Fusarium culmorum is predominating causal agent of head blight (HB) and root rot (RR) in cereals worldwide. Since F. culmorum has a great level of genetic diversity and the parasexual stage is assumed for this phytopathogen, characterization of isolates from different regions is significant step in food safety and controlling the HB. In this study, it was aimed to characterize totally 37 F. culmorum isolates from Turkey via sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker based genotyping. MAT-1/MAT-2 type assay was also used in order to reveal intraspecific variation in F. culmorum. MAT-1 and MAT-2 specific primer pairs for mating assays resulted in 210 and 260 bp bands, respectively. 11 of isolates were belonged to MAT-1 type whereas 19 samples were of MAT-2. Remaining 7 samples yielded both amplicons. Totally 9 SRAP primer sets yielded amplicons from all isolates. Genetic similarity values were ranged from 39 to 94.7%. Total band number was 127 and PCR product sizes were in the range of 0.1-2.5 kb. Amplicon numbers for individuals were ranged from 1 to 16. According to data obtained from current study, SRAP based genotyping is powerful tool for supporting the data obtained from investigations including phenotypic and agro-ecological characteristics. Findings showed that SRAP-based markers could be useful in F. culmorum characterization.

Algae have been considered as a source of high value bioactive compounds including pigments, lipids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, antioxidants and minerals. These compounds serve as a source of nutrition for both humans and animals and as additives in food production. Conventional solvent and/or green extraction techniques are mostly applied to extract these compounds from algae biomass. In this review, paper the most frequently used green extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, subcritical water extraction and pulsed electric field extraction were investigated in terms of their process conditions, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

Bu çalışma, oğlakların rasyonuna eklenen inorganik bakır ve çinko ile inorganik formlarına göre %50 oranında daha düşük düzeylerde eklenen organik bakır (Cu) ve çinko (Zn) minerallerinin canlı ağırlık artışı, serum ve kıl ortalama değerleri ile dışkıda atılan miktar üzerine etkisini değerlendirmek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Oğlaklara verilen rasyonun içerdiği bakır ve çinko minerallerine göre organik (deneme, n=12) ve inorganik (kontrol, n=12) olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Kontrol grubuna bakır-sülfat 7 mg/kg KM, çinko-sülfat 20 mg/kg KM, deneme grubuna ise bakır-şelat (2-hydroxy–4-methylthiobutyrate) 3,5 mg/kg KM ve çinko-şelat (2-hydroxy–4-methylthiobutyrate) 10 mg/kg KM verilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda her iki grubun serum bakır ve çinko ile kıl bakır ve çinko ortalama değerlerinin deneme başına göre daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. İki gruba ait canlı ağırlık, serum bakır ve çinko ile kıl bakır ve çinko ortalama değerleri arasındaki farkın istatistiksel açıdan önemli olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Serum bakır ve çinko ile kıl bakır ortalama değerlerinin organik grubunda, kıl çinko ortalama değerinin ise inorganik grubunda rakamsal olarak daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada dışkı çinko ve bakır ortalama değerlerinin organik grubunda inorganik gruba göre önemli oranda daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak oğlakların rasyonuna organik bakır ve çinko inorganik formlarına göre %50 oranında daha düşük düzeylerde eklenmesine rağmen canlı ağırlık artışı, serum ve kıl ortalama değerleri bakımından inorganik bakır ve çinko ile benzer değerler elde edilmiştir. Bu değerler organik minerallerin daha iyi emildiklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca organik mineral grubunda dışkı bakır ile dışkı çinko ortalama değerlerinin daha düşük düzeyde belirlenmesi, çevreye daha az miktarda saçıldıkları ve dolayısıyla çevreyi daha az kirlettikleri kanaati oluşturmuştur.

Unio tigridis has an importance for the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystem of the Turkey. However, there is no available literature in the world on the growth of this species yet. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe the age, growth and mortality of this species living in Lake Gölbaşı from Hatay providence, Turkey. A total 428 of specimen were collected using by divers with hand dredges in depth of 1 to 6 meters based on annual sampling strategy from June- 2004 to May- 2005. Lengths and weighs of sample were ranged as 2.1 to 9.2 cm (6.79 ± 1.52) and 1.1 to 73.05 g (34.18 ± 15.56), respectively. Weight-Length relationship of all specimens was described as W=0.193L2.63 (R2=0.94). Thus, a negative allometric growth was detected in the sampled population. The age of each individual was determined by counting the external shall annuli-growth interruption lines. The sampled population was composed of 18 age classes. Specimen belong to age class 7 was the most presented with 20.33 percent in the population. The rate of male to female (m:f) was 0.91:1. Seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model (SVBGM) was used to describe the growth. From these results, it was shown that seasonality in growth does not occur in this lake for this species (L∞ = 8.80 cm (Shell Length), K = 0.271 year-1, t0 = -0.161 year, C = 0.014, ts = 0.100 year with RSS = 23.22). The total mortality rate (Z ± Se) was calculated as 0.401 ± 0.015 year-1 with R-square = 0.99 (CL of Z with 95 % = 0.361 - 0.440 year-1). Although, there is no fishing, no pollution and no predation risk on this species yet, due to growth characteristic, high K and low L∞, this type of species are vulnerable to extinction.

The aim of study were to present relationships between birth weight of 94 Holstein calves with genotype structures of each sample’s Growth Hormone (GH) determined through PCR-RFLP method and to detect the population’s genetic variation by determining the genotype and allel frequency distribution. In the study, according to the analysis result, it was determined that Growth Hormone gene LL genotype was 41.9 kg, LL was 40.8 kg, and VV was 42.2 kg for the birth weight. A significant relationship between birth weight with GH genotypes could not be found. It was seen that the calf population is not stable according to Hardy-Weinberg genetic balance test.

Bu çalışmada, sıvı kültürde ekzopolisakkarit üretimi için yenilebilir bir mantar olan Lepista nuda kullanılmıştır. Başlangıç karbon ve azot kaynaklarının L. nuda IT suşu tarafından ekzopolisakkarit ve biyokütle üretimi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. En fazla ekzopolisakkarit üretimi 50 g/L glukoz ve 5 g/L maya ekstraktı kullanıldığında elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, küçük ölçekte optimize edilmiş koşullar altında 2,1 g/L ekzopolisakkarit ve 12,3 g/L biyokütle üretimi sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, L. nuda'nın sıvı kültürde ekzopolisakkarit üretimini gösteren ilk çalışmadır.

The aim of the study is to determine the seed quality of different dry bean genotypes, grown under full and limited irrigation conditions. The study was conducted at Nigde Omer Halisdemir University laboratories. Eight different dry bean cultivars (Yunus 90, Cihan, Goynuk 98, Batalla, Alberto, Arslan, Zirve, Noyanbey 98) were used in the study. The study was established with 3 replications according to randomized split-plot design. Quality characters like dry and wet seed weight, water uptake capacity, water uptake index, dry and wet volume, swelling capacity and swelling index, cooking time and protein content were determined. In conclusion, statistically significant differences among applications and cultivars were observed in terms of the all parameters examined. The grains obtained from the limited irrigation plots, had lower values in terms of all evaluated properties. Differences between dry and wet weight, water uptake capacity and index, dry and wet volume, cooking time and protein content between cultivars were statistically significant. In the study, correlation between cooking time and grain size was determined, and it was concluded that enlarging in grains size increases the cooking time. In addition, it was concluded that limited irrigation in the reproductive period had a negative effect on seed quality of different dry bean cultivars and it should not be lowered below 50% of the water capacity in the soil during this period.

İşgücü kavramı, kişilerin veya tüzel kişiliklerin ekonomik faaliyetleri ile birlikte ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir malın veya hizmetin üretimi karşılıklı iş ilişkisine bağlı olarak yürütülmektedir. Özellikle sanayi devrimi sonucunda ortaya çıkan işçi sınıfı ile birlikte işçilerin ve işverenlerin hak ile yükümlülükleri konusunda hukuki kurallara ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Temelde sanayi ağırlıklı olan bu hukuki düzenlemeler tarım sektörünü çoğunlukla kapsam dışı bırakmıştır. Tarım işletmelerinin aile işgücüne dayalı bir yapısı olduğu için, dışarıdan mal ve hizmet alımı konusunda iş sözleşmesi düzenlenmesi diğer sektörlere oranla daha azdır. Tarım sektöründe kurumsallaşmanın yaygın olmaması, tarım işçisi sınıfının olmaması, kendi hesabına çalışan aile işletmelerinin yoğun olması, gibi nedenler gelişmekte olan Türkiye gibi ülkelerde tarımsal iş hukukunun sadece iş hukukunun bir yan dalı olarak kalmasına yol açmıştır. Çalışmaya konu olan Kuzey Amerika ülkelerinde, özellikle Amerika ve Kanada’da, tarımsal iş hukuku yasal sistem içerisinde özel bir hukuk dalı olarak yer almaktadır. Amerika ve Kanada federal bir yönetim sistemi ile yönetilmekte olup, her eyaletin genel yasal çerçeve yanında özel düzenlemeleri de bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Kuzey Amerika ülkelerinden Amerika ve Kanada’da tarımsal iş hukuku konusunda gelişmelerle Türkiye’yi karşılaştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda Amerika ve Kanada’da tarımsal ücretler, mevsimlik ve göçmen işçiler, çocuk işçi ile sosyal güvence ve iş sağlığı konularındaki yasal düzenlemeler incelenmiş ve Türkiye’nin mevcut yasal mevzuatı ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir.

This study was carried out in Rize province in 2016, on fresh leaf samples collected from an organic tea plantation. In this study, the aim was to determine the effect of pruning age (1st year, 3rd year and 5th year following the last pruning) and diurnal variability on antioxidant activity and dry matter rate in tea leaves depending on shoot periods. When the pruning age was considered, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the plants which were in 5th pruning age in the 1st shoot period with 4991,1 μmol FeSO4/g dw. In terms of the same trait, the effect of pruning age on antioxidant activity during the 2nd shoot period was insignificant, while the highest antioxidant activity in the third shoot period was obtained from 1st pruning age with 7229.2 μmol FeSO4/g dw. As a general average, considering intraday collecting time, antioxidant activity in leaves collected in morning (07.00) and at noon (12.00) was very close to each other, while the collected leaves in the evening (17.00) had higher values. The dry matter rates obtained from the 1st, 3rd and 5th pruning ages were 23.45%, 25.23% and 25.45% respectively. When the shoot period was considered, the lowest dry matter rate was 20.17% in the first shoot period and the highest dry matter rate was 28.8% in the 2nd shoot period and high values were obtained from the leaves collected at noon.

The use of antagonist microorganisms against pathogenic organisms in organic agricultural systems was promising for biological control approach. The aim of this study was to determination of the potential biological control of some fungal isolates which characterized as endophytic and antagonistic against soil borne Fusarium culmorum (FC) and F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) pathogens. For this, seven isolates of endophytic Acremonium spp. that isolated from healthy wheat plants and eight isolates of antagonist Trichoderma spp., isolated from soil of organic vegetable areas, were performed as biological control agents (BCA). The agar media with hypha and mycelia of the BCAs and spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of FC and FORL were treated for inoculation of wheat seeds and tomato seedlings. The harvested plants were statistically analyzed by some parameters (severity of crown rot disease (%DS and scale), plant lengths (cm) etc.). In conclusion, the Acremonium isolates (47.5%) were lower means of disease severity than Trichoderma isolates (74.6%) for FC and FORL assessments in wheat experiment. In tomato, the averages of disease severity between Acremonium and Trichoderma were similar while their means were lower than positive control (The Scale of DS=0.67