of increase in the demand for olive oil, the rise in amount of olive pomace that emerges after olive oil production is evident. The differences in olive oil production methods result in varied wastes in terms of property and quantity. Olive mill waste water and olive pomace possessing 35-40% moisture come out in 3-phase system while only olive pomace possessing 60-70% moisture comes out in 2-phase system. The quantity and pollution degree of waste water coming out in 3-phase system are considerably high from 2-phase system. Recycling of 2-phase olive pomace containing also olive mill waste water, which is highly harmful for environment and is generally discharged to nature without any treatment, is considerably important by processing. This review gives information about the necessity of drying of olive pomace and related studies with this subject.

In Mediterranean climate region, during certain times of the year the daily average temperature decreases under 12°C. In such conditions, greenhouse heating is essential to be able to get the high quality yield that is expected from greenhouses. The cost of heating varies from 20% to 60% of the total costs depending on the climate of the region, size, type and hardware of the greenhouse and type of plant grown in the greenhouse. The heat requirement in greenhouses is calculated based on the rudiments defined by DIN 4701 standards. However, the real temperature in greenhouses is higher than the outside temperatures used in calculations. For this reason, the heat requirement in greenhouses should be calculated by taking temperature increases that are caused by ventilation temperature and heat storage capability into consideration. In this study, the heat energy need of Antalya which is located in Mediterranean region is assessed according to its climate conditions. In the calculations, the different hardware structures are considered and the level of energy that can be saved is calculated. As a result of the calculations, depending on the month of the year, 12% to 29% difference is observed between energy requirement calculations based on the indoor temperature increases and energy requirement calculations based on outside temperature values.

This study focused on packaging and its influence on consumers’ choice of agricultural products in Enugu metropolis, Nigeria. In addition, it also aimed to ascertain the relationship between packaging of agricultural products and their perceived quality. The study population is made up of agro-product consumers in Enugu metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 165 questionnaires were administered to respondents. Data obtained through questionnaires were tabulated and analyzed using simple percentages while the chi-square was used to test the research hypotheses. The major findings of this study were that packaging has a direct relationship both to consumers’ choice of agricultural products and their perception of the quality of such products. Accordingly, the researchers conclude and recommend that improved packaging design for agricultural products is essential in attracting consumers and positively influencing their choice of purchase.

This study was conducted to investigate root and shoot traits of wild, ancient and modern wheat genotypes belonging to 8 different species at long tubes under field weather conditions. It was found significant differences between genotypes with regard to root and shoot traits. The research results indicated that root biomass distribution of genotypes at GS 31 ad GS 69, respectively was found 59.2% and 56.3% in 0-30 cm, 76.7% and 71.9% in 0-60 cm. Modern wheats (Çeşit 1252, Konya 2002) and Triticum vavilovii (ancient wheat) had high root biomass distribution in top soil. In the study, species with AABBDD genomes had higher root length than those with AABB, AABBGG and AA genomes. Triticum dicoccoides, Triticum timopheevii and Triticum monococcum had lower values than other genotypes in terms of root length, crown root number, root biomass, shoot biomass and plant height at both growth stages (GS 31 and GS 69), while Triticum vavilovii and Triticum spelta (hexaploid) took part in the front. Accordingly, Triticum vavilovii and Triticum spelta may be used in breeding programs to improve new modern cultivars with high root and shoot traits.

This study aimed to identfy chemical composition, ruminal degradation characeristics and metabolizable energy (ME) content of five different chickpea line and a check cultivar’s straw using nylon bag technique. Feed samples were incubated as three replicates of each fistulated Holstein heifer for 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. Degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in rumen were determined by using this mathematical expression D=a+b(1-e-ct). Crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash contents of straw were ranged from 5.61 to 7.42%, 51.33 to 56.0%, 63.67 to 67.0%, and 8.0 to 9.0% respectively. Besides Rapidly soluble fraction (a), potantial degradability (a+b) and effective dry matter degradability (EDDM ) were ranged from 17.86 to 21.41, 54.40 to 59.43, 49.65 to 54.91% respectively. Estimated ME of chickpea entries straw were ranged from 5.96 to 7.37 MJ/kg. Metabolizable energy content of control chickpea cultivar was significantly higher than the other chickpea straw of lines. The research values of ME revealed that significant differences were determined among the lines in terms of energy content. In addition to, a strong relationship between straw NDF level and ME content were determined.

Nitrogen fixation resulting from mutual symbiosis of rhizobia and cultivated legume plants is therefore critical to food security as it directly affects agricultural production. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) can be an important factor in sustainable agriculture.The isolation and identification of different slow growing and fast growing rhizobial strains from the nodules of two leguminous plant species. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium spp. was isolated from (Lablab purpureus and Vigna sinensis). Nodules samples were collected from plants growing in different Districts of Bangladesh and the Glucose-Peptone Agar (GPA), Congo red, Yeast Mannitol Agar (YMA) containing 2% NaCl were employed to make presumptive decisions on the recognition and classification of the isolated bacterial strains. All the isolates were found with poor absorption of dye Congo red and little or no growth on the media of GPA and without altering the pH. Almost all of the isolates exhibit growth on 2% NaCl, poor growth on GPA, thus confirming the rhizobia. After biochemical tests like catalase test and citrate utilization test isolates were confirmed as Rhizobia. The presence of rhizobia on root nodules of leguminous Plant. Not only the leguminous Plant but also the rhizosphere contains rhizobia which help in soil fertilization.

In this study, impact of the real effective exchange rate (REER) and its volatility (REERV) on Turkey's agricultural foreign trade was investigated. 25importantcountries in agricultural trade of Turkey and 1990-2012 periods were examined, and panel data analysis was used in this research. IGARCH model was applied to obtain for the REERV. Influence of the REER and REERV on Turkey's agricultural trade was analyzed whit FMOLS model both individual country and groups panel. According to the results of FMOLS model; It was determined that Turkey agricultural import (7.61%) and export (2.24%) were increased when the REER was risen about 1%. The agricultural import was decreased 18.83% in case the REERV was increased 1%. On the other hand, when the REERV was increased around 1%, there was no significantly relationship between agricultural export and REERV. As a result, it can be stated that REER and REERV were caused an imbalance on Turkey's agricultural foreign trade. Agricultural producers and industrialists are often adversely affected by the REERV. For these reasons, it is important to take protective measures for them.

Bu çalışmada alıç meyvesi sıcaklık kontrollü bir mikrodalga kurutucuda kurutularak kuruma süresi, renk değeri ve ürünün kuruma eğrilerini en iyi tahmin eden matematiksel model belirlenmiştir. Ürünler tasarlanan sıcaklık kontrollü mikrodalga kurutucuda 50, 60 ve 70ºC sıcaklıklarda kurutulmuştur. Kuruma süreleri 50, 60 ve 70ºC kurutma sıcaklıkları için sırasıyla 129, 66, ve 45 dakika olarak belirlenmiştir. En kısa kuruma süresi 70ºC kurutma sıcaklığında olurken en uzun kuruma ise 50ºC kurutma sıcaklığında olmuştur. Kuruma eğrilerini tahmin etmek için ince tabakalı kurutma modellerinden Yağcıoğlu, Midilli- Küçük ve Page matematiksel modelleri kullanılmıştır. Kuruma eğrilerini en iyi tahmin eden matematiksel modelin Midilli-Küçük modeli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca taze ve kurutulmuş alıç meyvesinin kalite kriteri olarak renk değerleri araştırılmıştır. L parlaklık ve a kırmızılık renk değerleri açısından her üç kurutma sıcaklığında da kurutulan ürünler ile taze ürün arasında istatistiki açıdan bir farklılık oluşmuştur. b sarılık değeri açısından ise istatistiki olarak 50 ve 70ºC sıcaklıkta kurutulan örneklerle taze ürün arasında bir farklılık oluşmamıştır. Taze ürünlere ait hesaplanarak belirlenen kroma, hue açısı ve esmerleşme değerleri ile kurutulan ürünlere ait kroma ve esmerleşme değerleri arasında ise rakamsal olarak büyük bir farklılık yoktur. Ancak taze ürünün kroma ve kahverengilik değerlerine en yakın değerler 70ºC kurutma sıcaklığında yapılan kurutma işleminde belirlenmiştir.

Ekonomik bir dayandırma yöntemi olan kurutma; yaş ürünlerdeki serbest suyu uzaklaştırarak ürünlerde meydana gelebilecek biyokimyasal reaksiyonların yavaşlatılmasıdır. Dünya’da bandırılmış (potasalı) ve bandırılmamış (naturel) olmak üzere başlıca iki tip çekirdeksiz kuru üzüm üretilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 2015 yılında Alaşehir (Manisa) bölgesinde sultaniye üzümü yetiştirilen 6 farklı bağdan hasat döneminde yaş üzümler toplanmıştır. Bu üzümlerin bir kısmı potasalı ve naturel olarak kurutulmuştur. Hem yaş üzümlerde hem de iki farklı şekilde kurutulan kuru üzümlerde pestisit analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda her bağda en az 8 adet pestisit etken maddesi tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlardan iki tanesinin yaş üzümünde, üç tanesinin de kuru üzümünde MRL (Maximum Residue Limit, Maksimum kalıntı miktarı) değerlerini aşmış en az bir adet pestisit etken maddesi bulunmaktadır. Pestisit etken maddelerinin tamamına yakını üzümler kurutulduğu zaman konsantrasyonlarında artış göstermiştir. Ayrıca potasalı kurutulan kuru üzümlerde natural kurutulan kuru üzümlere kıyasla daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda pestisitler tespit edilmiştir.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the probable effects of different real interest rates (RIR: 5, 6 and 7%), some key breeding criteria such as calving rate (CR: 80, 85 and 90%) and mean lactation milk yield per milking cow (MLML: 5000, 6000 and 7000 kg) on the financial evaluation indicators such as Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) for a dairy cattle farm investment project taken as model, consisted of 100 heads of Holstein cows, which was established and operated during 20 years period in Turkey. In the study, firstly, current investment and annual operating costs for that kind of dairy cattle farm were determined according to optimal workmanship, housing, maintenance, feeding and health protection and then revenues were calculated from current sale prices of raw milk, slaughtered/breeding animal and manure. For each assumed different real interest rate, calving rate and mean lactation milk yield per milking cow, the parities of unit (1 kg) sale price of raw milk to unit (1 kg) cost of concentrate feed (M/F-parity) (current unit cost of concentrate feed was assumed as to be 1.00 Turkish Lira (TL) were calculated to make BCR that is one of the financial evaluation criteria for the investment projects, as to be 1.00. Calculations showed decreasing each 1% of the real interest rate in Turkey, increasing each 5% of calving rate and increasing each 1000 kg of mean lactation milk yield per milking cow had, separately, about 5-12% positive effect on the parity of unit (1 kg) sale price of raw milk to unit (1 kg) cost of concentrate feed.