Most poultry farmers in Nigeria feed their laying birds twice a day with one bag of 25 kg to 200 layers which translate to 125g/bird/day, while very few feed once or thrice a day and there has been little or no documentation on how many times laying hens should be fed in a day to optimize profit. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the performance and egg qualities of Isa-Brown layers fed different quantities of feed at varying feeding frequencies. Three hundred and sixty (360) 16-weeks in-lay Isa-Brown layers were used in this trial. The treatment consisted of 95g, 105g, 115g, and 125g of feed per day at varying frequencies of once, twice and thrice per day. The birds were housed in California type cages, 3 birds per cage unit, 5 cage units per replicate, and 6 replicates per treatment. A completely randomized experimental design with a 4x3 factorial was adopted. Results at the end of the trial showed that bird fed 115g of feed twice per day had the highest percentage hen-day production (85.24%), highest egg mass (56.69g) and best feed conversion ratio (1.96) while lowest percentage hen-day production (62.02%) and lowest egg mass (39.22g) were observed in hen fed 95g of feed thrice per day and worst feed conversion ratio (2.50) was recorded in bird fed 125g of feed thrice per day. The bird fed 115g twice per day had the highest net profit (N637.63) while the lowest net profit (N199.33) was recorded in bird fed 125g thrice per day. It could be concluded that for optimum laying performance and to save time and labour expended in feeding birds thrice per day, feeding laying Isa-Brown birds the required feed quantity (115g) twice per day would be most economical.

Hatay province has a rich ecosystem that medicinal and aromatic plants grow naturally all across the province. There are about 2.000 flowery plants in the vegetative pattern of the province, and it is around 300 of them are endemic plants. The main purpose of this study was to present the production and processing structure of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) which are commonly traded in the Hatay Province of Turkey. In addition, it was aimed to examine the problems of the sector in the Province, and to bring solutions about those problems. According to the research results: in Hatay Province, MAPs are mostly collected from nature; in terms of local processing enterprises, there are problems about obtaining sufficient raw materials; and spice plants are marketed as semi-processed to the other districts. There is a lack of producer organization of MAPs in the region. In order to improve MAPs industry in the province, it is necessary to establish a MAPs coordination and management unit where all shareholders are represented. It should be focused on: extending MAPs cultivation, providing subsidies for producers and processing enterprises, developing effective marketing and publicity strategies for target markets, and establishing a MAPs research institution.

Free glutamic acid is a flavor enhancer compound that provided umami taste. San-sakng (Albertisia papuana Becc.) leaf has been used as a seasoning in the Dayaks tribe, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The aim of this study was evaluated the effect of different drying inlet air temperature on physico-chemical of the spray dried san-sakng leaf. San-sakng leaf powders was produced using spray drying and maltodextrin as raw material. Completely randomized design was used with one factor, namely drying inlet air temperature on the spray drying process (130°C, 140°C, and 150°C). The results showed that moisture, solubility, bulk density, particle size, and encapsulation efficiency on the San-sakng leaf powders presented significantly affected by the drying inlet air temperature. Increasing inlet air temperature led to reduced moisture, bulk density, and particle size, whereas enhancing the solubility and encapsulation efficiency.

Apples, rich in phenolic compounds, are widely grown in abundance and consumed as fruit which reduces the risk of many illnesses. In this study, physico-chemical properties old apple cultivars from east of Turkey were investigated. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of freeze dried fresh apple varieties (fruit, pulp and peel) were analysed by using the HPLC method. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of samples was also found in 25.00-11.63 mg GAE/g DW and 49.86-86.12 µmol TE/g DW. The highest antioxidant activity was identified in the peel of the Kara Sakı apple whereas the lowest was identified in the pulp of Ak Sakı. Varieties of apple differ significantly in terms of ferulic acid and hidroxycinnamic acid. (-)-Epicatechin was found in the peel of Kara Sakı apple at the very most and p- coumaric acid was found in the pulp of Kara Sakı at the very least. Hidroxycinnamic acid was identified only in the peel. It is approved to these cultivars show unique long shelf life (unusual for apples) without any storage condition due to the significantly presence of ferulic acid.

In recent years, apart from the nutritional values of foods, functional properties have also gained importance. Bioactive peptides are the fragmentation products of proteins that have a positive effect on human health. Bioactive peptides in cow's milk are released as a result of hydrolysis of milk proteins with proteolytic enzymes. Bioactive peptides have biochemical and physiological properties such as immune regulation, mineral binding, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, opioid, anti-oxidative, anti-ulcerative, antithrombotic, antitumor and apoptosis. In this review, bioactive peptides in milk and milk products and their antimicrobial properties and effects on human health were evaluated.

Meat and Milk Institution is implementing red meat sales through grocery chains in order to ensure stability in red meat prices in Turkey. In this study in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy from the perspective of consumers, data set obtained from 388 households in Gaziantep city center was used. According to the findings, it has been determined that 53.6% of consumers prefer contracted markets due to the suitability of red meat prices. Initially, all consumers bought red meat from contracted markets, but it was found that 62.11% of them gave up buying red meat from these markets. This situation was found to be quite remarkable and logit model was used to determine the factors affecting the continuity of red meat purchase of households from contracted markets. According to the Logit model results, it was observed that households buying red meat from the contracted markets were affected by the variables that they are care about the price of red meat, income and frequency of shopping at these markets. As a result, it can be stated that this policy implemented by the ESK is aimed at selling red meat to low-income consumers rather than providing price stability and does not have a demand increasing effect.

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from thyme and rosemary. In our study, the yield for thyme essential oil was determined as 1.34% and the yield for rosemary essential oil was determined as 0.40%. It has been determined that there are components such as carvacrol, gamma-terpinen, thymol, terpineol, alpha-pinene, borneol, linalol in thyme essential oil. The most important components of rosemary essential oil are components such as eucalyptol, camphor, carvacrol, endo-borneol, delta-3-karen, terpineol, bornyl-acetate, o-simene. In addition, the total phenol content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and p-anisidine values of essential oils were determined. Total phenol contents and DPPH IC50 values were found to be 18.72±0.37 mg GAE/g DW and 4.74 µg extract/mL for thyme, whereas 12.11±0.29 mg GAE/g DW and 2.75 µg extract/mL for rosemary. Our study also showed good antioxidant activity of thyme and rosemary essential oils. As a result, these properties show that thyme and rosemary essential oils have a very strong potential applicability as antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

In this study, the Brown Layer Pure Line that housing as individual cage system at the Poultry Research Institute in Ankara was used. Eggs obtained from 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 weeks old eggs were collected 3 times a day in the morning (10:00), noon (12:00) and evening (15:00). On a total of 427 eggs; Shape Index (SI), Egg weight (YA, g), Albumen height (AY, mm), Roche scale (RS), Haugh unit (HB), Egg Quality Classes (YKS), Shell strength (KM, N) and Shell thickness (KK, Micron) features are emphasized and colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, Hue, Ch and ΔE) of egg shell were determined. The effect of oviposition time was found significant on the Shape index, Egg weight (g), Haugh unit and Shell thickness (micron) values. However, Albumen height (mm), Egg Quality, Roche scale and Shell strength (N) were not affected by oviposition time. Among the egg shell colour parameters, a*, b*, Hue and Chrome values were affected by the oviposition time, and the calculated difference was found to be statistically significant.

The purpose of this review article is to collaborate on future studies about hippotherapy to horse and riding trainers, health professionals, veterinarians, individuals in need and individuals with disabilities and their relatives and to shed light on academic studies. It has been stated in studies that hippotherapy is beneficial for patients in the world. Therefore, as a result of new private hippotherapy centers in public institutions and in Turkey, studies on hippotherapy have been started. The studies carried out in hippotherapy are increasing and widespread and continuing to contribute to the treatment of the individuals in need and individuals with disabilities with hippotherapy sessions with expert teams. However, in the studies, the sessions of the hippotherapy team with two common creatures have great duties on the equestrian coaches in order to meet the needs of the horse and the individual in need or individual with disability. For this reason, since hippotherapy is a multidisciplinary team work consisting of specialist professionals, it has been researched to contribute to the horse and rider coaches on the field and to the expert team attending the sessions, to the new experts and the families of the individuals in need and disabled individuals. In the current review, the information about the history of hippotherapy and development, information about hippotherapy institutions in Turkey, individuals in need and individuals with disabilities, benefits of hippotherapy, characteristics of the hippotherapy horse, training of the hippotherapy horse are emphasized, and especially emphasis is placed on the use of work in the field of horse and equestrian coaching.

The aim of this study is to investigate; the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer applications on dry matter yield of different plant parts and microelement content of grain in two different buckwheat varieties. While main plots were formed by Aktaş and Güneş buckwheat varieties, sub plots were formed by 5 different fertilizer types (Control, Urea and Worm, Chicken, Cattle manure used as an organic fertilizers) in the experiment. Buckwheat cultivar were cultivated in April 2019 and harvested in July 2019. After harvesting, different buckwheat parts (root, shoot and grain) were determined for micro element content (Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn) with the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Findings results shown that there are statistically significant differences in terms of grain yield as fertilizer applications, cultivars and cultivar fertilizer interactions. While the best results for the Cukurova region were obtained from Güneş cultivar (102.20 kg da-1) as a cultivar, the best results were obtained from the application of Urea (138.1 kg da-1) as a fertilizer application. Although there is no statistically significant difference between the cultivars in terms of grain microelement content, it was determined that there is a statistical difference between the average values of fertilizer applications as Cu, Fe and Mn content. The best results were obtained from urea application on micronutrients in Cu (35.38 mg kg-1), Fe (207.30 mg kg-1) and Mn (37.22 mg kg-1). As a result, the best type of fertilizer in the Cukurova Region is the Güneş cultivar, while the best fertilizer application is urea, which is an inorganic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer applications are not important, but the best results were obtained from cattle manure as organic fertilizer.