Biyoetanol kaynaklarından biri olan tatlı sorgum son yıllarda önemi giderek artmaktadır. İçerdiği yüksek orandaki şeker nedeni ile biyoetanol üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, 2013 ve 2014 yılları arasında, Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü’nün deneme tarlalarında, iki faktörlü tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede farklı azot (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg N/ha) ve potasyum (0, 50, 100, 150 kg K2O/ha) seviyelerinin tatlı sorgumda etanol verimi üzerine etkilerini araştırılmıştır. Azotlu gübreler iki eşit dozda uygulanırken, potasyum tek seferde ekimle beraber toprağa karıştırılarak uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada, sap ve özsu verimi, şeker oranı ve teorik etanol verimi gibi özellikler test edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, azot ve potasyum uygulamaların tüm özellikler üzerinde önemli etkilerinin bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Yüksek N ve K uygulamaları, kontrol uygulamasına göre etanol verimini yükseltmiştir. N150-K100 kombinasyonu Akdeniz ekolojik koşullarındaki İzmir’de, tatlı sorgumun etanol verimini yükselten en iyi gübre seviyesi olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Cattle manure (CM) is mostly used as an inoculum in order to start-up of agricultural biogas plants or as a co-substrate in the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic content. Rumen fluid microbiota is also considered to be effective in lignocellulose digestion. It is known that microorganisms in the ruminal waste facilitate the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic structures. However, there are few studies on the inoculum effect of rumen microorganisms on bioreactor performances when rumen content is used as co-substrate and inoculum together with cattle manure, and it is not clear how rumen waste can be used in various anaerobic digestion systems. In this study, biogas production efficiencies obtained from lignocellulosic content in mono and cosubstrate (1:1 and 1:2 Volatile Solids) bioreactors formed by using ruminal waste (RW) and CM microbial communities were investigated. In order to determine the biogas production efficiencies, biomethane potential (BMP) experiments that simulate anaerobic digestion process conditions in a laboratory environment were applied. Treatment with 50% application of RW cosubstrate, 65.51% biogas and 70.64% methane production efficiency increases were achieved compared to monosubstrate CM bioreactor.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the aqueous extract of Angelica archangelica L., a medicinal plant of the traditional pharmacopoeia of Algeria. The aqueous extract showed a large amount of total polyphenols, tannins, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and a small amount of flavonoids with values of 80.16±14.3 mg EAG/g of extract, 3.12±2.01 mg EQ/g of extract, 226.10±4.50 mg EAT/g of extract, 6.10±50.62, 12.00±31.53 and 1.78±0.40 μg/mL respectively. In addition, the aqueous extract of A. archangelica showed a high ability to trap DPPH radical in with IC50 at 16.9±2.03μg/mL. However, the aqueous extract has a great protective effect against β-carotene degradation at 91.98±0.64% after 24 hours and significant ferrous ion chelation activity at46.2 ±1.53µg/mL. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was studied according to the protein denaturation inhibition method and, according to the results obtained, the extract of A. archangelica at concentrations of 250, 500 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL have ahigh antiinflammatory activity whose inhibition percentages are 78.85±5.31%, 86.65±2.70% and 89.89±0.58% respectively. The analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of A. archangelica, showed that the concentration 400 mg/mL has a greet abdominal cramps inhibitory effect in comparison with the concentration 200 mg/mL with a percentage of 98.28%. The antiulcer effect of the aqueous extract of A. archangelica was evaluated by the 70% ethanol-induced ulcer test. The results obtained reveal that the aqueous extract 200 and 400 mg/mL exerted a considerable effect of protecting the stomach at 86.55±3.51% and 82.82±2.18% respectively.

Oxidative stress resulted from free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with many diseases. Phytotherapy has known a great evolution all the world and some medicinal plants are important remedies of some diseases. Myrtle (Mrytus communis L.) is a plant of Myrtaceae family which is common in the Mediterranean region, with flowering, always green leaves and fruit. This study aims to investigate in vitro antioxidant capacity of Myrtus communis berries methanol extract and its three fractions using five assays: ABTS scavenging radicals, metal chelating, hydrogen peroxide and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays. EAE extract possessed the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS (EAE (IC50=2.5 µg/ml ) and lipid peroxidation models (90.17%). Whereas, AqE is the most active extract in metal chelating activity (IC50=0.73±0.03 mg/ml) and H2O2 assay. These results support the traditional use of this plant in healthcare and it could be a new source of antioxidant natural drugs.

Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the National Potato Research Programme (NPRP), Lalitpur (1360 masl), Nepal, to determine the effect of crop geometry on the growth, yield, and quality of sweet potato genotypes. The experiment was laid out on sandy loam soil in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and comprised of a total of twelve treatment combinations of four crop geometry (60cm×25 cm, 60cm×30 cm, 70cm×25 cm, and 70cm×30 cm) and three genotypes (CIP 440015, CIP 440267 and Local White). Among the different crop geometries and genotypes evaluated, 70cm×30 cm plant spacing and Local White genotype were found statistically superior to enhance marketable tuberous root weight per plant (0.572 and 0.541 kg), tuberous root diameter (62.59 and 61.0 mm), shoot fresh weight (509 and 524 g), and tuberous root yield per plant (616 and 620 g). The genotype, Local White yielded higher among the genotypes. The reducing sugar content was influenced significantly by crop geometry and genotypes. The pooled mean showed the highest (15.48 and 17.26 %) reducing sugar in closer geometry 60 cm × 25 cm and Local White genotype respectively and the lowest (11.54 %) in the genotype CIP 440015. CIP genotypes, on the other hand, were high in ß carotene content, whereas the Local genotype had a negligible amount (0.35 mg/100g). On hectare level, our result showed that highest plant density of 66,666 plants ha-1 (60 cm × 25 cm) could give the highest yield per unit area due to greater crop biomass. Our findings suggest that crop geometry can have a considerable impact on sweet potato production. As a result, the geometry of sweet potatoes can be wide or narrow depending on our needs and the area available in our study area or a similar situation.

The key objective of this research review is to elucidate the mechanisms for applying a food safety scheme based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system and to identify the difficulties and benefits of this technique (HACCP) in Algeria. Characterization of food processing companies around the capital of Algeria was carried out on the basis of questionnaires and direct interviews with the manager in charge of these companies. Forty-six agri-food firms working in the Algiers region and operating in the field for more than 15 years (80.5%) with Joint Stock company (JSC) status (23.9%), Limited Liability Company (LLC) (63%) and multinational companies (26.1%). The establishment of a transparent and effective framework for food safety controls will enable compliance with customer requirements, improved product quality and a stronger commitment to food safety managers. This is favorably correlated with the age as well as the level of education of the managers of the different surveyed companies. The survey conducted in the Algerian region showed that the key barriers to the introduction of the food safety management system (FSMS) in general are inadequate knowledge and competence of the HACCP and a long time to be developed FSMS, a lack of expertise and technical support and a lack of specialized expertise, intelligence and technological assistance to help the small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). The findings of the survey also revealed that the key reason for the introduction of the FSMS is to strengthen product protection, recognize the strengths and shortcomings of the business, enhance relationships with suppliers and enhance government and consumer confidence.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach that transforms the agri-food system and mitigates climate change. They connect the use of farming techniques in order to increase food productivity, Climate resilient practice, and decrease greenhouse gases. The main aim of this review is to demonstrate the typical interrelationship between climate and agriculture and get knowledge regarding this. In addition, focus on traditional agriculture along with its mitigating measures for climate agriculture. They approach collective development practices through the efforts of individuals in order to manage agriculture and the food system under climate change. Therefore, there is an increasing need for a strategic plan to balance agriculture and the food system.

Çok fazla sayıda faydalı ve zararlı mikroorganizma insan gastrointestinal ekosistemini kolonize etmektedir. Bunlardan, faydalı bağırsak bakterilerinin sayısız ve önemli işlevleri bulunmaktadır. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki bir dengesizlik, çeşitli hastalıkların (örneğin, tip 1 diyabet, kanser ve benzeri) gelişmesine yol açabileceğinden, bağırsak mikrobiyotasını değiştirmek için probiyotiklerin, paraprobiyotiklerin ve postbiyotiklerin kullanımı son zamanlarda ilgi çekmektedir. Bu kavramlar genellikle birbiri ile karıştırılmaktadır. Paraprobiyotik kavramı, öldürülmüş mikrobiyal hücrelerin kullanımını içerirken, postbiyotikler canlı mikrobiyal hücrelerin metabolik ürünlerini ifade etmektedir. Bu derlemede, probiyotik, paraprobiyotik ve postbiyotik yaklaşımları hakkında detaylı bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, bu gruplar içerisinde yer alan mikroorganizmaların ve metabolitlerin neler olduğu, etki mekanizmaları, klinik özellikleri ve potansiyel terapötik uygulamaları hakkında bilgi sağlanmaktadır.

The detection of weeds with computer vision without the help of an expert is important for scientific studies and other purposes. The images used for the detection of weeds are recorded under controlled conditions and used in image processing-deep learning methods. In this study, the images of 3-4-leaf (true-leaf) periods of the wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) plant, which is the critical process for chemical control, were recorded from its natural environment by a drone. The datasets were included 50-100-250-500 and 1 000 raw images and were augmented by image preprocessing methods. Totally 12 different augmentation methods used and datasets were examined for understand how to affects the numbers of images on training-validation performance. YOLOv5 was used as a deep learning method and results of the datasets were evaluated with the Confusion Matrix, Metrics-Precision, and Train-Object Loss. For results of Confusion Matrix where 1 000 images gave the highest results with TP (True Positive) 80% and FP (False Positive) 20%. The TP-FP ratios of 500, 250, 100 and 50 image numbers were respectively; 65%-35%, 43%-57%, 0%-100% and 0%-100%. With 100 and 50 images, the system did not show any TP success. The highest metrics-precision ratio was found 92.52% for 1 000 images set and for 500 and 250 image sets respectively; 88.34% and 79.87%. The 100 and 50 images datasets did not show any metrics-precision ratio. The minimum object loss ratio was 5% at 50th epochs in the 100 images dataset. This dataset was followed by other 50, 250, 500, and 1 000 images respectively; 5.4%, 6.14%, 6.16%, and 8.07%.

Feed costs are of great importance for an economically and ecologically sustainable livestock, as they constitute approximately 60-70% of the costs in animal husbandry. As in the whole world, price increases were observed in feed raw materials depending on the supply-demand balance and pandemic conditions in our country, and this situation was also reflected in feed prices. For example, when the prices of broiler and egg feeds were analyzed between January and November 2021, an increase of 59.7% and 62.6% was observed, respectively. Feed mixes are prepared and fed in order to meet the daily nutritional needs of animals in an optimum way and at minimum cost. In order to meet this need, the research of alternative feed raw materials and their use in rations have been researched for many years. With this study, it was aimed to determine the nutritional composition of the processing by-products (rice broken, bean broken, chickpea broken, lentil broken, lentil bran, corn mix, bulgur bran, sub-semolina by-products) of food production factories and to reveal the possibilities of their use as alternative feed raw materials in animal nutrition. In addition, up-to-date data on the feed industry in Turkey were presented, and the importance of the orientation to alternative feed raw materials in terms of economy, product diversity and sustainability in Turkey and in the world was emphasized. Crude cellulose (HS) ratio of lentil bran, which is one of the under-sieve products, was found to be the highest numerically with 20.6%, followed by bulgur bran (12.7%). However, NDF and ADF contents were also found to be numerically high. Crude protein values were found to be the highest numerically in legume products (21.83%), beans (20.58%) and lentils (24.15%) among the processed residues. In addition, it will be useful to determine the usage rates in the ration, taking into account the anti-nutritional properties of each product.