The study investigated the metal levels in biotic and abiotic materials from Giresun forests. While soil and water samples were selected as abiotic materials, leaves and moss were selected as biotic materials in forest. These selected materials were sampled from six stations. All samples were analyzed three times for arsenic, iron, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc by ICP-OES. A logarithmic transformation was done on the data to improve normality. One way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests were performed to test the differences among metal levels of stations. The differences among metal levels in stations were statistically significant (p

In this study, fertility and milk yield characteristics of Simmental (SIM) and Red-Holstein (RH) cattle raised in a private dairy farm in Aydın province were determined. For fertility traits, days open (DO), calving interval (CI), gestation length (GL) and number of inseminations per pregnancy (NIPP), for milk yield traits lactation length (LL), lactation milk yield (LMY), 305-days milk yield (305-dMY), peak time (PT) and peak milk yield (PMY) were determined. The means of DO, CI, GL and NIPP of RH and SIM breeds were 109.44±5.66 d and 96.06±3.51 d, 389.16±5.70 d and 380.37±3.54 d, 279.71±0.469 d and 284.94±0.303 d, 1.88±0.099 and 1.85±0.065; the means of LL, LMY, 305-dMY, PT and PMY were 333.00±5.405 d and 322.72±3.233 d, 8235.32±148.099 kg and 7357.03±88.122 kg, 7628.78±109.148 kg and 6938.09±64.945 kg, 46.55±2.196 d and 44.46±1.218 d, and 34.68±0.567 kg and 31.47±0.314 kg, respectively. Although, significant fertility and milk yield differences were obtained between the breeds, the favorable performances of both SIM and RH breeds in terms of all features, considered as the environmental factors such as management-feeding-housing-herd management provided to animals in the farm were also suitable.

This paper provided a brief account of the need of in ovo feeding technology for efficient incubation and hatching as driven by the current and projected poultry production figures. After substantial laboratory experiments in the early 1980s, in ovo vaccination technology became applicable in the commercial broiler hatcheries. The scientific theories that enabled the use of in ovo vaccination facilitated the process of injecting the various nutrient composition into broiler eggs/embryo (in ovo feeding) considering the injection site and the stage of embryonic development. Some studies of in ovo feeding have found scientifically positive effects on incubation properties but they remain insufficient at the commercial level thus, the adoption of the application is very slow compared to other embryo management techniques. Therefore, continuous studies on the best nutrient compositions, combinations, and concentrations are required for the commercial use of in ovo feeding technology.

Turkey as well as in the developing world science, technology and the changing rural development and manufacturing approach accordingly with industry, has changed the shape of the realization of agricultural activities. As a result of new production methods, environmental and human health deteriorated and scientists have turned to organic agriculture. Organic farming practices, which started in the 1980s in our country, have improved significantly with the publication of the organic farming regulation in 1994 and the regulation was last regulated in 2018. Our country with conditions favourable for organic agriculture in terms of soil and water resources, climate, variety of products, this study was prepared in order to see how organic agriculture has progressed over the years and at what stage it is today. In 1990, 8 organic products were produced in Turkey with 313 farmers in an area of 1,037 ha. According to the latest data 73,563 farmers have grown 2,371,612 tons of organic products in 626,885 ha organic agriculture area. In addition, the organic product range produced was increased to 213. When we look at the export situation, it is seen that the total export amount is 111,690,675 tons and a significant amount of this export amount is 41.633,896 tons of wheat and wheat products. Looking at the import data, it is known that the total import amount is 175,865,85 tons and the most imported product is soybeans (non-seed) (99,446 tons). Although a significant increase in organic agriculture production has been observed compared to previous years, it is anticipated that this increase may increase even further considering Turkey's agricultural potential.

Today, the effects of climate change in the world are manifest in all its reality. These changes were being affected Turkey as well as the world, regions and provinces leads to a difference in some. In this study, projections of 10, 15 and 20 and 50 years of future maximum averages have been made according to the provinces in some regions by using the maximum average datas of the past 50 years of Ankara, Kars, Aydın and Sinop provinces selected especially from different regions to evaluate the climatic changes. According to the results of the analysis, the total average temperature data between 1966-2015 was 17.90°C in Ankara, Kars 11.69°C, Aydın 24.50°C and Sinop average temperature was 17.28°C When compared in 2016-2065 projections, it is seen that there will be changes in average temperatures in parallel with climate change. In Northeastern Anatolia, the highest temperature increase is foreseen with 3.45°C, followed by Sinop, a Black Sea province, with 1.99°C. Ankara, which has a continental climate of Central Anatolia, is estimated to be 1.77°C and it is thought that the Aegean province Aydın will be exposed to a temperature increase of 1.55°C at the lowest rate. Other forecasts are predicted to have the highest temperature changes in Kars and Aydın’s minimum temperature changes. The detection of temperature changes in the study is considered to be important in terms of planning agricultural activities accordingly as well as regulating urbanization and water use and taking measures.

Bioactive compounds, called phytochemicals, are produced as secondary metabolites in plants that have beneficial effects on health when they are consumed as nutrients. Phytochemicals have an effective role in the formation of the color, smell and taste of the plants. As an alternative to the synthetic materials used in the treatment of many chronic diseases, the interest in the use of plants phytochemicals have been increased. This trend has led to the development of a new market. This review includes biological activities of plant phytochemicals including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, anticancer and antihypertensive properties.

In this study, the effects of on 20 April, 5 May, 20 May, 5 June, 20 June, 5 July and 20 July sowing times application in Kahramanmaras and Sanlıurfa conditions on the quality criteria of Simal cowpea variety were researched. The experiment was established in 2015 as a randomized trial design with four replications. The pod length, number of grain of each pod, dry hay weight, moisture ratio, oil ratio, protein ratio and starch ratio characteristics of Simal variety (Vigna sinensis L.) were investigated. At the end of the research, it was noted that the number of grain of each pod, dry hay weight, the moisture ratio, the oil ratio, the protein ratio of cowpea, in terms of the locations, sowing times and locationxsowing time interactions were significantly different. It was determined that the length of pod is insignificant in terms of sowing time, and starch ratio was significantly showed differs in terms of location and location x sowing time interactions. The grain number of each pod, the weight of dry hay, the moisture ratio, the fat ratio, the protein ratio, starch ratio of cowpea were reported varieties from 7 to11.37 unit, from 361 to 1631 kg da, from 10.87 to 13.44%, from 1.28 to 2.11%, from 22.81 to 25.45%, from 42.11 to 49.77% respectively. As a result, it was observed that the characteristics of the cowpea investigated were affected by the environmental conditions.

Calendula officinalis (pot marigold), a medicinal ornamental plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, has various medicinal activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor. The retention time of quercetin (6.445 min), kaempferol (11.246 min), caffeic acid (2.333 min), beta carotene (9.614 min) standards, which were planned to be analyzed by HPLC, was determined. The HPLC conditions that are most suitable for these metabolites have been determined. The amounts of quercetin, kaempferol, caffeic acid and beta carotene in the seedling leaves of these two Calendula species on the 0., 15., 30., 45., 60. days were compared. Caffeic acid and beta carotene have been detected in the leaves. However, quercetin and kaempferol compounds were not detected. It was determined that the caffeic acid and beta carotene amounts of C. officinalis species were higher than that of C. arvensis. The highest caffeic acid in both C. officinalis and C. arvensis seedlings (0.4042±0.0123 µg/g dry weight for C. officinalis, 0.1918±0.0437 µg / g dry weight for C. arvensis) and beta carotene amounts (0.8520±0.0692 µg/g dry weight for C. officinalis, 0.6389±0.0189 µg/g dry weight for C. arvensis) were determined on 60. day. In addition, it was determined that the amount of these metabolites differed according to the seedling development period.

The aim of this study was to determine the yield and various quality characteristics of two different strawberry cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa var. Festival and Camarosa), grown in the ecological conditions of Sultanhisar, Aydın, Turkey. The study was conducted over two years, in ten randomly selected open grown plantations for each of the two cultivars. When the fruits reached harvest maturity, they were harvested and their yield values, mean fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit firmness, colour, pH, titrable acidity, water-soluble dry matter, vitamin C content, total antioxidant capacity and total phenolics were determined. According to the results obtained, yield values fell in the second year of the study, but mean fruit weight, diameter and length increased. Similarly, the fruit firmness of both varieties was considerably greater in the second year, and these differences between the years were found to be statistically significant. While the highest antioxidant capacity and phenolic content were obtained from the Festival cultivar, the highest vitamin C content was found in the Camarosa cultivar. The changes of total antioxidant capacity and the amount of total phenolics according to years of both varieties were found to be statistically significant.

Drought stress is one of the most serious abiotic stresses that cause a reduction in plant growth, development and yield in the world. The aim of this study is to reveal the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of the Demre pepper variety and nine different pepper genotypes against drought stress. Pepper seeds were planted into trays containing peat: perlite (2: 1) mixture. Then, seedlings having two leaves were transferred to plastic pots containing mixture of peat:perlite (2:1) mixture. Drought stress application was started when the plants have four leaves. The control plants were irrigated with nutrition solution. Genotypes were classified according to the severity of leaf damage symptoms by using 0-5 scale. In addition, shoot fresh and dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, relative water content (RWC), membrane injury index (MII), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) concentration of shoot, malondialdehyde content (MDA), total chlorophyll and carotenoid, total flavonoid and phenolic content, anitoxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) were also determined. As a result of the study, it was determined that drought had negative effect in terms of morphological and physiological parameters, and this effect revealed differences among genotypes. While drought stress increased MDA and antioxidative enzyme activity, BIB-6 and BIB-8 genotypes were found to be the most tolerant genotypes among the genotypes examined.