In this study, some biochemical characteristics (total protein, total RNA, Catalase: CAT enzyme activity and malondialdehyde: MDA level) of Italian bee (A. m. ligustica) and Caucasian bee (A. m. caucasica), and Muğla and Anatolian bees (A. m. anatolica) from local honey bee races were investigated comparatively. Laboratory analyzes of biochemical characteristics were performed on worker bees aged 24 days old with 10 repetitions using appropriate methods informed in the literature. The amounts of total protein of bee races given above were 18.39±1.28, 20.71±0.63, 18.56±1.24 and 20.95±2.15 g/dL, respectively; the amounts of total RNA were 11.46±0.18, 12.10±0.26, 11.87±0.20 and 12.27±0.26 µg/µL, respectively; the CAT activities were 4.59±0.46, 5.12±0.67, 4.88±0.48 and 5.25±0.53 kU/g P, respectively; the levels of MDA were 0.52±0.04, 0.50±0.04, 0.48±0.02 ve 0.43±0.05 mmol/mg, respectively. Variance analysis showed that statistically significant differences among races in terms of the all characteristics examined. The results of CAT activity which is one of the indicators of antioxidant defense system, and levels of MDA which is an indicator of peroxidation of membrane lipids; and similarly total amount of protein also includes various proteins such as antioxidants and enzymes; it can be said that the Anatolian and Caucasian bee races (due to higher total protein, total RNA and CAT activities, and lower MDA level) are more resistant to various negative environmental factors (e.g. climate, flora, pesticide, etc.) than the Muğla and Italian bee races in the conditions of the Central Anatolia Region; there are significant differences between the bee races in terms of amounts of total RNA and this parameter can be also used in the characterization of bee races.

Kuru baza göre başlangıç nemi %83,95 ± 0,01 y.b. (5,24 ± 0,003 kg su kg KM-1) olan 100 ± 0,10 g ağırlığındaki Deveci armudu dilimleri (Pyrus communis L. cv. Deveci) son nemi %11,40 ± 0,06 y.b. (0,13 ± 0,001 kg su kg KM-1) değerine ulaşıncaya dek gölgede kurutma, 60, 80 ve 100°C’de sıcak havayla kurutma yöntemleriyle kurutulmuş ve bu yöntemlerin kurutma süreçleri sırasıyla 11150, 437, 252 ve 148 dakikada tamamlanmıştır. Çalışmada deneysel olarak elde edilen zamana bağlı ayrılabilir nem oranı değerleri yirmi farklı ince tabaka kurutma eşitliği kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Buna göre 60°C ve 100°C için deneysel verilere en yakın sonuçları veren modelin Modified Henderson & Pabis eşitliği olduğu; buna karşın gölgede kurutma ve 80°C’de kurutma yöntemlerinde ise sırasıyla Alibas eşitliğinin ve Jena & Das eşitliğinin en iyi modeller olduğu görülmüştür. Gölgede kurutma yönteminde her hangi bir enerji tüketimi olmamasına karşın bu yöntemin oldukça uzun olması ve ürünün kalite parametreleri üzerinde olumsuz etkilere yol açması gibi nedenler Deveci armudunun kurutulmasında gölgede kurutma yönteminin kullanışlı bir yöntem olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Bununla birlikte toplam enerji tüketiminin kurutma sıcaklığının artmasıyla yükseldiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca sıcaklık artışının kalite parametrelerini de olumsuz etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Kurutma süresi ve özgül enerji tüketimi gibi işletim parametrelerinin yanı sıra parlaklık, kırmızılık, sarılık, kroma, hue açısı, toplam renk değişimi ve kahverengileşme indeksi gibi kalite parametrelerinin taze ürüne oldukça yakın olmasından dolayı 60°C’de sıcak havayla kurutma yönteminin Deveci armudunun kurutulması için uygun bir yöntem olduğu görülmüştür.

In this study, to reproduce natural chestnut genotypes, the fruit characteristics of the Düzce region determined by local people are good in a healthy way, compatible with Marigoule (C. sativa × C. crenata) hybrid varieties resistant to branch cancer and root rot was investigated. In this study, 24 different chestnut genotypes were used. As the grafting method, the most commonly used tongue grafting, split grafting, chip budding grafting, and side grafting method were used. All procedures related to grafting were carried out in the greenhouses of the Düzce University Faculty of Forestry. In this study, local genotypes that are compatible with Marigoule chestnut were determined. As a result, the native genotype, which showed the best adaptation to Marigoule seedlings, was 87.5% of Yalnızçam, and after that, 79.2% of the Ereğli Sefer genotype. The lowest fit showed Broken genotype with 15% and Akçakoca1genotype with 17.5%. Besides, the compatibility of foreign varieties Maraval, Marigoule, and Betizac were also investigated. As a result, Betizac had the highest compatibility with 95%, while Maraval had 67.5%. The most successful in the grafting methods applied was the side graft (74.2%) followed by tongue grafting (59.9%), splitting grafting (51.4%), and chip budding grafting (29.7%).

Bu çalışmanın amacı, marka otantikliğinin satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde marka bağlılığının aracılık rolünü tespit etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, İstanbul İlinde 18 yaşından büyük X marka gıda tüketicilerine kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle yüz yüze 384 anket uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, SPSS 23 ve AMOS 20 programı kullanılmıştır. Veriler Cronbach Alpha Katsayısı yöntemi, Normallik testi, Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi, Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli, Sobel test kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, marka otantikliğinin satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde marka bağlığının kısmen aracılık rolü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca marka otantikliği boyutlarından olan güvenilirlik, orijinallik ve doğallığın marka bağlılığı üzerinde, marka bağlılığı, orijinallik ve doğallığın satın alma niyeti üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The average precipitation on the irrigation field can be estimated from the Meteorology Observation Stations by using spatial interpolation methods such as Thiessen polygon and isohyetal curves. However, the fact that precipitation doesn't occur homogenous in spatial scales, spatial interpolation methodologies need a large number of meteorology stations for more accurate results. In recent years, remote sensing methods have diversified to estimate precipitation. In this study, performance of the satellite-based precipitation data was assessed to determine areal precipitation over an irrigation area. This study was conducted over left bank irrigation area located in the Çukurova Plain of Turkey. Relationship between CHIRPS satellite based on monthly precipitation data and 4 meteorology stations’ data were analyzed. Determination coefficients (R2) of the stations were found between 0.64 and 0.77, for point based comparison, R2 was calculated as 0.84 with Thiessen polygon method. It is concluded that the precipitation amount in the irrigated area can be estimated as accurately as classical methods such as Thiessen polygon with satellite-based precipitation data.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of tillage techniques on depth, furrow slice and water retention in Maugo Smallholder Rice Scheme in Kenya. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Four tillage treatments were used. The first one was conventional ox plough practiced by farmers where they first flood the field with water before ploughing. The other three treatments were ox plough, hand hoe and tractor ploughing all with no flooding before ploughing. Data collected included depth of ploughing and harrowing during land preparation. Furrow slices during ploughing and harrowing as well as water retention were recorded. Tractor ploughing had the highest mean depth of ploughing of 42.00 ± 0.81 cm followed by conventional ox ploughing with 17.75 ± 0.75 cm, ox ploughing15.75 ± 0.62 cm and hand hoe ploughing had the lowest mean depth 15.50 ± 0.28 cm. Tractor ploughing had the largest mean furrow size of 62.00 ± 0.91cm followed by conventional ox ploughing 32.25 ± 0.85 cm, ox ploughing 30.25 ± 0.85 cm while hand hoe ploughing had the smallest mean furrow slice of 16.5 ± 0.50 cm. Highest mean of retained water was recorded in week 4 in paddy rice fields prepared using conventional ox ploughing (10.5 cm), ox ploughing (10 cm), hand hoe ploughing (11.5 cm) and tractor ploughing (11.5 cm) while the lowest was recorded in week 15 for conventional plots. There were significant differences in mean depths during both ploughing and harrowing. Tractor ploughing mean depths were significantly different from the other treatments. The weekly mean water depths retained in the plots were more than 6 cm for the entire growing period of rice.

In this study, it was aimed to report some traits of Gökçeada goats, which raised under the natural conditions of Gökçeada, with respect to their protection within the scope of genetic resources. In this respect the information obtained from the goats supplied from the Island and reared in a semi-intensive system at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University and also the information obtained from the literature were collected and the biological and zootechnical identifications of the Gökçeada goat were performed. Gökçeada goats, which are predominantly black, have yellow or red blazes on both sides of their heads including their eyes. It was seen that Gökçeada goats had similar body measurements and lower live weights as compared to those of the same species on the mainland. The birth weight and the mature live weight of Gökçeada goats were found as 2.55 kg and 38 kg, respectively, whereas their mean kid yield per goat at birth was determined as 1.6 to 1.8 kids. Individuals with a milk yield of 591 kg were striking in the Gökçeada genotype, in which the mean lactation length and the mean lactation milk yield were determined as 251 to 259 days and 227 to 245 kg, respectively. Its milk fat (4.92-5.75%) and milk protein (3.29%) resembled those of our other native breeds. It is necessary to reveal, with more elaborate studies, the potential for Gökçeada goat cheese that is greatly demanded on the Island. It was determined that the Gökçeada kids, which were considered as dairy kids, had some small but nonfat carcass and that their meat was soft and of a light color and had a slight smell. One should be careful about the adaptation of the Gökçeada genotype, which successfully maintains itself under the island conditions and which is the source of income for producers, to intensive and extensive goat production systems.

The methods applied for yield increases per unit animal are also progressing rapidly, along with the rapid progress of agricultural and animal production in parallel with the rapidly developing population and the food demand. The increase in animal products increases the environmental impacts per unit of animal product. With the increase in animal wastes in recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased even more, thus negatively affecting the environment and animal health. In order to prevent this negative effect, sustainable methods and strategic measures related to animal feeding and care are important in order to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. Methane, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, is found in large amounts in the atmosphere as a molecule, the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere more than CO₂ increases the interest in this subject. Different practices related to the nutrition of ruminant animals (use of feed additives, feeding strategies) in order to optimize rumen conditions and increase productivity per unit animal is a developing area. Sharing this information with animal breeders will also benefit the environment, and therefore human and animal health, in terms of reducing both methane and nitrogen emissions. In ruminant animals, it can cause a loss of 2-12% of the gross energy taken with the feed so that the methane gas can be removed from the body. There are many studies on feeding to reduce nitrogen losses in faeces and urine, which cause methane emissions for ruminants, and many of these studies still do not reach a permanent conclusion. The reduction in enteric CH₄ emissions to be made must be tailored to the specific needs of farmers and livestock, and to be cost-effective. In our study, it is aimed to compile animal feeding strategies and reduction of methane emissions under different conditions.

Iron (Fe) deficiency in plants is one of the widespread problems limiting agricultural production. Generating crops more tolerant to Fe deficiency by genetic engineering or breeding is of great interest but challenging due to the knowledge gaps in general plant Fe homeostasis. Although several genes involved in Fe homeostasis have been identified, characterization of their roles is mainly limited to specific organs at specific developmental stages of the plant, where their mutants show the most striking phenotype. Vacuolar Iron Transporter 1 (VIT1) is a well-known gene that has been characterized for its function in the mature seed of Arabidopsis thaliana. VIT1 is an Fe transporter that determines the correct distribution of Fe storage in this organ. The study aimed to explore new physiological functions for VIT1. As a first step, Arabidopsis thaliana plants that contain PromoterVIT1: GUS constructs were used to study the temporal and spatial expression of the gene throughout the plant’s lifecycle. GUS histochemical staining revealed the VIT1 promoter is active in the mature leaves and mature reproductive organs. VIT1 promoter activity in the stamen increased developmentally and was limited to tapetum and guard cells in the pollen sac. In the female organ, VIT1 promoter activity increased as the pistil developed into a silique. Although all the silique exhibited staining, staining density was higher in the peduncle, replum, and stigma regions. Inside the developing silique, funicles were heavily stained. Furthermore, in silico analyses of VT1 transcriptome and protein levels confirmed flower and the silique are hot spots for VT1 activity. Thus, the results may suggest a possible involvement of VT1 protein in several stages of the reproductive system, specifically in the flowering and in the fruit development.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Programlanabilir Lojik Kontrol (PLC), basınç transduseri ve motopomp kullanarak toprak hidrolik iletkenliğini ölçen sistemi atölye koşullarında modellemektir. Çalışmada, uzunluğu 2 m ve çapı 100’lük bir plastik boru, burgu deliğine benzetmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Ayrıca PLC ve modülü kullanılarak bir set oluşturulmuştur. Hidrolik iletkenlik ölçüm sisteminde, burgu deliği yöntemi (burgu deliği tabanı geçirimsiz tabakanın üstünde kalan) kullanılmıştır. Burgu deliği eşitliği kullanılarak CODESYS-ST dilinde sistemin programı yazılmış ve PLC’ye yüklenmiştir. Elle (ESY) ve PLC (PLCSY) ile ölçülen boru (burgu deliği) içindeki su yükleri arasında regresyon analizi sonucu PLCSY = 0,99ESY + 1,69 (R² = 1) şeklinde bir eşitlik elde edilmiş ve bu iki veri setinin Ortalama Mutlak Yüzde Hata (MAPE)'sı %0,41 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Her bir hidrolik iletkenlik ölçüm süresi, vananın tam açık olduğunda yaklaşık 5 dak., yarım açık olduğunda 6 dak. ve üçte bir açık olduğunda ise 8 dakika olarak belirlenmiştir. Boru tabanından statik düzeyine uzaklık (d, cm) 1., 2. ve 3. vana açıklıklarında sırasıyla ortalama 122,83, 123,91 ve 123,7 cm olarak ölçülmüştür. İlk çeyrek bölümde su yükünün 20’den 25’e, 25’den 30’a, 30’dan 35’e ve 35’den 40’a yükselmesi için vana açıklıklarına göre geçen süre ortalaması sırasıyla 4,4, 6,0 ve 26,1 sn olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hidrolik iletkenlik değerleri vana açıklıklarında sırasıyla ortalama 18,6, 13,2 ve 3,1 cm/saat olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçülen veriler bir SD karta kaydedilmiştir. Bu işlemlerin tamamı otomatik olarak yapılmıştır. Bu sistemin, hidrolik iletkenliği arazi koşullarında doğru, ekonomik ve hızlı ölçeceği beklentisi yüksektir ve arazi koşullarında test edilmelidir.